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Viet Anh
In 1660, Charles II ascended English throne and began to restore the English monarchy. Later on, he quickly strengthened England’s global power by consolidating possession of American colonies.

Charles II

His father, Charles I, married a French Catholic princess who was not very liked. One of the member of the Parliament was an outspoken protestant and they tried to contest the king’s edicts, resulting in their suspension for 11 years from 1629.

Later on, the conflict rose and led to a civil war. It lasted from 1642 and ended with Charles I being charged with treason and got beheaded in 1649. That was also the dissolve of the monarchy. Oliver Cromwell then led the new republic England as the leader of the Parliamentary force.

Soon, people hated him as he appeared to be a military dictator. When he died in 1658, people welcomed Charles II to be king again instead of Cromwell’s son. In 1660, Charles II became king and the monarchy was restored.

The king then was committed to expanding England’s possessions by restoring colonies for 20 years.

The Carolinas

In order to take control of the area between Virginia and Spanish Florida, Charles II sent 8 trusted and loyal supporters to be proprietor of a region of Carolina.

Nonetheless, these people did not relocate to the colonies. Instead, English plantation owners from Caribbean island of Barbados took over the southern part and founded Charles Town. There was a conflict between South and North Carolina in term of politics. The place had a surprise development in slavery.

The expansion of English settlement and the outrages committed by traders led to the outbreak of Yamasee war (1715-1718).

The restoration colonies also helped to raise English American population. As well as the European, the enslaved Africans also migrated to this place.

The English possessed New York, New Jersey (used to be under Dutch's control) and Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania became a destination for the Quakers to practice their religion. Philadelphia grew due to the humongous development in slave trade.

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4.1.
(Hường)Charles II ascended the throne in 1660. From the 1660s to the 1680s, Charles II added more possessions to England's North American holdings by establishing the Restoration colonies of New York and New Jersey (taking these areas from the Dutch). Charles II enacted the mercantilist Navigation Acts.

CHARLES II

The English Civil War lasted from 1642 to 1649. After years of fighting, the Parliamentary forces gained the upper hand, and in 1649, they charged Charles I with treason and beheaded him. England became a republic: a state without a king. Oliver Cromwell headed the new English Commonwealth, and the period known as the English interregnum. England to be taking on the powers of a military dictator. English people feared an alternate hereditary monarchy. They had had enough and asked Charles II to be king. The return of Charles II is known as the Restoration. All the Restoration colonies started as proprietary colonies , that is, the king gave each colony to a trusted individual, family, or group.

THE CAROLINAS

Charles ll issued a royal charter in 1663 to eight trusted and loyal supporters, whom was to be a feudal-style proprietor of a region of the province of Carolina. Instead, English plantation owners from the tiny Caribbean island of Barbados, already a well-established English sugar colony fueled by slave labor, migrated to the southern part of Carolina to settle there. Political disagreements between settlers in the northern and southern parts of Carolina led to the creation of two colonies, North and South Carolina. Slavery developed quickly in the Carolinas, largely because so many of the early migrants came from Barbados, where slavery was well established. native peoples in the Carolinas suffered tremendously from the introduction of European diseases. The outrages committed by traders, combined with the seemingly unstoppable expansion of English settlement onto native land, led to the outbreak of the Yamasee War (1715–1718), the Yamasee War demonstrates the most important, the disunity that existed between different native groups.
(Hiển)The Restoration colonies also contributed to the rise in population in English America as many thousands of Europeans made their way to the colonies. Their numbers were further augmented by the forced migration of enslaved Africans. Beginning in 1651, England pursued mercantilist policies through a series of Navigation Acts designed to make the most of England’s overseas possessions. However, without proper enforcement of Parliament’s acts and with nothing to prevent colonial traders from commanding their own fleets of ships, the Navigation Acts did not control trade as intended.

4.2 Tuan Linh
JAMES II AND THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

King James II ascended the English throne in 1685, worked to model his rule on the reign of the French Catholic King Louis XIV. This means centralizing English political strength around the throne, giving the monarchy absolute power.

The potential for a Catholic heir to the English throne became a threat to English Protestants. As James’s strength grew, his opponents feared their king would turn England into a Catholic monarchy with absolute power over her people.

In 1686, James II applied his concept of a centralized state to the colonies by creating an enormous colony called the Dominion of New England.

