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Who haved used sports enhancement drugs?
1.Maria Sharapova
-Was found using Meldonium at the Australian Open.
- Meldonium is prescribed to help protect heart tissue by regulating metabolism. But the drug also helps with an increase in endurance performance of athletes, improved rehabilitation after exercise, protection against stress, and enhanced activations of central nervous system functions.
-Meldonium only came to the World Anti-Doping Agency’s attention a few years ago and was banned in January 2016.

2.Tyson Gay
-In July 2013, Tyson Gay was meant to make Usain Bolt sweat in the 100-metre dash at the Moscow World Championships.
-Instead, Gaypulled out from the tournament for testing positive for a banned substance.

-By May 2014, the American was banned for a year and forfeited the Olympic silver medal he won as part of the United States 4x100 metres team in London.

3. Lance Armstrong
-After spending years denying allegations, Lance Armstrong admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs in an interview with Oprah Winfrey in 2013.

-The man who was once considered sporting icon said he used testosterone and human growth hormone, as well as EPO — a hormone naturally produced by human kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production. It increases the amount of oxygen that can be delivered to muscles, improving recovery and endurance.

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What are sports enhancement drugs and what do they do?

Sports enhancement drugs are drugs taken to improve physical performance.

Types of sports enhancement drugs...
• Anabolic Steroids
• Androstenedione
• Human Growth Hormone
• Erythropoietin
• Diuretics
• Creatine
• Stimulants

The enhancement drugs improve the body’s natural abilities. They speed up areas of the brain/body and boost heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, and body temperature. These drugs also make athletes faster and stronger and speed up healing.

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using stimulants vary for each drug, but in general are high. For example, cocaine use can cause panic attacks and paranoia, lead to the loss of smell and problems swallowing, become addictive and, in rare cases, lead to heart attack. Amphetamines can cause damage to the liver, kidneys and cardiovascular system, and cause hallucinations and violent behaviour, while long term use can change the structures of the brain involved with memory and emotion.

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Both males and females normally have testosterone circulating in their bodies, although the amount in males is much higher. Testosterone works to promote the appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as a deepening voice and the growth of body and facial hair. It also has effects on muscles and bones. Performance-enhancing steroids usually work by mimicking natural testosterone. Reported effects of steroid use include an increase in muscle size, strength, and fat-free body mass, all of which are thought to improve athletic performance. Performing-enhancing steroids are drugs that have both physical and mental side effects. Athletes that use them can become sick or seriously injured.

Question: why do people risk using these drugs even though they know they can get banned from the sport and even get severely sick

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Grp. 1 Sean (DEFINITELY DID NOT COPY & PASTE) :)

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Grp. 1 Sean (DEFINITELY DID NOT COPY & PASTE) :)

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Famous athletes have admitted that they are using performance-enhancing drugs. Teens might turn to steroids and other substances to boost their sports performance.

Common performance-enhancing drugs

Among teens, common performance-enhancing drugs and supplements include:

1.     Creatine. Creatine is a naturally occurring compound in the body that's also sold as an over-the-counter supplement. It's used to improve performance during high-intensity bursts of activity and to help increase muscle mass.

2.     Anabolic steroids. Anabolic steroids are synthetic versions of the hormone testosterone, used to build muscle and increase strength.

3.     Steroid precursors. Steroid precursors, such as androstenedione ("andro") and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), are substances that the body converts into anabolic steroids. They're used to increase muscle mass. Most steroid precursors are illegal without a prescription. DHEA, however, is still available in over-the-counter preparations.

4.     Amphetamines and other stimulants. Teens use these substances believing that they will increase alertness and improve endurance.

5.     Caffeine. Kids and teens may turn to energy drinks or certain endurance sports supplements containing caffeine, hoping to boost endurance and alertness.

