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Danielle Soucy
5th period Science
9/1/20

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Zoology was recognized as a science in the later 19th century. This job is important because zoologists use what they study with animals and compare some of that to humans. They also help keep our ecosystem in balance.

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Zoology is the study of animals and their surrounding habitat. Zoologists are like doctors but for animals, they study what makes up animals. They also study how they adapt to their surroundings/

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By Ivan Pesut on December 2 2019 in Society

Jane Goodall, who studied chimpanzees, is an example of a zoologist.

Zoological studies as the branch of biology, which studies all aspects of the animal kingdom and their interaction with the environment, have possibly been the earliest attempts of organizing the knowledge about different life forms that live around us.

Beginning from the classification and nomenclature of animals and plants to animal cloning and genome, zoologists have played a crucial role in understanding our world. Here are ten famous zoologists and how their efforts have contributed to the overall knowledge we are privileged to have access to today.

Aristotle (348 BC - 322 BC)

Aristotle is best known as one of the most prominent philosophers of all time. He was also an esteemed student of Plato and later became Alexander The Great's teacher. Although less known as a zoologist, Aristotle is to be thanked for the first-ever classification of the animal kingdom.

He proposed that the animal kingdom should be classified as blooded and non-blooded animals along with its respective sub-classifications. The blooded animals are further divided into four-footed, young-bearing, egg-laying animals, fish, and birds. The non-blooded animals are sub-categorized as insects, mollusks, and crabs. Aristotle also wrote seminal zoological works that laid the base for the structured study of zoology for all of its subsequent successors to this day. Those works are De Generatione Animalium, Historia Animalium, and De Partibus Animalium.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck (1774 - 1829)

De Lamarck is perhaps one of the most controversial figures in the study of evolution. Although his family intended for him to go into clerical work, the study of religion was not of interest to him. Lamarck started as a botanist, but after he was given an invitation to join the Jardin des Plantes, he became a zoologist.

Even though most will associate his name with the ideas behind organic evolution, he has made significant and plentiful contributions to zoology in general. It is also less known that Lamarck was almost a predecessor of Schwann and Schleiden concerning their cell theory, as he came very close to defining it nearly 40 years before them. He is best known for advocating the theory of inheritance of acquired characters along with the tree of life.

Carl Linnaeus (1707 - 1778)

Linnaeus was a famous botanist, physician, and zoologist who is considered to be the father of modern taxonomy. During his life, and especially during the 1750s, he classified an extraordinary number of animals that he collected on his own. Linnaeus was a strong influence for many famous philosophers and writers, including Jean Jacques Rousseau, who considered him to be the greatest man on Earth. One of his most prominent works Systema Naturae, where he introduced his taxonomy, was first published in the Netherlands.

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

Darwin is, by far, the most famous of all the zoologists on this list. This English scientist is best known for his groundbreaking book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, published in the 19th century.

According to Darwin, all species have come from a common ancestor and have evolved through the process of natural selection. His continuous insights and studies on different classes of animals have resulted in an immense collection of data, which was later published through his books. He was also named as the father of biology due to his efforts to popularize biological studies.

Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 - 1931)

Before Darwin, Wallace was the one who came up with his own theory of natural selection. It was his work that influenced Darwin and his Theory of Evolution. He is regarded as the father of biogeography due to his research on the basin of the river Amazon. He defined a line (called the Wallace Line) that separates the Indonesian archipelago in areas containing species of Australian origin and those of Indian origin.

Jane Morris Goodall (1934 - )

Goodall is an anthropologist and naturalist famous for her decades-long study of chimpanzees in Tanzania. She is considered to be a world-renown expert on chimpanzees in general and held the role of UN's Messenger of Peace.

Goodall also established the global Jane Goodall Institute dedicated to conservation efforts and the study of chimpanzees. She is also known to be a fierce environmental advocate.

Dian Fossey (1932 - 1985)

This American national was a colleague of Jane Goodall and Birutė Galdikas (who studied orangutans) while working under Louis Leakey, a Kenyan paleoanthropologist and archaeologist. Along with her two colleagues, Fossey was known as Leakey's Angel. She was sent to Rwandan forests to study gorillas, which she did for almost two decades.