Sir Edmund Andros, a former colonial governor of New York, was put in charge of the new colony by king James II who caused great uneasiness among New England Puritans.
In England, opponents of James II’s efforts to create a centralized Catholic state were known as Whigs who worked to depose James
In 1688 the Wigs succeeded, an event they celebrated as the Glorious Revolution while James fled to the court of Louis XIV in France. William III (William of Orange) and his wife Mary II ascended the throne in 1689.

The Glorious Revolution spilled over into the colonies.

In 1689, Bostonians overthrew the government of the Dominion of New England.

In New York, the same year that Andros fell from power, Jacob Leisler led a group of Protestant New Yorkers against the dominion government. His actions usurped the crown’s prerogative and, as a result, he was tried for treason and executed. In 1691, England restored control over the Province of New York.

Those who lived through the events preserved the memory of the Glorious Revolution and the defense of liberty that it represented.

ENGLISH LIBERTY

The Glorious Revolution led to the establishment of an English nation that limited the power of the king and provided protections for English subjects. Also limited its power by means the 1689 Bill of Rights established a constitutional monarchy.

Meanwhile, John Locke (doctor and educator who had lived in exile in Holland during the reign of James II and returned to England after the Glorious Revolution) had made his point of view in the role of the government and emphases the role of Parliament.

The Glorious Revolution also led to the English Toleration Act of 1689. This act granted religious tolerance to nonconformist Trinitarian Protestants, such as Baptists. However, this tolerance did not extend to Catholics, who were routinely excluded from political power.

4.3 (Huong Le)

The role slavery played in the history and economy of the British Empire

- The transport of slaves to the American colonies accelerated in the second half of the seventeenth century. The Royal African Company enjoyed a monopoly to transport slaves to the English colonies. (which ended in 1689 as a result of the Glorious Revolution). After that date, many more English merchants engaged in the slave trade. Africans trafficked by the company endured a nightmare of misery, privation, and dislocation.

- Slaves strove to adapt to their new lives by forming new communities among themselves. Slaves everywhere resisted their exploitation and attempted to gain freedom. Runaway slaves formed what were called “maroon” communities, groups that successfully resisted recapture and formed their own autonomous groups. The most prominent of these communities lived in the interior of Jamaica, controlling the area and keeping the British away.

The effects of the 1739 Stono Rebellion and the 1741 New York Conspiracy Trials

- The Stono Rebellion took place in South Carolina in September 1739. A literate slave named Jemmy led a large group of slaves in an armed insurrection against white colonists, killing several before militia stopped them. In the wake of the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina passed a new slave code in 1740 called An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and Other Slaves in the Province, also known as the Negro Act of 1740.

- These tensions between slaves and the free population burst forth in 1741. Searching for solutions, and convinced slaves were the principal danger, nervous British authorities interrogated almost two hundred slaves and accused them of conspiracy. Very quickly, two hundred people were arrested, including a large number of the city’s slave population.

- Little evidence exists to prove that an elaborate conspiracy, like the one white New Yorkers imagined, actually existed. In the end, the Conspiracy Trials furthered white dominance and power over enslaved New Yorkers.

The consumer revolution and its effect on the life of the colonial gentry and other settlers

- An increased supply of consumer goods from England that became available in the eighteenth century led to a phenomenon called the consumer revolution. These products linked the colonies to Great Britain in real and tangible ways. Indeed, along with the colonial gentry, ordinary settlers in the colonies also participated in the frenzy of consumer spending on goods from Great Britain.

4.4

THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING

During the eighteenth century, the British Atlantic experienced an outburst of Protestant revivalism
known as the First Great Awakening.

During the First Great Awakening, evangelists came from the ranks of several Protestant denominations rejected what appeared to be sterile, formal modes of worship in favor of a vigorous emotional religiosity. New evangelical ministers spread a message of personal and experiential faith that rose above mere book learning.

The Great Awakening caused a split between those who followed the evangelical message and those who rejected it. The elite ministers in British America firmly disagree and criticized the new revivalism as chaos. Indeed, the revivals did sometimes lead to excess.

The Great Awakening saw the rise of several Protestant denominations. These new churches gained converts and competed with older Protestant groups. However, the Great Awakening touched the lives of thousands on both sides of the Atlantic and provided a shared experience in the eighteenth-century British Empire.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

The Enlightenment (Age of reason) was an intellectual and cultural movement in the eighteenth century that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith. Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Isaac Newton and Voltaire questioned accepted knowledge and spread new ideas about openness, investigation, and religious tolerance throughout Europe and the Americas.

