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Enzymes have an optimum temperature and pH where they work best at. Different enzymes have different optimum pH, but the same optimum temperature, which is the body temperature, 37 degrees celcius.

If there is an increase in temperature or pH above the optimum level, enzymes start to denature and loses its ability to create enzyme-substrate complexes.

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Digestive enzymes break down certain substances.

Pepsin breaks down proteins into polypeptides
Trypsin breaks down peptides into amino acids
Lipase breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Amylase breaks down starch into glucose
Lactase breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose

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One enzyme catalyses one type of reaction

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One enzyme catalyses one type of reaction

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Biological catalysts that speed up the rate of chemical reactions without being changed

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1. Put 2 ml of sample into a test tube with 2 ml of 95% ethanol
2. Add 2 ml of distilled water, shake the mixture
3. Observe

If it turns into a cloudy white emulsion, fats are present.

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Contains the most energy per gram but is released more slowly than carbohydrates

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Contains the most energy per gram but is released more slowly than carbohydrates

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Fat soluble and helps with calcium absorption

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Fat soluble and helps with calcium absorption

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Necessary for the growth and repair of tissues

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Necessary for the growth and repair of tissues

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Required in small amounts for chemical reactions

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Required in small amounts for chemical reactions

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1. Put 2ml of sample into a tet tube
2. Put 2ml of Biuret reagant into the test tube
3. Shake and record the results

If violet or purple, proteins are present
If blue, proteins are absent

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Makes brand new cells for growth and repair

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Makes brand new cells for growth and repair

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Made out of cellulose and cannot be digested by the body

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Made out of cellulose and cannot be digested by the body

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Forms hemoglobin and helps to transport oxygen around the body

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Forms hemoglobin and helps to transport oxygen around the body

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Liquid
1. Put 2ml of iodine in a test tube
2. Put 2ml of sample in the test tube
3. Observe and record the results
Solid
1. Put 2 drops of iodine on the sample
2. Observe and record the results

If the colour is brown, there is an absence of starch
If the colour is blue-black, there is a presence of starch

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1. Put 2ml of sample and 2ml of benedict's solution in a test tube
2. Mix gently and take test tube rack, wooden peg and stopwatch to the water bath
3. Put the test tube in 80 degrees celcius for 5 minutes
4. record the results

If the colour is blue, there are no reducing sugars
If the colour is green, there are traces of reducing sugars
If the colour is orange red precipitate, there are moderate levels of reducing sugars
If the colour is brick red precipitate, there is a large amount of reducing sugars

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long term

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short term

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Has a short term and long term energy release

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Has a short term and long term energy release

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Acts as a lubricant for joints to reduce friction

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Acts as a lubricant for joints to reduce friction

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Acts as a solvent for many chemical reactions in the body

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Acts as a solvent for many chemical reactions in the body

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Nutrients are essential substances that provide energy and materials needed for the body.

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Biological nutrients and enzymes