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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDGqkMHPDqE

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The Integumentary System, Part 1 - Skin Deep: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #6

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Tissues, Part 2 - Epithelial Tissue: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #3

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Tissues, Part 3 - Connective Tissues: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #4

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Tissues, Part 4 - Types of Connective Tissues: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #5

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Includes lupus, different types of arthritis, and more.

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Connective Tissue Disease | Cleveland Clinic

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Learn about connective tissue disease from the Cleveland Clinic, including the affects that diseases like lupus and other autoimmune disease has on the structure of the body.

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This is a veritable encyclopedia of integumentary problems

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Diseases, Disorders, & Injuries of the Integumentary System

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Here are some tidbits of information about a common digestive disorder.

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Acute cholecystitis - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment & pathology

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What is acute cholecystitis? When a gallstone gets lodged in either the cystic duct or the common bile duct, the gallbladder can get inflamed and even infected, leading to bile leakage and several complications involving the infiltration of bile into the blood. Subscribe - https://goo.gl/w5aaaV. More videos - https://goo.gl/UhOKiM.

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This disorder is not included in the articles below, but it is commonly seen in hospital patients and is important to understand.

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Digested food particles must travel through 25 feet or more of intestines as part of normal digestion. These digested wastes are constantly in motion. However, intestinal obstruction can put a stop to this. An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked. The blockage can be partial or total, and it prevents passage of fluids and digested food.

If intestinal obstruction happens, food, fluids, gastric acids, and gas build up behind the site of the blockage. If enough pressure builds up, your intestine can rupture, leaking harmful intestinal contents and bacteria into your abdominal cavity. This is a life-threatening complication.

There are many potential causes of intestinal obstruction. Often, this condition can't be prevented. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. An untreated intestinal obstruction can be fatal.

Symptoms

Intestinal obstruction causes a wide range of uncomfortable symptoms, including:

Some of the symptoms may depend on the location and length of time of the obstruction. For example, vomiting is an early sign of small intestine obstruction. This may also occur with an obstruction of your large intestine, if it's ongoing. A partial obstruction can result in diarrhea, while a complete obstruction can result in an inability to pass gas or stool.

Intestinal obstruction may also cause serious infection and inflammation of your abdominal cavity, known as peritonitis. This occurs when a portion of your intestine has ruptured. It leads to fever and increasing abdominal pain. This condition is a life-threatening emergency requiring surgery.

Causes

An obstruction can be partial, which may resolve without surgery. A complete blockage is more likely to need intestinal surgery.

Mechanical obstructions

Mechanical obstructions are when something physically blocks your intestine. In the small intestine, this can be due to:

adhesions, which consist of fibrous tissue that can develop after any abdominal or pelvic surgery or after severe inflammation

volvulus, or twisting of the intestines

intussusception, a "telescoping," or pushing, of one segment of intestine into the next section

malformations of the intestine, often in newborns, but can also occur in children and teens

tumors within your small intestine

gallstones, although they rarely cause obstructions

swallowed objects, especially in children

hernias, which involve a portion of your intestine protruding outside of your body or into another part of your body

inflammatory bowel disease, such as Crohn's disease

Although less common, mechanical obstructions can also block your colon, or large intestine. This can be due to:

impacted stool

adhesions from pelvic infections or surgeries

ovarian cancer

colon cancer

meconium plug in newborns (meconium being the stool babies first pass)

volvulus and intussusception

diverticulitis, the inflammation or infection of bulging pouches of intestine

stricture, a narrowing in the colon caused by scarring or inflammation

Nonmechanical obstruction

Your small and large intestines normally work in a coordinated system of movement. If something interrupts these coordinated contractions, it can cause a functional intestinal obstruction. This is generally known as a nonmechanical obstruction. If it's a temporary condition, it's referred to as an ileus. It's called a pseudo-obstruction if it becomes chronic, or long term.

Causes for ileus include:

Intestinal pseudo-obstruction can be caused by:

In infants

Intestinal obstruction in infants typically arises from infections, organ diseases, and decreased blood flow to the intestines (strangulation). Some children experience the condition after having a stomach flu. This can cause inflammation in their intestines.

Intussusception is most common in children 2 years old and younger. This occurs when one part of their bowel collapses or slides into another part. As a result, their intestine becomes blocked.