Many consider the Enlightenment a major turning point in Western civilization,an age of light replacing an age of darkness, turning away from the prevailing idea that people needed to rely on scripture or church authorities for knowledge. Several ideas dominated Enlightenment thought, including rationalism, empiricism, progressivism, and cosmopolitanism.

Progressivism is the belief that was especially important as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the English Civil Wars in the seventeenth century.

The Freemasons were a fraternal society that advocated Enlightenment principles of inquiry and tolerance,which originated in London coffeehouses in the early eighteenth century and soon spread throughout Europe and the British colonies. One prominent Freemason, Benjamin Franklin, after retiring in 1748, he devoted himself to politics and scientific experiments. His most famous work on electricity exemplified Enlightenment principles. His findings was published in 1751, in Experiments and Observations on Electricity.

THE FOUNDING OF GEORGIA

The reach of Enlightenment thought was both broad and deep, even prompted the founding of a new colony in 1730s.

Having witnessed the terrible conditions of debtors’ prison, James Oglethorpe, a member of Parliament, petitioned King George II for a charter to start a new colony. George II, understanding the strategic advantage of a British colony, granted the charter to Oglethorpe and twenty like-minded proprietors to led the settlement of the colony, called Georgia in honor of the king. Over the next decade, Parliament funded the migration of twenty-five hundred settlers, making Georgia the only government-funded colonial project.

Oglethorpe’s vision for Georgia followed the ideals of the Age of Reason to start anew. Oglethorpe’s vision called for alcohol and slavery to be banned. However, colonists who relocated from
other colonies, especially South Carolina, disregarded these prohibitions.

4.5 Huong Giang

Great Britain have carefully prepared for the fights in 18th century. In the period of 1688 - 1763, Great Britain continuously struggled with tons of endless battles with France and Spain. Almost conflicts derive from Europe, but these fights had an certain impact on the colonists. Most of the time, all the conflicts have ended inconclusively. None of force gained any clear victor. The Great Britain heavily suffered especially the campaign of France in 1755, which was considered as a crisis to Great Britain. The war began to advantageous to the British in 1758 as William Pitt's efforts. The war continued until 1763, the British finally won due to the expend of the armies with volunteers and native allies like Iroquois, Delaware, and Shawnee. These allies supported the British because of the Treaty of Easton which gave them some contested land around Pennsylvania and Virginia.Because of the 1763 Treaty of Paris, France has been completely destroyed. Great Britain become a truly global empire, British colonists joyously celebrated. This last fight also led to a serious problem which is Great Britain carried a economic burden.

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4.2( Nguyễn Xuân Hoàng Minh)
King James II throned in 1685, he wanted to model his rule on the reign of French Catholic King Louis XIV. So he  practiced a strict and intolerant form of Roman Catholicism and modernize the English army and navy. In 1686, he created a huge colony called the Dominion of New England, and in 1688 he added New York and New Jersey. Sir Edmund Andros become the colonial governor of New York and all of his action threatened to disrupt the region’s trade, which was based largely on smuggling. At that time in England, opponents of James II’s create a centralized Catholic state named Whigs. It tried to depose James and succeeded in late 1688. People called that event is the Glorious Revolution. After that William III and his wife Mary II ascended the throne in 1689. The revolution came into the colonies. In 1689, Bostonians overthrew the Dominion of New England authority. At the same year in New York, Jacob Leisler and the New Yorkers against the dominion government. His action the role of King William’s governor so he tried for treason and executed. England control again the Province of New York. The revolution limited the power of king, the 1689 Bill of Rights affected on many subject of people.

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4.1(Hải Nam+Khuê)
After the English Civil War and interregnum, Charles 2 ascended to the throne and he was committed to expanding England’s colonies in North America.

English plantation owners migrated from Barbados to southern Carolina and established Charles town. Political disagreement between settlers in Carolina has led to the creation of North and South Carolina, the northern part produced items for ships while the southern one produced rice and indigo. In the early 1700s, the Carolinas began to pass slave laws. During the Anglo-Dutch war, the English gained New York and New Jersey. The Restoration colonies also included Pennsylvania, which became the geographic center of British colonial America. Pennsylvania became the destination of choice to the Quakers, where they could preach and practice their religion in peace. As an important city, Philadelphia grew quickly thanks to the thriving slave trade. This city, and indeed, all of Pennsylvania attracted hundreds of thousands of Europeans. Creating wealth for the Empire remained a primary goal, England pursued mercantilism policies by establishing the Navigation Acts to gain better control of trade with the American colonies. However, without proper enforcement of Parliament’s acts and with nothing to prevent colonial traders from commanding their own fleets of ships, the Navigation Acts did not control trade as intended.