Why it happens

Teens might experiment with performance-enhancing drugs to:

1.     Cope with body image insecurities

2.     Fit in with others

3.     Gain muscle mass and strength

4.     Increase stamina

5.     Perform better and gain a competitive edge

Hazards of performance-enhancing drugs

Steroids and their precursors can have severe, long-lasting health effects. In growing adolescents, one of the major risks of using anabolic steroid precursors is the permanent stunting of height.

Other side effects include:

1.      Blood-clotting problems

2.      High blood pressure and cholesterol

3.      Irregular heartbeats

4.      Liver problems

5.      Mood swings

6.      Reduced sperm production

7.      Shrinking testicles

8.      Higher risk of infections such as HIV/AIDS if sharing needles

9.      Enlarged breasts in males, decreased breast size in women

10.   Irreversible hair loss

11.   Acne

Creatine can cause nausea, abdominal pain and kidney damage. The risk of kidney damage is greater when combined with certain medications, including over-the-counter pain-relieving drugs.

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What harms do sports enhancement drugs do to your body?

- nervousness
- irritability
- insomnia, which can prevent a athlete from getting needed sleep
- dehydration

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GROUP 4 Egan chin [I DID NOT COPY PASTE ]

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GROUP 4 Egan chin [I DID NOT COPY PASTE ]

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=What Are Sport Enhancing Drugs?=
-Well, to put it simply they are drugs
that enhances an athletes physique
and there are pros and cons to it.
I am aware it.
In all the higher platform competitions,
they will have a protocol to check if
the athletes are doping.
[Sorry to the group member doing
how athletes are being found for
doping. Hehe sowy it is just related to
mine, needs to be said plus, no one has
posted on the padlet yet sorry again!]
And also, i wont be covering it all.
—A Continuation—
=How Do Athletes Get Caught doping=
=Well they are tested by urine and blood
before and after a sport event. The sample
of the two samples will be sent to a
WADA accredited laboratory to be
analysed. The peeps that analyse the
samples wont know whose sample
they have. It’s anonymous for the
analysation to be fair. As in the if
the athlete that was doping knew
Who the peep analysing his samples
He would try to bribe or do smth to
Purposely make his samples pass
To get into the competition or get
A win in it. Now back to mine

-Types Of Sport Enhancing Drugs-

-One of the most popular ones are,
-|Anabolic Steroids|-
~Other names could be, roids or juice.
The scientific name for this class of drugs is
anabolic-androgenic steroid's
-This drug is most commonly used in
Muscle building
=How are they used?=
-to start, some steroid users take
Pop pills. Others use hypodermic
needles to inject steroids directly into
Muscles to, well you get the point.
-Drug Abusing-
You’re gonna get used to this term.-.,
Drug abusing is when a user of a the
steroids or a sport enhancing drug
Takes doses 10 to 100 times, higher
of what the doctor prescribes.
=Common side effects of steroids=
Steroids can make pimples pop up
and hair fall out. They can make guys
grow breasts and girls, grow beards.
Steroids can cause livers to grow tumors
and hearts to clog up. They can even
send users
on violent, angry rampages. In other
Words, they make you go boom in
Your head. The abuse of steroids
Can be fatal.

=In other words they are bad.=

I will be doing more !

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Why do athletes take the risk of taking sports enhancement drugs even though they know that they'll get banned?

1.The athlete might have a goal he/she has not yet reached and the goal might be impossible for them to reach but they still want to reach it. So, most of them would use the shortcut, which is the sports enhancement drugs, to reach their unrealistic goals.
2.The athlete might take sports enhancement drugs as they just want to achieve glory and fame using a shorter way.
3.They want to be the best.

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ANDROSTENEDIONE
What is it?
Androstenedione (andro) is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, ovaries and testes. It's a hormone that's normally converted to tesosteroone and a form of estrogen (estriadiol) in both men and women.
Andro is available legally only by prescription and is a contrlled substance. Its use as a performance-enhancing drug is illigal in the United States.
Manufacturers and bodybuilding magazines tout andro's ability to allow athletes to train harder and recover more quickly. Scientific studies that refute these claims show that supplemental androstenedione doesn't increase tesosterone and that your muscles don't get stronger with andro use.
RISKS
Side effects of andro in men include:

Acne

Diminished sperm production

Shrinking of the testicles

Enlargement of the breasts

In women, side effects include:

Acne

Masculinization, such as deepening of the voice and male-pattern baldness.