Any type of intestinal obstruction is difficult to diagnose in infants because they can't describe their symptoms. Instead, parents must observe their children for changes and symptoms that could indicate a blockage. Examples include:

abdominal swelling

drawing knees up to their chest

appearing excessively drowsy

having a fever

grunting in pain

passing stools that appear to have blood in them, known as a currant jelly stool

very loud crying

vomiting, particularly bile-like vomiting that is yellow-green

displaying signs of weakness

If you notice these symptoms or other changes in your child, seek immediate medical attention.

See a doctor

Seek medical care if you have symptoms of an intestinal obstruction, especially if you've recently undergone abdominal surgery. If you experience abdominal bloating, severe constipation, and a loss of appetite, seek immediate medical attention.

Find a Doctor

Diagnosis

First, a doctor may push on your abdomen to examine it. They then listen with a stethoscope to any sounds being made. The presence of a hard lump or particular kinds of sounds, especially in a child, may help determine whether an obstruction exists.

Other tests include:

blood tests for blood counts, liver and kidney function, and levels of electrolytes

colonoscopy, a flexible lighted tube that your doctor uses to look at your large intestine

enema with contrast

Complications

Treatment is essential to reduce complications such as:

If the obstruction is preventing blood from getting to a segment of intestine, this can lead to:

infection

tissue death

intestinal perforation

sepsis, a life-threatening blood infection

multiple organ failure

death

For some people with a chronic obstruction due to a stricture or narrowing of their intestine, a doctor may place a metal stent that expands inside the intestine using a long tube called an endoscope. The stent, a wire mesh, holds open the intestine. The procedure may not require cutting into the abdomen, and it's usually used if a person isn't a candidate for traditional surgery.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the location and severity of the obstruction. Don't attempt to treat the problem at home. The appropriate treatment depends on the type of intestinal obstruction.

For partial obstructions or an ileus, it may be possible to treat by simply resting the bowels and giving intravenous (IV) fluids. Bowel rest means you'll be given nothing to eat, or clear liquids only, during that time. If the cause of the obstruction is known, your doctor treats that as well.

Treating dehydration is important. A doctor may give you IV fluids to correct electrolyte imbalance. A catheter may be inserted into your bladder to drain urine.

A tube may need to be passed through your nose and down into your throat, stomach, and intestines to relieve:

If your problem is due to the use of narcotic pain medications, your doctor can prescribe medication that reduces the effect of the narcotics on your bowels.

Surgery will be required if these measures fail or if your symptoms become worse. Treatment in this case typically requires a hospital stay. You'll be given IV fluids, because in addition to relieving dehydration, they help prevent shock during surgery.

A severe complication of a bowel obstruction can be permanent damage to your intestine. If this occurs, a surgeon will perform an operation to remove the section of dead tissue and rejoin the two healthy ends of your intestine.

While prescription medications can't treat the obstruction itself, they can help reduce your nausea until further interventions are performed. Examples of medications your doctor may prescribe include:

antibiotics to reduce infection

antinausea medicines to keep you from vomiting

pain relievers

You shouldn't ignore the symptoms of an intestinal obstruction or attempt to treat an intestinal obstruction at home.

Outlook

When left untreated, intestinal obstruction can cause the tissue in the affected part of your intestine to die. It can also lead to a hole, or perforation, in the wall of your intestine, severe infection, and shock.

Overall, the outlook of your condition depends on its cause. Most cases of intestinal obstruction are treatable. However, other causes, such as cancer, require long-term treatment and monitoring.

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Digested food particles must travel through 25 feet or more of intestines as part of normal digestion. These digested wastes are constantly in motion. However, intestinal obstruction can put a stop to this. An intestinal obstruction occurs when your small or large intestine is blocked.

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Digestive System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #33

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Digestive System, Part 2: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #34

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What are STDs?

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), are very common. Millions of new infections occur every year in the United States.

STDs pass from one person to another through vaginal, oral, and anal sex. They also can spread through intimate physical contact like heavy petting, though this is not very common.

STDs don't always cause symptoms or may only cause mild symptoms. Therefore, it is possible to have an infection and not know it. That is why getting an STD test is important if you are having sex. If you receive a positive STD diagnosis, know that all are treatable with medicine and some are curable entirely.