4.3 M.Duc B
Slavery formed a cornerstone for the English Empire in the eighteenth century, take a big part in forming British History and their Colonies, too. Starting up is the Stono Rebellion, marking one of the first times when slaves fought for their freedom and rights, started by a literate slave named Jemmy led a group of other slaves attacking the white colonists until being stopped by the militias, the Rebellion ends with South Carolina’s Negro Act 1740. Coming up is the New York Conspiracy Trails in 1741, which blew up due to one of the New Yorkers having a slave, causing conflict between the free population and the slaves, sparking up very large damage to the colony, more than 200 slaves are accused of the disaster and 30 people, including 17 black people were burnt publicly. Finally is the Colonial Gentry and the Consumer Evolution, the Gentries – The wealthy colonial class is the ones who meant to be refined, freed from all rudeness, they built elaborate mansions to advertise their power and status. As there are more and more Gentry, the Consumer Revolution was made to bring up more luxury goods to them, eventually, they also made printing more viable, creating a lot of newspapers, books, pamphlets, novels, and a lot of other similar products.

4.5 (qtrang)
1688-1697: King William's War: between New England and New France -> no clear victor
1702-1713: Queen Anne's War: Spain and France -> not decisive
1688-1763: France and Spain had struggles with power -> Great Britain and France fought for control of eastern North America for almost eight years
1754-1763: French and Indian war
reason: Dispute upper Ohio River Valley
-> 1763: Treaty of Paris -> New France was eliminated => The British Empire gained North America, north of Florida, east of Mississippi, and France and became a global empire

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4.1 (Nguyễn Nhật Minh)
After the English Civil War England began a stronger and larger empire in North America. In addition control New York and New Jersey from the Dutch, Charles II established the Carolinas and Pennsylvania as proprietary colonies. Each of these colonies added immensely to the Empire, supplying goods not produced in England, such as rice and indigo. The Restoration colonies also contributed to the rise in population in English America as many thousands of Europeans made their way to the colonies. Their numbers were further augmented by the forced migration of enslaved Africans. Starting in 1651, England pursued mercantilist policies through a series of Navigation Acts designed to make the most of England’s overseas possessions. Nonetheless, without proper enforcement of Parliament’s acts and with nothing to prevent colonial traders from commanding their own fleets of ships, the Navigation Acts did not control trade as intended.
4.2 (Nguyen Gia Khanh):
Many people in England were scared about the ultimatum of a Catholic absolute monarchy by Louis XIV, who simulated the rule on that of his French Catholic cousin. It promoted the overthrow of James II, and also a strict rule which made the differences for England. The Glorious Revolution in the 1689 Bill of Rights limited the power of the kings and their protections and also rebuilt a consitutional monarchy. The memory of this event remained with the preservation of people who lived after this one, which is considered a valorous defense of English liberty. This event was also popular with the new politicial philosophy of John Locke in 1690, it said that the divine rights of kings should be removed, and the upheld for the central role of Parliament with a limited monarchy.