In both men and women, andro can damage the heart and blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke.

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Gp8 MYZ (NOT COPYPASTED)     ;)    (legit)

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Gp8 MYZ (NOT COPYPASTED)     ;)    (legit)

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Whenever athletes willfully or accidentally ingest performance-enhancing drugs or other banned substances (such as drugs of abuse), markers of those drugs can be detected in biological samples (bodyfluids: urine, saliva, blood); in the case of some drugs, that evidence can be apparent for many weeks following the last exposure to the drug.

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Gp8 MYZ (NOT COPYPASTED)       ;)  (legit)

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Gp8 MYZ (NOT COPYPASTED)       ;)  (legit)

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Designer steroids

It is a particularly dangerous class of anabolic steroids are the so-called designer drugs — synthetic steroids that have been illicitly created to be undetectable by current drug tests. They are made specifically for athletes and have no approved medical use. Because of this, they haven't been tested or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and represent a particular health threat to athletes.

Risks

Many athletes take anabolic steroids at doses that are much higher than those prescribed for medical reasons. Anabolic steroids have serious physical side effects.

Men may develop:

Prominent breasts

Shrunken testicles

Infertility

Prostate gland enlargement

Women may develop:

A deeper voice, which may be irreversible

An enlarged clitoris, which may be irreversible

Increased body hair

Baldness, which may be irreversible

Infrequent or absent periods

Both men and women might experience:

Severe ACNE

Increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture

Liver abnormalities and tumors

Increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (the "bad" cholesterol)

Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (the "good" cholesterol

High blood pressure (hypertension)

Heart and blood circulation problems

Aggressive behaviors, rage or violence

Psychiatric disorders, such as depression

Drug dependence

Infections or diseases such as HIV or hepatitis if you're injecting the drugs

Inhibited growth and development, and risk of future health problems in teenagers

Taking anabolic-androgenic steroids to enhance athletic performance is prohibited by most sports organizations — and it's illegal. In the past 20 years, more-effective law enforcement in the United States has pushed much of the illegal steroid industry into the black market.

This poses additional health risks because the drugs are either made in other countries and smuggled in or made in clandestine labs in the United States. Either way, they aren't subject to government safety standards and could be impure or mislabeled.

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Stimulants are drugs that directly affect the central nervous system. Stimulants work to speed up parts of the brain and body, then increasing the heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism and body temperature of the user. Stimulants are used by athletes to reduce tiredness and fatigue, increase alertness, competitiveness and aggressiveness. The risks of using stimulants vary for each drug, but in general are high. For example, cocaine use can cause panic attacks and paranoia, lead to the loss of smell and problems with swallowing, become addictive. In rare cases, it can lead to a heart attack. Amphetamines can cause damage to the liver, kidneys and the cardiovascular system, and cause hallucinations and violent behavior, while long - term use can change the structures of the brain involved with memory and emotion. Even though stimulants boost physical performance and promote aggressiveness when on the field, they have side effects that can impair the athlete’s performance, which include:

- Nervousness and irritability which make it harder for the athlete to concentrate during the game.

-Insomnia which can prevent an athlete from sleeping.

-Dehydration

-etc

Pro: Proponents of allowing athletes to use stimulants argue that Air Force pilots, long haul truckers, and others use stimulants without stigma, and that their use does not lessen the integrity of the game.

Con: Opponents of allowing athletes to use stimulants argue stimulants are dangerous, can result in death, and do nothing to promote the health of the athlete, and that the cultural acceptance of stimulant use should change.