There are dozens of STDs. Some STDs, such as syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, are spread mainly by sexual contact. Other diseases, including Zika, Ebola, and mpox, can be spread sexually but are more often spread through ways other than sex.

A sexually transmitted infection (STI) is a virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite people can get through sexual contact. Many STIs have no symptoms, so people can have an infection but not know it. A sexually transmitted disease (STD) develops because of an STI and the term implies that the infection has led to some symptom of disease. People sometimes use the terms in one another's place. The primary goal of public health and healthcare is to prevent and treat infections before they develop into disease. As a result, many - including CDC - are using the term STI more often. However, STD is still used when referring to data or information from sources that use the term.

STDs are preventable. If you have sex, know how to protect yourself and your sex partner(s) from STDs.

Mycoplamsa genitalium, or Mgen is an STD that can be treated with antibiotics. People receiving treatment for Mgen should take all of the medication as prescribed.

Chancroid, scabies, and more.

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Related Conditons - Information from CDC

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Hypospadias - literally "below the fleshy spike." A condition in which the external urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the penis rather than at the tip.

Hydrocele - a fluid filled sac partially surrounding the testis. Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum. May cause discomfort. Can be surgically corrected. And, who would most likely be doing the surgery? A urologist!

Varicocele - dilated and twisted veins of the testis, sort of "hemorrhoids" of the scrotum! Manifests itself as a swelling on the side of the scrotum which may look and feel like a "bag of worms." May be surgically corrected if causing discomfort. This condition may also cause reduced sperm count and male sterility due to sluggish blood flow elevating testicular temperature.

Cryptorchidism - literally "hidden testicle." A condition of lack of descent of one or both testes into the scrotum. If not corrected, usually by surgery, before puberty, can lead to sterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.

Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) - swelling of the prostate gland which surrounds the base of the male bladder and urethra causing difficulty urinating, dribbling, and nocturia (remember that word? See urinary system). The bane of old men! BPH becomes more common as men age.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) - the surgical cure for BPH. An instrument inserted through the penile urethra is used to partially cut away the prostate to relieve obstruction of the urinary tract.

Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) - PSA is a marker protein for prostate cell secretions which can be detected with a lab test. A rising PSA may be an early sign of prostate cancer, although there may be other causes including false positive tests. How often should men get a PSA test? Check in with The Prostate Cancer Foundation.

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Male reproductive system diseases | Des Moines University

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Hypospadias - literally "below the fleshy spike." A condition in which the external urinary meatus (opening) opens anywhere below the tip of the p ...

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Female Reproductive System

Menstruation usually starts at puberty and ceases at the menopause. These two stages in a woman's life are determined by the levels of female sex hormones in the body. The menstrual cycle itself is also governed by a combination of hormones, all of which are produced at varying levels throughout the cycle. Many conditions or disorders upset the balance of these hormones.

This section begins by discussing some common menstrual disorders. Several of these disorders are still not fully understood, but advances in diagnostic techniques have made investigation easier, and modern surgical methods have improved treatment. The articles that follow discuss health problems associated with the menopause and other disorders caused by an imbalance of the sex hormones. The widespread use of hormonal treatment has helped to relieve many of these disorders.

Related disorders that affect the female reproductive system are dealt with in other sections (see Disorders of the female reproductive organs, and Sex and reproduction), as are disorders involving hormones other than the sex hormones (see Hormones and metabolism).

Key anatomy

For more information about the structure and function of the female reproductive system, see Female Reproductive System.

Irregular Periods Amenorrhoea Menorrhagia Dysmenorrhoea Premenstrual Syndrome Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding Menopausal Problems Postmenopausal Bleeding Hypogonadism in Females Abnormal Puberty in Females Virilization

The female reproductive organs are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, and vulva. Since the combined primary function of these organs is reproduction, disorders affecting them can result in infertility and should be treated as soon as possible, particularly if children are planned. Such disorders may be caused by infections, physical damage, or hormonal imbalances.

The first two articles in this section discuss pelvic inflammatory disease and endometriosis, disorders that may affect more than one female reproductive organ. The next articles discuss disorders of the ovaries, uterus, and cervix. Disorders affecting the vagina and vulva are covered last.