4.3 (Pham Minh Duc A)
Slavery formed a cornerstone of the British Empire in the eighteenth century. Slavery was more than a labor system; it also influenced every aspect of colonial thought and culture. African slavery provided whites in the colonies with a shared racial bond and identity. In 1660, Charles II created the Royal African Company to trade in slaves and African goods. His brother, James II, led the company before ascending the throne. Between 1672 and 1713, the company bought 125,000 captives on the African coast, losing 20 percent of them to death on the Middle Passage, the journey from the African coast to the Americas. The 1686 English guinea shows the logo of the Royal African Company, an elephant and castle, beneath a bust of King James II. The Royal African Company’s monopoly ended in 1689 as a result of the Glorious Revolution. Therefore many English merchants were involved in the slave sale, While merchants in London, Bristol, and Liverpool lined their pockets, Africans trafficked by the company endured a nightmare of misery, privation, and dislocation. There were several uprisings, but they were all suppressed. Typical is Stono Rebellion took place in South Carolina in September 1739. A literate slave named Jemmy led a large group of slaves in an armed insurrection against white colonists, killing several before militia stopped them. In the wake of the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina passed a new slave code in 1740 called An Act for the Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and Other Slaves in the Province, also known as the Negro Act of 1740. This law imposed new limits on slaves’ behavior, prohibiting slaves from assembling, growing their own food, learning to write, and traveling freely. Very quickly, two hundred people were arrested. After a quick series of trials at City Hall, known as the New York Conspiracy Trials of 1741, the government executed seventeen New Yorkers. Thirteen black men were publicly burned at the stake, while the others were hanged . Seventy slaves were sold to the West Indies. After that there was a lot of controversy about this incident. In the end, the Conspiracy Trials furthered white dominance and power over enslaved New Yorkers. British Americans’ reliance on indentured servitude and slavery to meet the demand for colonial labor helped give rise to a wealthy colonial class—the gentry—in the Chesapeake tobacco colonies and elsewhere. William Byrd II of Westover, Virginia, exemplifies the colonial gentry; a wealthy planter and slaveholder, he is known for founding Richmond and for his diaries documenting the life of a gentleman planter. One of the ways in which the gentry set themselves apart from others was through their purchase, consumption, and display of goods. An increased supply of consumer goods from England that became available in the eighteenth century led to a phenomenon called the consumer revolution. The consumer revolution also made printed materials more widely available.
4.4 ( Nguyen Quang Trieu)
THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING
In 1660, Charles II created the Royal African Company to trade in slaves and African goods.In the wake of the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina passed a new slave code in 1740 called An Act for the
Better Ordering and Governing of Negroes and Other Slaves in the Province, also known as the Negro Act of 1740.  In addition, one in five New Yorkers was a slave, and tensions ran high between slaves and the free population, especially in the aftermath of the Stono Rebellion. These tensions burst forth in 1741. The institution of slavery created a false sense of superiority in White people, while simultaneously fueling fears of slave revolt. White response to such revolts, or even the threat of them, led to gross overreactions and further constraints on enslaved people’s activities.. The buying habits of both commoners and the rising colonial gentry fueled the consumer revolution, creating even stronger ties with Great Britain by means of a shared community of taste and ideas.
THE ENLIGHTENMENT
In one notorious incident in 1743, an influential New Light minister named James Davenport urged
his listeners to burn books. Between 1739 and 1740, Geogre Whitefield electrified colonial listeners with his brilliant
oratory.
Progressivism is the belief that through their powers of reason and observation, humans could make unlimited, linear progress over time; this belief was especially
important as a response to the carnage and upheaval of the English Civil Wars in the seventeenth century.Finally, cosmopolitanism reflected Enlightenment thinkers’ view of themselves as citizens of the world and actively engaged in it, as opposed to being provincial and close-minded. In all, Enlightenment thinkers endeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice

4.5 (Nguyễn Đức Anh)
From 1688- 1697: King William's War is known as the War of League of Augsburg, the fight between New England with New France. The war proved inconclusive, with no clear victor. From 1702 to 1713: Queen Anne's War is known as the War of Spanish Succession, the fight between England with both Spain and France. After all, the English failed to take Quebec and gave control of Canada. Until 1739, the War of Jenkins' Ear, between South Carolina and Florida which was fueled the growing animosity between England and Spain by Jenkins. The King George's War (1744-1748) is known as the War of Austrian Succession. Three years later, with the power of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Britain relinquished control of the fortress to the French which resulted in an incomplete victory for both Britain and France. With the final imperial war, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) proved to be the decisive contest between Britain and France in America. With the 1763 Treaty of Paris, New France was eliminated, and Great Britain gained control of all the lands north of Florida and east of the Mississippi. British subjects on both sides of the Atlantic rejoiced.