Anabolic steroids are drugs derived from testosterone, a hormone which is produced in the testes of males and, to a much lesser extent, in the ovaries of females. Testosterone is partially responsible for the developmental changes that occur during puberty and adolescence and is also involved in controlling the build-up and breaking down the main biochemical components of all tissues, including muscle. There are two kinds of Anabolic steroids which are Exogenous steroids and Endogenous steroids. Anabolic steroids mimic our body's natural hormones, specifically male sex hormones, and have legitimate medical uses to treat anemia, asthma, bone pain from osteoporosis, muscle loss, and postmenopausal symptoms, among other ailments. Athletes use the drugs illicitly to achieve endurance increases, fat loss, muscle recovery increases, and muscular size and strength increases. However, the drugs carry serious side effects, including but not limited to: abnormal menstrual cycles, aggressiveness, brain tissue damage, depression, hypertension, impotence, liver dysfunction, mania, and testicular shrinkage or atrophy. Even though anabolic steroids stimulate muscle tissue to grow, there are side effects which include:

-reduced sperm count

-infertility

-shrunken testicles

-erectile dysfunction

-baldness

-breast development

-increased risk of prostate cancer

-severe acne

-etc.

Pro: Proponents of allowing athletes to use anabolic steroids argue that athletes are going to dope regardless of the rules, so steroids should be allowed, that allowing steroids could reinvigorate boring or languishing sports, and that using steroids does not lessen, but may increase the entertainment value.

Con: Opponents of allowing athletes to use anabolic steroids argue that anabolic steroid use is dangerous and can cause serious side effects, (including addiction and death), that steroid use is not setting a good example for youth sports, and that sports should encourage clean play for the fairness and spirit of the game.

Blood-doping refers to any method, including using the enhancement drug erythropoietin, to increase red blood cells. EPO can be used medically to treat anemia, among other applications. Athletes use blood-doping illicitly to increase endurance and reduce fatigue. However, blood-doping has been found to “thicken” blood, increasing the chances of hypertension, blood clots, stroke, and heart attacks.

Pro: Proponents of allowing athletes to blood-dope argue that blood-doping is already so prevalent that banning it now would lessen the sport, that the methods are safe for athletes, and that the same effects can be achieved by working out high attitudes.

Con: Opponents of allowing blood-dope argue that blood-doping is dangerous and can lead to athletes’ deaths, that normalizing blood-doping is asking athletes to risk their lives to play a sport, and sport does not need more athletes that break the rules of the game.

Besides making athlete’s muscles bigger, sports enhancing drugs may reduce the muscle damage that occurs during a hard workout. Helping athletes recover from the workout session more quickly and enabling them to work out harder and more often.

Marijuana is frequently banned by sports organizations, yet the drug’s status as performance-enhancing is questioned. Further complicating the issue is that marijuana, as a medical or recreational drug, is legal in most US states. Athletes take the drug illicitly to reduce anxiety, pain, and reliance on opioids. Side effects include appetite increase, balance and coordination impairment, concentration loss, drowsiness, motivation loss, panic attacks, and weight gain. If smoked (rather than consumed via edible’s, side effects can include bronchitis and cancer of the lung, throat, mouth, and tongue.

Pro: Proponents of allowing athletes to consume marijuana argue that the benefits for athletes are well-documented, that the drug is better than opioids, and that the ban is a continuation of an unjust drug war.

Con: Opponents of allowing athletes to consume marijuana argue that all athletes should not play under the influence of any drug, that marijuana is not legal everywhere the players play, and the benefits are questionable.

Done by Dione

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For Q2 That me and my grp discussed: What are the commonly used drugs and which are the most accessible?

