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During the enlightenment the idea by Baron de Montesquieu of splitting the government up into 3 branches came to use. They did this so one branch wouldn't absorb all the power. The first branch (Legislative) made the laws, the secound  (executive) interpreted the laws, and third (Judicial) would enforce the laws. The benefits of this were more balances, it eliminated possibility of dominant ruler, and prevented leaders from becoming tyrants.

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The printing press permanently altered the the structure of society.   This new form of communication and education made things so much easier. The printing press made the production of books much cheaper, easier, and faster. The increase of books made the cost decrease very much so now anyone and not only the rich could gets their hands on the them. Now, these people will finally learn how to read and can get properly educated. The printing press also allowed for major spread of religion. People began to look at life differently and were inspired to learn more and explore the different aspects of life.
https://www.cram.com/essay/The-Printing-Press-In-The-Renaissance/F3BZMR9GRE4X

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The MesoAmericans faced many problems while trying to advance their civilization.  The Aztecs came to realize that they had floods, mushy soil, no stable foundation to build on They soon started coming up with ideas to help with these problems. Like, Anchoring their buildings deep into the ground with wooden steaks to create a stable foundation. They also used volcanic rocks for extra strength

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Henry Vlll and John Calvin both had different ideas of what the catholic church should be. Henry believed that god created society and earth the way it should be, and this should not be changed. He also believed that women were inferior to men. He started the english reformation because the pope would not give him an annulment from his wife. John Calvin believed  that all people were sinful and the all power belonged to god. He said that God already chose who would go to heaven and hell and the “elect” were the ones going to heaven. To get that you had to follow all of his teaching and practices. No dancing, laughing, bright colors or card games

Preaching different ideas could risk your life. Lastly, like John and Henry Martin Luther believed, the church is the most powerful institution on earth. He said if you followed its rules and rituals you would go to heaven and that decided what and who would be declared valid.

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Confucianism is the idea of living a peaceful life and to value your life and others lives. They believed that you have to be loyal to your family (the male was head of the house) and that government/rulers must be wise and honest. The chinese were the main followers of this belief system.

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Both of these belief systems were originated in China and are chinese belief systems. Daoism focuses strongly on the spiritual perspectives of life. The word "Dao"  which means "the way" is an old chinese belief system that emphasizes harmony with the natural, balanced order of the universe. One main belief of Daoism in balancing forces, also known as yin and yang. compassion, kindness, love, simplicity, modesty, ect are some key things that they believe is needed in life. Meanwhile Legalism is the belief that humans are more motivated to do more wrong things that right so they need strict and harsh laws to control them. They believed in absolute power and that the ruler should have it. They were the ones to come up with the idea that if you commit a crime and break the law you will have to face punishment.