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4.1. (Hoang Dung)
When Charles II ascended the throne in 1660, English subjects on both sides of the Atlantic celebrated the restoration of the English monarchy after a decade of living without a king as a result of the English Civil Wars. Charles II lost little time in strengthening England’s global power. From the 1660s to the 1680s, Charles II added more possessions to England’s North American holdings by establishing the Restoration colonies of New York and New JerseyThe most outspoken Protestants, the Puritans, had a strong voice in Parliament in the 1620s, and they strongly opposed the king’s marriage and his ties to Catholicism. When Parliament tried to contest his edicts, including the king’s efforts to impose taxes without Parliament’s consent, Charles I suspended Parliament in 1629 and ruled without one for the next eleven years. When he died in 1658 and control passed to his son Richard, who lacked the political skills of his father, a majority of the English people feared an alternate hereditary monarchy in the making. They had had enough and asked Charles II to be king. In 1660, they welcomed the son of the executed king Charles I back to the throne to resume the English monarchy and bring the interregnum to an end. The return of Charles II is known as the Restoration. In 1670, they established Charles Town (later Charleston), named in honor of Charles II, at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. As the settlement around Charles Town grew, it began to produce livestock for export to the West Indies. In the northern part of Carolina, settlers used sap from pine trees to create tar and pitch used to waterproof wooden ships. Political disagreements between settlers in the northern and southern parts of Carolina escalated in the 1710s through the 1720s and led to the creation, in 1729, of two colonies, North and South Carolina. The southern part of Carolina had been producing rice and indigo (a plant that yields a dark blue dye used by English royalty) since the 1700s, and South Carolina continued to depend on these main crops. By 1715, South Carolina had a Black majority because of the number of enslaved people in the colony. The legal basis for slavery was established in the early 1700s as the Carolinas began to pass slave laws based on the Barbados slave codes of the late 1600s. These laws reduced Africans to the status of property to be bought and sold as other commodities. The outrages committed by traders, combined with the seemingly unstoppable expansion of English settlement onto native land, led to the outbreak of the Yamasee War (1715–1718), an effort by a coalition of local tribes to drive away the European invaders. This native effort to force the newcomers back across the Atlantic nearly succeeded in annihilating the Carolina colonies. Only when the Cherokee allied themselves with the English did the coalition’s goal of eliminating the English from the region falter. The English takeover of New Netherland originated in the imperial rivalry between the Dutch and the English. During the Anglo-Dutch wars of the 1650s and 1660s, the two powers attempted to gain commercial advantages in the Atlantic World. During the Second Anglo-Dutch War (1664–1667), English forces gained control of the Dutch fur trading colony of New Netherland, and in 1664, Charles II gave this colony (including present-day New Jersey) to his brother James, Duke of York (later James II). The colony and city were renamed New York in his honor. The Dutch in New York chafed under English rule. In 1673, during the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672–1674), the Dutch recaptured the colony. However, at the end of the conflict, the English had regained controlThe English continued the Dutch patroonship system, granting large estates to a favored few families. The largest of these estates, at 160,000 acres, was given to Robert Livingston in 1686. The Livingstons and the other manorial families who controlled the Hudson River Valley formed a formidable political and economic force. Eighteenth-century New York City, meanwhile, contained a variety of people and religions—as well as Dutch and English people, it held French Protestants (Huguenots), Jews, Puritans, Quakers, Anglicans, and a large population of enslaved people. As they did in other zones of colonization, native peoples played a key role in shaping the history of colonial New York. After decades of war in the 1600s, the powerful Five Nations of the Iroquois, composed of the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca, successfully pursued a policy of neutrality with both the English and, to the north, the French in Canada during the first half of the 1700s. Some Quakers, who were deeply troubled by the contradiction between their belief in the “inner light” and the practice of slavery, rejected the practice and engaged in efforts to abolish it altogether. Other Navigation Acts included the 1663 Staple Act and the 1673 Plantation Duties Act. The Staple Act barred colonists from importing goods that had not been made in England, creating a profitable monopoly for English exporters and manufacturers. The Plantation Duties Act taxed enumerated articles exported from one colony to another, a measure aimed principally at New Englanders, who transported great quantities of molasses from the West Indies, including smuggled molasses from French-held islands, to make into rum.

In 1675, Charles II organized the Lords of Trade and Plantation, commonly known as the Lords of Trade, an administrative body intended to create stronger ties between the colonial governments and the crown. However, the 1696 Navigation Act created the Board of Trade, replacing the Lords of Trade. This act, meant to strengthen enforcement of customs laws, also established vice-admiralty courts where the crown could prosecute customs violators without a jury. Under this act, customs officials were empowered with warrants known as “writs of assistance” to board and search vessels suspected of containing smuggled goods.

Despite the Navigation Acts, however, Great Britain exercised lax control over the English colonies during most of the eighteenth century because of the policies of Prime Minister Robert Walpole. During his long term (1721–1742), Walpole governed according to his belief that commerce flourished best when it was not encumbered with restrictions. Historians have described this lack of strict enforcement of the Navigation Acts as salutary neglect. In addition, nothing prevented colonists from building their own fleet of ships to engage in trade.