A:(Handwritten)
  Commonly used performance enhancing drugs include

1.Anabolic Steroids
2.Human Growth Hormone
3.Erythropoietin(EPO)
4.Beta-Blockers
5.Stimulants

Accessible drugs from online networks include:

1.Pump Enhancer Capsules
(https://www.myprotein.com.sg/sports-nutrition/pump-enhancer-capsules/10636965.html?affil=thggpsad&switchcurrency=SGD&shipping)
2.Onnit, Shroom Tech Sport, Energy & Endurance, 84 Capsules
(https://sg.iherb.com/pr/onnit-shroom-tech-sport-energy-endurance-84-capsules/84063?gclid=Cj0KCQiAuvOPBhDXARIsAKzLQ8F5dFkN9PPbCA3EEegt2nynkEEAhaIu5Ilysa4Pbg_nOoxc4Uf_OZ4aAqVAEALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds)
3.

GU Energy Roctane Ultra Endurance Energy Gel, Lemonade, 24-Count

(https://www.amazon.sg/GU-Energy-Endurance-Lemonade-24-Count/dp/B00L8TCNSY/ref=asc_df_B00L8TCNSY/?tag=googleshoppin-22&linkCode=df0&hvadid=408624612183&hvpos=&hvnetw=g&hvrand=10691673093840494225&hvpone=&hvptwo=&hvqmt=&hvdev=c&hvdvcmdl=&hvlocint=&hvlocphy=9062530&hvtargid=pla-656794468982&psc=1)

Q1:The Pros and Cons

 Pros:

1. Increase endurance and strength when under pressure
2. Feel competitiveness
3. Physical looks
4.Impress others
5.To gain a reward( Money, fame etc.)

Cons:

1.Severe acne
2.Increased risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture
3.Liver abnormalities and tumors
4.High blood pressure (hypertension)
5.Heart and blood circulation problems
P.S.
Isaac I will get my revenge
"Ritual ensues"
U will fall off your chair today or tomorow!

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So, how did Lance Armstrong cheat?
There were actually no fancy drugs involved in Armstrong's thorough plan to cheat. It was simply a case of repeated blood doping (removing blood, storing it in the fridge, and then transfusing it back into the body during the race) and the use of testosterone to aid recovery between races. It improves his endurance and, could be used also in marathons, triathlons and all endurance races.

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9 Famous Olympic Cheaters

Ben Johnson. In the 1988 Seoul Olympics Canadian Ben Johnson won the Gold Medal for the 100-meter dash.

Madeline and Margaret de Jesus.

Fred Lorz.

Spiridon Belokas.

Marion Jones.

Boris Onischenko.

Tunisian modern pentathlon team.

East German Female Swimmers.

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-What are the punishment for using sports enhancement drugs ?
(The federal penalties range from up to one year in prison and a $1000 fine for first offence , to three years in prison and a minimum fine of $5000 for a third offense. All of the penalties can be increased if an "intent to distribute" can be proven. Sports organisations also can punish its members for possession.

-What are the examples of sports enhancement drugs ?
(Creatine. Creatine is a naturally occurring compound in the body that's also sold as an over-the-counter supplement.
Anabolic steroids
Steroid precursors
Amphetamines and other stimulants
Caffeine)

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Performance enhancing drugs stuff that I put in so that It seems longer:

The first 'effective' performance enhancing drugs, the amphetamines, which were used widely by soldiers in the Second World War, crossed over into sports in the early 1950s.News of widespread doping is the "blackest day in Australian sport", according to former Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority boss Richard Ings. ... The key findings of the investigation identified widespread use of prohibited substances including peptides, hormones and illicit drugs in professional sport.Testosterone was first synthesised in Germany in 193515 and was used medically to treat depression. Professional athletes began misusing anabolic steroids during the 1954 Olympics, when Russian weightlifters were given testosterone. Exogenous steroids are synthetically created versions of the testosterone hormone. These substances are not naturally produced by the body. Endogenous steroids are naturally occurring substances in the human body that are involved with the metabolic pathways of testosterone. Ernst Laqueur, a scientist with Organon in Amsterdam, first isolated and synthesised this elusive substance, naming it testosterone in May 1935, three months ahead of a German scientist, Adolf Butenandt, working with Schering in Berlin. All steroids are related to a characteristic molecular structure composed of 17 carbon atoms—arranged in four rings conventionally denoted by the letters A, B, C, and D—bonded to 28 hydrogen atoms.