Disorders affecting the female reproductive organs are common, but many of them can be treated easily.

Disorders affecting menstruation, the menopause, or sexual development are covered in other sections (see Menstrual, menopausal, and hormonal problems), as are sexual disorders of both sexes (see Sexually transmitted infections, Infertility, and Sexual problems).

Key anatomy

For more information on the structure and function of the female reproductive organs, see Female Reproductive System.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Endometriosis Ovarian Cysts Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Cancer of the Ovary Fibroids Uterine Polyps Retroverted Uterus Prolapse of the Uterus and Vagina Cancer of the Uterus Choriocarcinoma Cervical Ectopy Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN) Cancer of the Cervix Vulvovaginitis Vaginal Thrush Bacterial Vaginosis Bartholinitis Cancer of the Vulva and Vagina

The breasts consist of fatty tissue that gives them their size and shape, lobules that secrete milk after childbirth, and milk ducts that carry the milk to the nipple during breast-feeding. The nipples are sensitive to touch and play a role in sexual arousal. Most disorders of the breasts are not serious, although breast cancer is becoming increasingly common.

Throughout life, the breasts change size and shape in response to varying levels of female sex hormones. The breasts usually enlarge during puberty, before periods, and during pregnancy and breast-feeding. This enlargement can be associated with breast pain and with generalized lumpiness.

This section opens with an overview of the causes of breast lumps, both normal and abnormal. Many women associate a breast lump with breast cancer, but in fact most lumps are noncancerous. Two of the common causes of noncancerous lumps in the breasts, fibroadenomas and breast cysts, are discussed next in this section.

The following articles cover breast pain, abnormalities in breast size, and problems that affect the nipples. The final article deals with breast cancer. Since early diagnosis of this disease significantly improves the chances of long-term survival, this section includes information about screening for breast cancer and how to examine your breasts so that abnormalities are detected as soon as possible.

Key anatomy

For more information about the structure and function of the breast, see Female Reproductive System.

Breast Lumps Fibroadenoma Breast Cyst Breast Pain Abnormality of Breast Size Abnormal Nipples Nipple Discharge Breast Cancer
From the 2010 revision of the Complete Home Medical Guide © Dorling Kindersley Limited. The subjects, conditions and treatments covered in this encyclopaedia are for information only and may not be covered by your insurance product should you make a claim.

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Female Reproductive System Menstruation usually starts at puberty and ceases at the menopause. These two stages in a woman's life are determined by the levels of female sex hormones in the body. The menstrual cycle itself is also governed by a combination of hormones, all of which are produced at varying levels throughout the cycle.

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Reproductive System, Part 1 - Female Reproductive System: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #40

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Reproductive System, Part 2 - Male Reproductive System: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #41

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Reproductive System, Part 1 - Female Reproductive System: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #40

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This is a good, short youtube video that breaks down the production of urine.

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This is a good, short youtube video that breaks down the production of urine.

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Urinary System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #38

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This video deals with the excretion of urine.

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This video deals with the excretion of urine.

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Urinary System, Part 2: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #39

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This is a short breakdown of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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This is a short breakdown of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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The architecture of the RAAS System is similar to a cascade with each component stimulating the generation of the next component in the pathway. Although synthesis of aldosterone is the final step in the RAAS cascade, the intermediate component Angiotensin II also has potent physiological effects as discussed in the next section.

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This is a great video to help you understand the pathophysiology and symptoms of urinary/renal diseases

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This is a great video to help you understand the pathophysiology and symptoms of urinary/renal diseases

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Kidney Problems - Diseases, Disorders, Conditions And Their Symptoms

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Click on http://stayhealthyvideos.com/kidneydisease to learn more about kidney health in general. Click on http://stayhealthyvideos.com/kidneydiet to get detailed information about a kidney healthy diet. I'm not a doctor but I have extensive experience as a TV medical reporter and radio talk show host. I also have a long history of dealing with kidney problems - specifically kidney stones.

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A brief (but comprehensive) guide to upper & lower urinary tract problems

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A brief (but comprehensive) guide to upper & lower urinary tract problems

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Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders - Merck Manuals Consumer Version

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Learn about Kidney and Urinary Tract Disorders symptoms, diagnosis and treatment in the Merck Manual. HCP and Vet versions too!