4.2. (Tran Nguyen Hoang Minh)
The Glorious Revolution and the English Empire

King James II, ascended the English throne in 1685, Charles II. James then worked to model his absolute Catholic monarchy. In the late 1660s, James II practiced a strict and intolerant form of Roman Catholicism after he converted from Protestantism. As James’s strength grew, his opponents feared their king would turn England into a Catholic monarchy with absolute power over her people. In 1686, James II applied his concept of a centralized state to the colonies by creating an enormous colony called the Dominion of New England (included all the New England colonies, and in 1688 added of New York and New Jersey). The Whigs worked to depose James, and in late 1688 they succeeded. In 1689, Mary II ascended the throne (William of Orange). At the same time, Bostonians overthrew the government of the Dominion of New England. In New York, the same year that Andros fell from power, Jacob Leisler led a group of Protestant New Yorkers against the dominion government. In October 1689, the same year that William and Mary took the throne, the Bill of Rights established a constitutional monarchy. At that time, The Glorious Revolution also led to the English Toleration Act and The Toleration Act extended to the British colonies. In 1691, England restored control over the Province of New York
4.3 (Tran Gia Khanh)
The transport of captured Africans to the American colonies accelerated in the second half of the seventeenth century. After 1689, many more English merchants engaged in the slave trade. Enslaved Africans strove to adapt to their new lives by forming new communities among themselves, others that escaped formed what were called “maroon” communities living in the interior of Jamaica. In the wake of the Stono Rebellion, South Carolina passed a new slave code in 1740 prohibiting enslaved people from assembling, growing their own food, learning to write, and traveling freely. Eighteenth-century New York City contained many different ethnic groups, and conflicts among them created strain. In addition, one in five New Yorkers was an enslaved person. In 1741, thirteen fires broke out in the city, one of which reduced the colony’s Fort George to ashes. Nervous British authorities interrogated almost two hundred enslaved people and accused them of conspiracy that they would murder White people, burn the city, and take over the colony. British Americans’ reliance on indentured servitude and slavery to meet the demand for colonial labor helped give rise to a wealthy colonial class—the gentry—in the Chesapeake tobacco colonies and elsewhere. One of the ways in which the gentry set themselves apart from others was through their purchase, consumption, and display of goods. An increased supply of consumer goods from England that became available in the eighteenth century led to a phenomenon called the consumer revolution linking the colonies to Great Britain. The consumer revolution also made printed materials more widely available. Novels made their first appearance in the eighteenth century and proved very popular in the British Atlantic.
4.4. (Minh Tuan)
During the eighteenth century, the British Atlantic experienced an explosion of Protestant revivalism known as the First Great Awakening. Missionaries from the ranks of several Protestant denominations rejected what appeared to be sterile, formal methods of worship in favor of a strongly emotional religion. The great awakening has caused division between those who adhere to the gospel message (“The New Light”) and those who reject it (“the Old Light”). The elite ministers in the Anglo-American were certainly the Old Lights, and they considered the new renaissance to be chaotic. Another outbreak of Protestant revivalism began in New Jersey, led by a minister of the Dutch Reformed Church named Theodorus Frelinghuysen. Edward's most famous lecture, "Sinner in the Hands of an Angry God," perfectly illustrates the horrors of hell. The first evangelist of the Great Awakening was an Anglican pastor named George Whitefield. The Great Awakening saw the rise of several Protestant denominations. These new churches gained converts and competed with the old Protestant groups. The Enlightenment, or Age of Reason, was an intellectual and cultural movement of the eighteenth century. Several ideas have dominated Enlightenment thought, including rationalism, empiricism, progressivism, and cosmology. The Freemasons are a fraternal society that upholds the Enlightenment principles of understanding and tolerance. James Oglethorpe, a member of Congress and a supporter of social reform, petitioned King George II for a charter to start a new colony. Oglethorpe's vision for Georgia followed the ideals of the Age of Reason, seeing it as a place for Britain's "deserving poor" to start over and calling for a ban on alcohol and slavery.

4.5 (Bao Linh)

From the late 1600s to the mid-1700s, Great Britain engaged in power struggles with France and Spain. Their skirmishes spilled over into the colonies, generations of British colonists grew up during a time when much of North America, especially the Northeast, engaged in war. Great Britain and France fought for control of North America. During that time, The war proved inconclusive, with no clear victor, neither force was able to win a decisive victory, though each side saw occasional successes with the crucial help of native peoples. Until the second half of the French and Indian War (1754-1763), the war began to turn in favor of the British, due in large part to the efforts of William Pitt, a very popular member of Parliament. Pitt pledged huge sums of money and resources to defeating the hated Catholic French, and Great Britain spent part of the money on bounties paid to new young recruits in the colonies, helping invigorate the British forces. The war continued until 1763, when the French signed the Treaty of Paris. This treaty signaled a dramatic reversal of fortune for France. Indeed, New France, which had been founded in the early 1600s, ceased to exist. The British Empire had now gained mastery over North America.