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We should do this question: How do people know that athletes are using drugs
A:For each drug, identifying its major metabolites is the first step in developing a direct urine, blood, or saliva diagnostic test. The human body produces natural (endogenous) testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) in a ratio of approximately 0.4-2 (Figure 2A)1. One of the first detection methods simply measured the ratio of testosterone and epitestosterone in urine samples. If the T/E ratio exceeds 4, doping with an exogenous testosterone product is suspected. To confirm the presence of exogenous T, the laboratory can measure the isotope ratio of 13C:12C in T, as laboratory-made T has a slightly lower 13C:12C ratio than endogenous T2. This methodology was used in the prosecution of Floyd Landis surrounding his performance in the 2006 Tour de France, proving that he had, in fact, used exogenous testosterone.

In short, They need you to pee, spit and get an injury to see if you're on steroids. Blah Blah Blah testerones C12 idk exogenous blah blah.

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I think that we should do this question: Why do people take sports-enhancement drugs and what kind of sports-enhancement drug they use.- Gong Chengxi
My answer: Given that famous athletes have admitted to using performance-enhancing drugs, it's not surprising that teens might turn to steroids and other substances to boost their sports performance.

Common performance-enhancing drugs

Among teens, common performance-enhancing drugs and supplements include:

Creatine. Creatine is a naturally occurring compound in the body that's also sold as an over-the-counter supplement. It's used to improve performance during high-intensity bursts of activity and to help increase muscle mass.

Anabolic steroids. Anabolic steroids are synthetic versions of the hormone testosterone, used to build muscle and increase strength.

Steroid precursors. Steroid precursors, such as androstenedione ("andro") and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), are substances that the body converts into anabolic steroids. They're used to increase muscle mass. Most steroid precursors are illegal without a prescription. DHEA, however, is still available in over-the-counter preparations.

Amphetamines and other stimulants. Teens use these substances believing that they will increase alertness and improve endurance.

Caffeine. Kids and teens may turn to energy drinks or certain endurance sports supplements containing caffeine, hoping to boost endurance and alertness.

Why it happens

Teens might experiment with performance-enhancing drugs to:

Cope with body image insecurities

Fit in with peers

Gain muscle mass or strength

Increase endurance

Perform better or gain a competitive edge

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Among teens, common performance-enhancing drugs and supplements include:

Creatine. Creatine is a naturally occurring compound in the body that's also sold as an over-the-counter supplement. ...

Drugs can be used in running, swimming,soccer,cycling etc.

Anabolic steroids. ...

Steroid precursors. ...

Amphetamines and other stimulants. ...

Caffeine.

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Lance Armstrong, who used blood doping, had to give up his prize money to Floyd Landis and was stripped of his seven tour de france titles. Floyd Landis also used drugs. So the person who used drugs had to give it to 2nd place but 2nd place was also using drugs after the prize money was given. I guess he just wasn’t better at blood doping.
By increasing the number of red blood cells, blood doping causes the blood to thicken. This thickening forces the heart to work harder than normal to pump blood throughout the body. As a result, blood doping raises the risk of: blood clot

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- What enhancement drug did he take?
(testosterone and human growth hormone)
- What was his best sprint record using these drugs? (100-meter dash, now-void men's 100-meter world record of 9.78 seconds set in 2002)

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Eg. Group KK: Athletes who are caught using/abusing Sports Enhancement Drugs.

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Eg. Group KK: Athletes who are caught using/abusing Sports Enhancement Drugs.

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Lance Armstrong
- What happened to him?

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A few questions we can consider

- What are some sports enhancement Drugs used?
- What are the consequences of using sports enhancement drugs?
- What are some common examples of sports enhancements drugs?

P.S. Daniel can you arrange your work properly and just put it under Grp 1 in one script? It is in an absolute mess now