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What you need to understand for computer literacy?

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What you need to understand for computer literacy?

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At the moment, four generations of computers:

1st generation: 1946 creation of the ENIAC machine on electronic lamps.

2nd generation: 60s. Computers are built on transistors.

3rd generation: 70s. Computers are built on integrated circuits (IC).

4th generation: It began to be created in 1971 with the invention of the microprocessor (MP). Built on the basis of large integrated circuits (BIS) and super-BIS (VLSI).

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They will be based on a fundamentally new element base. Their main quality should be a high intellectual level, in particular, speech and image recognition. This requires a transition from the traditional von Neumann architecture of the computer to architectures that take into account the requirements of the tasks of creating artificial intelligence.

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The American company Intel has announced the creation of a microprocessor. This event was a revolution in electronics. Microcomputers belong to the fourth generation of machines. The most common are personal computers (PCs). The most widely used PC was the Apple-1, created in 1976, and, introduced in 1977, the Apple-2.
However, since 1980, IBM has become popular. Its architecture has become the international standard for professional PCs. The machines in this series were called IBM PC (Personal Computer).
The fourth generation computers built on large integrated systems consisted of the following components:

memory card and additional storage device;

main panel with extra-large integrated system and extra storage space;

printed circuit board and disk drive board interfaces;

disk drive with the function of reading and writing information to magnetic media;

external magnetic or flexible storage media;

panel for entering information.

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This generation of computers was created on a new element base-integrated circuits (ICS).Third-generation computers began to be produced in the second half of the 60s, when the American company IBM began to produce the IBM-360 machine system. A little later, there were machines of the IBM-370 series.

In the Soviet Union in the 70s, the production of machines of the EU compute (Unified Computer System) series based on the IBM 360/370 model began. On the third-generation machines, a new type of external storage devices - magnetic disks-has appeared.

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In the 60s, transistors became the element base of second-generation computers.

machines have become more compact

reliable

reduced power consumption

Increased performance and internal memory capacity. External (magnetic) storage devices, such as magnetic drums and magnetic tape drives, have developed greatly.

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Their element base was electric vacuum tubes. They were very large, containing thousands of lamps, consuming hundreds of kilowatts of electricity.For example, one of the first computers – ENIAC was a huge unit with a length of more than 30 meters, contained 18 thousand vacuum tubes and consumed about 150 kilowatts of electricity.Punched tapes and punch cards were used to enter programs and data. These machines were used mainly for engineering and scientific calculations.

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Generations of computers present a series of portraits of computer technologies at different stages of their development.
The entire history of the development of electronic computing technology is usually divided into generations. The change of generations was most often associated with a change in the element base of computers, with the progress of electronic technology. This has always resulted in increased performance and more memory. In addition, as a rule, there were changes in the architecture of the computer, the range of tasks solved on the computer expanded, the way the user interacted with the computer changed.