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4.1 (Duy Anh)
CHARLES II

The chronicle of Charles II begins with his father, Charles I. Charles I ascended the English throne in 1625 and soon married a French Catholic princess, Henrietta Maria, who was not well liked by English Protestants because she openly practiced Catholicism during her husband’s reign. the Puritans strongly opposed the king’s marriage and his ties to Catholicism. The English Civil War lasted from 1642 to 1649 andin 1649, they charged Charles I with treason and beheaded him. England became a republic

Though Cromwell enjoyed widespread popularity at first, over time he appeared to many in England to be taking on the powers of a military dictator. They had had enough and asked Charles II to be king. In 1660, they welcomed the son of the executed king Charles I back to the throne to resume the English monarchy. The return of Charles II is known as the Restoration.

Charles II was committed to expanding England’s overseas possessions. His policies established and supported the Restoration colonies.

THE CAROLINAS

Charles II hoped to establish English control of the area between Virginia and Spanish Florida, and they have migrated to the southern part of Carolina to settle there. In 1670, they established Charles Town (later Charleston), named in honor of Charles II, at the junction of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers.

Slavery developed quickly in the Carolinas, largely because so many of the early migrants came from Barbados, where slavery was well established. By the end of the 1600s, a very wealthy class of rice planters had attained dominance in the southern part of the Carolinas

The outrages committed by traders, combined with the seemingly unstoppable expansion of English settlement onto native land, led to the outbreak of the Yamasee War (1715–1718). Only when the Cherokee allied themselves with the English did the coalition’s goal of eliminating the English from the region falter.

4.2 (Hà My)
The Glorious Revolution was an event in the history of England and Scotland in 1688. The people of England and Scotland did not like the Catholic King James II because he would not let them vote or practice the religion of their choice. They invited the Protestant William III of Orange to take over as king. William was King James II's nephew and Mary's first cousin. He came to England with his wife Queen Mary, the daughter of King James II. They let the old king escape, and he moved to France out of fear.
The Glorious Revolution also led to the English Toleration Act of 1689, an act passed by Parliament that allowed for greater religious plurality in the Empire. While the Temple of England remained the state's official religious institution, the Tolerance Act gave nonconformists far greater religious independence. The Toleration Act of 1689 was extended to the British colonies, where some colonies (Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Delaware, and New Jersey) refused to allow an implanted colonial congregation to be built, a fundamental step towards greater religious diversity.

4.4 ( Đỗ Linh + Lê Linh)

ĐỪNG CÓ XOÁ!!!

THE FIRST GREAT AWAKENING

During the 18th century, the British Atlantic experienced an explosion of Protestant revivalism known as the First Great Awakening. Missionaries come from the ranks of several Protestant denominations rejecting what appear to be sterile, formal methods of worship in favor of a strongly emotional religion. These influential leaders attempted to emphasize individual religious experiences while condemning church doctrines and dogmas. This caused a mass movement that led people to believe that they could achieve salvation through good deeds rather than depending on the dogmas and doctrines of the church. The great awakening has caused division between those who follow the gospel message and those who reject it. Since then, conflicts arose. In addition, the great awakening touched the lives of thousands of people on both sides of the Atlantic and provided a common experience in the 18th century British Empire.

THE ENLIGHTENMENT

Using the power of the press, Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke, Isaac Newton, and Voltaire questioned accepted knowledge and spread new ideas about openness, investigation, and religious tolerance throughout Europe and the Americas. Rationalism is the idea that humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge.

Finally, cosmopolitanism reflected Enlightenment thinkers’ view of themselves as citizens of the world and actively engaged in it, as opposed to being provincial and close-minded. In all, Enlightenment thinkers endeavored to be ruled by reason, not prejudice.

Franklin subscribed to deism, an Enlightenment-era belief in a God who created, but has no continuing involvement in, the world and the events within it. In 1749, he provided the foundation for the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1751, he helped found Pennsylvania Hospital.

When he retired in 1748, he devoted himself to politics and scientific experiments