Stephen Robert Irwin (1962 - 2006)

Steve Ervine, as most people knew him, was an Australian Crocodile Hunter made famous across the world on account of the TV series under the same name. Irwin and his wife Terri were the owners and operators of Australia Zoo, which was established by his parents. In 2006, on the set of a documentary called the Ocean's Deadliest, he was stung by a Stingray and consequently died.

Fredrick William Frohawk (1861 - 1946)

Although not strictly a zoologist, Frohawk was a zoological artist who was renowned for his work on illustrations of butterflies. He was the author of the books under the titles Varieties of British Butterflies and Natural History of British Butterflies. His collection of butterflies was first sold to Lord Rothschild in 1927 but is currently a part of the Natural History Museum of London.

David Attenborough (1926 - )

One of the most recognizable faces of modern zoology, this talented naturalist, is best known for his collaboration with BBC on the natural history documentary series encompassed under the title The Life Collection. It is an impressive and extensive study of plant and animal life on our planet. Attenborough's positive contribution to the field of zoology is both undeniable and ongoing.

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10 Famous Zoologists and Their Contributions

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By Ivan Pesut on December 2 2019 in Society Zoological studies as the branch of biology, which studies all aspects of the animal kingdom and their interaction with the environment, have possibly been the earliest attempts of organizing the knowledge about different life forms that live around us.

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How Does a Zoologist Contribute to the World?

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A zoologist contributes vital information to the world about the natural surrounding and habitats of various creatures, which is essential to keep things in balance.

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The world's wildlife is increasingly stressed by human activity. Farming and development have led to habitat loss. Animals are contending with toxic pollutants in their environments, and will be facing threats from climate change. Scientists say we're in the 6th great planetary extinction, called the "Holocene Extinction" - the extinction of the human era. This predicament has made zoologists more important than ever. Zoologists study the physiology of animals, their behavior, and how they interact with other species and their environments. Their knowledge is critical to preserving important habitats and managing wildlife's adaptations to climate change.

What Does a Zoologist Do?

Zoology is the study of animals and their behavior. Zoologists may study a particular species or group of species, either in the wild or in captivity.

Zoologists study animals and their interactions with ecosystems. They study their physical characteristics, diets, behaviors, and the impacts humans have on them. They study all kinds of animals, both in their natural habitats and in captivity in zoos and aquariums. They may specialize in studying a particular animal or animal group.

Zoologists may be involved in a wide variety of duties in various environments. For example they may observe and study animals in their natural environments, or plan and conduct experiments involving animals in nature, in zoos, or in other controlled areas. They may also collect biological specimens and measure physical characteristics. These studies are generally aimed at investigating animal behavior, migration, interactions with other species, and reproduction, as well as the pests, diseases, toxins, and habitat changes that affect them. They use the information they gather to monitor and estimate populations, address invasive species and other threats, control disease, manage hunting programs, and develop conservation plans. They also write reports and journal articles and give presentations to share their findings.

Zoologists also use geographic information systems (GIS) and global positioning systems (GPS) to track the movements of animals and map their habitat ranges. They also use modeling software to project future scenarios, such as habitat range changes due to climate change.

Their efforts are critical to protecting endangered species and other wildlife from the pressures of habitat loss, disease, invasive species, and climate change.

Where Does a Zoologist Work?

Some zoologists work for zoos, wildlife centers, wildlife parks, and aquariums, where they manage the animals' care, their distribution, and their enclosures. They may also help breeding programs restore wild populations.

Zoologists also work for wildlife conservation groups, where they may help rehabilitate and release animals, plan conservation and ecotourism initiatives involving local communities, or lobby governments on policy.

Other zoologists research new vermin control drugs or veterinary medicines for pharmaceutical companies. Some work as museum curators, where they manage specimens, conduct research, and educate the public. Others are faculty members in academia.

Zoologists work in offices and laboratories. Some like Jane Goodall or Diane Fossey spend much of their time outdoors studying animals in their natural habitats, which may be quite remote. While travel can be a significant perk, this type of work can also be strenuous and isolating.

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), as of 2012, most zoologists and wildlife biologists (34%) were employed in state government. 24% were employed by the federal government. Another 10% worked in research and development in the physical, engineering, and life sciences. 7% worked in management, scientific, and technical consulting services, and 6% worked for state colleges, universities, and professional schools. 4% were employed by local government.

Most zoologists and wildlife biologists work full time. They may work long or irregular hours when doing fieldwork, and those studying nocturnal animals may need to work at night.

What Is the Average Zoologist Salary?

The BLS lists the 2012 median annual wage for zoologists and wildlife biologists as $57,710. At $72,700, those in the federal government earned the most. They were followed by zoologists employed in research and development ($59,670), local government ($57,110), management, scientific, and technical consulting services ($56,740), state colleges, universities, and professional schools ($55,610), and state government ($51,780).

Table data taken from BLS (http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes191023.htm)

Zoology Jobs & Job Description

Duties vary significantly from job to job, but the following list includes typical job duties one might encounter as a zoologist:

Analyze the lifecycle of animals as well as their function in terms of the overall ecosystem in which they are a part

Conduct population assessments of species using field methods or GIS technology

Collect, process, and prepare specimens for study

Analyze data and experimental observations and evaluate study results

Prepare and publish scientific papers to report findings

Act as advocate and spokesperson for wildlife and ecosystem concerns within their scope of specialty

Interact with other scientists, professionals, and advocacy groups to preserve and monitor habitats and populations

Draft reports and presentations

Collect samples and conduct observational research in the lab, the field, and protected environments

Make sure data/specimen collection and record keeping is accurate and adheres to relevant safety procedures

Communicate with national, regional and international initiatives in order to share information and assessment data

Continually review current research and scientific literature in the field

Consult on and implement habitat mitigation and remediation measures

Consult on environmental and site assessments as they affect wildlife biology

Travel to temporary field assignments in remote locations

Conduct and/or oversee wildlife population surveys

Provide technical expertise related to wildlife survey design

Prepare wildlife management plans

Monitor trends in wildlife populations

Senior zoologists will likely be offered the role of team lead at some point in their career. Some of the additional tasks that accompany this tier-2 position are:

Overseeing paperwork and analyzing data for reporting purposes

Communicating with clients, government departments, colleagues, and experts in the field via verbal and written reports

Preparing and reviewing articles and papers based on research findings

Planning and scheduling research trips

Designing budgets and timelines for lab and field teams

Serve as point of contact for peer-review data inquiries

Consult with agency working groups

Review records, reports, and assessments on behalf of the team

Coordinate technical details for a range of interdisciplinary projects

Navigate environmental regulations and environmental approvals processes

Manage and consult about endangered species populations

Manage and advocate to a variety of stakeholders regarding species conservation, protection, and rehabilitation

Evaluate national and international wildlife initiatives

Participate in meetings with government agencies, consultants, and engineers

What Is the Job Demand for Zoologists?

Jobs for zoologists and wildlife biologists are projected to grow 5% from 2012 to 2022, which is slower than average for all occupations. Retirements will open up some opportunities in this field. However, government budgets will govern demand for zoology jobs in the public sector.

Competition for jobs is very strong. Candidates with practical experience gained through volunteer work for zoos, wildlife rehabilitation centers, and nonprofit organizations will have the best opportunities.

How Do I Get a Zoology Degree?

Entry-level positions require at least a bachelor's degree. Zoologists typically earn degrees in zoology, wildlife biology, ecology, or general biology. Coursework often includes classes on animal behavior and physiology, parasitology, virology, ecology, chemistry, mathematics, and statistical software. Students may also take courses in a particular area of specialty. Research and faculty positions require a Ph.D.
Outdoors skills can also be very helpful. Experience with backpacking, camping, and wilderness survival can set a candidate apart.

What Are the Different Branches of Zoology?

Many zoologists dedicate their careers to studying a particular species or animal group. For example:

Cetologists study marine mammals, such as whales, dolphins, and seals.

Entomologists specialize in insects, such as ants and spiders.

Herpetologists work with reptiles and amphibians such as alligators, salamanders, and frogs.

Ichthyologists focus on wild fish, such as Rainbow Trout and the Least Chub.

Mammalogists study mammals, such as deer, wolves, chimpanzees and giraffes.

Parasitologists research the parasites that plague other wildlife, such as ticks, and how they affect their host species.

Ornithologists study birds such as the endangered California Condor.

Ethologists specialize in animal behavior.

Paleozoologists study fossil remains to investigate the evolutionary history of animals.

Other Degrees Related to Zoology

What Kind of Societies and Professional Organizations Do Zoologists Have?

The Wildlife Society facilitates networking of wildlife professionals through magazines and journals, an e-newsletter, an annual conference, and working groups. It also administers professional certification for wildlife biologists.

The Association of Zoos and Aquariums is a network of more than 6,000 zoo and aquarium professionals and organizations. It offers animal management information, business benchmarking data, conference proceedings, grants and more.

Other Recommended Resources

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How to Become a Zoologist | EnvironmentalScience.org

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The world's wildlife is increasingly stressed by human activity. Farming and development have led to habitat loss. Animals are contending with toxic pollutants in their environments, and will be facing threats from climate change. Scientists say we're in the 6th great planetary extinction, called the "Holocene Extinction" - the extinction of the human era.

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Zoology () is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion, i.e. " animal" and λόγος, logos, i.e. "knowledge, study".

The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of zoology as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the biological works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This ancient work was further developed in the Middle Ages by Muslim physicians and scholars such as Albertus Magnus. During the Renaissance and early modern period, zoological thought was revolutionized in Europe by a renewed interest in empiricism and the discovery of many novel organisms. Prominent in this movement were Vesalius and William Harvey, who used experimentation and careful observation in physiology, and naturalists such as Carl Linnaeus, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, and Buffon who began to classify the diversity of life and the fossil record, as well as the development and behavior of organisms. Microscopy revealed the previously unknown world of microorganisms, laying the groundwork for cell theory. The growing importance of natural theology, partly a response to the rise of mechanical philosophy, encouraged the growth of natural history (although it entrenched the argument from design).

Over the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries, zoology became an increasingly professional scientific discipline. Explorer-naturalists such as Alexander von Humboldt investigated the interaction between organisms and their environment, and the ways this relationship depends on geography, laying the foundations for biogeography, ecology and ethology. Naturalists began to reject essentialism and consider the importance of extinction and the mutability of species. Cell theory provided a new perspective on the fundamental basis of life.

These developments, as well as the results from embryology and paleontology, were synthesized in Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. In 1859, Darwin placed the theory of organic evolution on a new footing, by his discovery of a process by which organic evolution can occur, and provided observational evidence that it had done so.

Darwin gave a new direction to morphology and physiology, by uniting them in a common biological theory: the theory of organic evolution. The result was a reconstruction of the classification of animals upon a genealogical basis, fresh investigation of the development of animals, and early attempts to determine their genetic relationships. The end of the 19th century saw the fall of spontaneous generation and the rise of the germ theory of disease, though the mechanism of inheritance remained a mystery. In the early 20th century, the rediscovery of Mendel's work led to the rapid development of genetics, and by the 1930s the combination of population genetics and natural selection in the modern synthesis created evolutionary biology.

Cell biology studies the structural and physiological properties of cells, including their behavior, interactions, and environment. This is done on both the microscopic and molecular levels, for single-celled organisms such as bacteria as well as the specialized cells in multicellular organisms such as humans. Understanding the structure and function of cells is fundamental to all of the biological sciences. The similarities and differences between cell types are particularly relevant to molecular biology.

Anatomy considers the forms of macroscopic structures such as organs and organ systems. It focuses on how organs and organ systems work together in the bodies of humans and animals, in addition to how they work independently. Anatomy and cell biology are two studies that are closely related, and can be categorized under "structural" studies.

Physiology studies the mechanical, physical, and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how all of the structures function as a whole. The theme of "structure to function" is central to biology. Physiological studies have traditionally been divided into plant physiology and animal physiology, but some principles of physiology are universal, no matter what particular organism is being studied. For example, what is learned about the physiology of yeast cells can also apply to human cells. The field of animal physiology extends the tools and methods of human physiology to non-human species. Physiology studies how for example nervous, immune, endocrine, respiratory, and circulatory systems, function and interact.

Evolutionary research is concerned with the origin and descent of species, as well as their change over time, and includes scientists from many taxonomically oriented disciplines. For example, it generally involves scientists who have special training in particular organisms such as mammalogy, ornithology, herpetology, or entomology, but use those organisms as systems to answer general questions about evolution.

Evolutionary biology is partly based on paleontology, which uses the fossil record to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution, and partly on the developments in areas such as population genetics and evolutionary theory. Following the development of DNA fingerprinting techniques in the late 20th century, the application of these techniques in zoology has increased the understanding of animal populations. In the 1980s, developmental biology re-entered evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the modern synthesis through the study of evolutionary developmental biology. Related fields often considered part of evolutionary biology are phylogenetics, systematics, and taxonomy.

Scientific classification in zoology, is a method by which zoologists group and categorize organisms by biological type, such as genus or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern biological classification has its root in the work of Carl Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to improve consistency with the Darwinian principle of common descent. Molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions and is likely to continue to do so. Biological classification belongs to the science of zoological systematics.

Many scientists now consider the five-kingdom system outdated. Modern alternative classification systems generally start with the three-domain system: Archaea (originally Archaebacteria); Bacteria (originally Eubacteria); Eukaryota (including protists, fungi, plants, and animals) These domains reflect whether the cells have nuclei or not, as well as differences in the chemical composition of the cell exteriors.

Further, each kingdom is broken down recursively until each species is separately classified. The order is: Domain; kingdom; phylum; class; order; family; genus; species. The scientific name of an organism is generated from its genus and species. For example, humans are listed as Homo sapiens. Homo is the genus, and sapiens the specific epithet, both of them combined make up the species name. When writing the scientific name of an organism, it is proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term may be italicized or underlined.

The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The classification, taxonomy, and nomenclature of zoological organisms is administered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. A merging draft, BioCode, was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize nomenclature, but has yet to be formally adopted.

Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behavior under natural conditions, as opposed to behaviourism, which focuses on behavioral response studies in a laboratory setting. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, influenced many future ethologists.

Biogeography studies the spatial distribution of organisms on the Earth, focusing on topics like plate tectonics, climate change, dispersal and migration, and cladistics. The creation of this study is widely accredited to Alfred Russel Wallace, a British biologist who had some of his work jointly published with Charles Darwin.

Although the study of animal life is ancient, its scientific incarnation is relatively modern. This mirrors the transition from natural history to biology at the start of the 19th century. Since Hunter and Cuvier, comparative anatomical study has been associated with morphography, shaping the modern areas of zoological investigation: anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology, teratology and ethology. Modern zoology first arose in German and British universities. In Britain, Thomas Henry Huxley was a prominent figure. His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals. Many consider him the greatest comparative anatomist of the latter half of the 19th century. Similar to Hunter, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast to the previous format of lectures only.

Gradually zoology expanded beyond Huxley's comparative anatomy to include the following sub-disciplines:

Related fields:

Evolutionary biology: Development of both animals and plants is considered in the articles on evolution, population genetics, heredity, variation, Mendelism, and reproduction.

Molecular biology studies the common genetic and developmental mechanisms of animals and plants

Palaeontology: Study of fossils of the life forms that are now extinct.

Systematics, cladistics, phylogenetics, phylogeography, biogeography, and taxonomy classify and group species via common descent and regional associations.

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Zoology () is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, zōion, i.e. " animal" and λόγος, logos, i.e.

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A zoologist is a person who studies the behavior, physiology, and classification of both types of animals living and extinct. Basically, what they do is observe animals in their natural habitat. It includes doing researches and writing reports on that as well. It is a time-consuming process so the person needs to be patient and comfortable in working in a variety of environments and locations. Zoologists can be involved in conservation, protecting endangered animals and their habitats. Zoology is a life science like biology. The term zoology has been derived from the Greek word zo that means animals.
Quick Facts: -

They study many things like animal species, population, interaction, their distribution etc.

Zoology is divided into various different fields like mammalogy, ornithology, herpetology, malacology etc.

A zoologist specializes in extinct animals then he is known as paleozoologist.

The field of zoology in which the geographical distribution of animal is studied is known as zoogeography.

The main purpose of zoologist is to identify all the animals through classification which is done by comparing the features of a group of animals.

These characters or features are generally determined in laboratories and sometimes in the field as well.

Zoologists working in national parks and zoos also educate park visitors about the local wildlife.

A bachelor's degree in zoology is the minimum qualification required for entry-level positions and higher degrees are required for conducting research work.

Zoologists also determine the impacts of human on animal population due to factors like pollution and hunting.

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A zoologist is a person who studies the behavior, physiology, and classification of both types of animals living and extinct. Basically, what they do is observe animals in their natural habitat. It includes doing researches and writing reports on that as well.