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King’s label of holocaust aptly describes this period of history. It was a time of terror that included a huge loss of life, cruelty and torture. For example, Crosby (1999) describes how “brutality and ruthlessness… [resulted] in the “depopulation of large swathes of the country” (p. 18).  He estimates out of the 100,000-150,000 Māori living in New Zealand around 1810, by 1840 between 50,000-60,000 had been slaughtered, forced into slavery, or to flee. Those conquered suffered horrendous slaughter, many becoming slaves, who were sometimes eaten.

Effects on Māori society:

·       There was a huge loss of life.

·       Some tribes were “all but wiped out” and/or had to relocate.

·       Utu (revenge) for deaths led to further slaughter and decline in the Māori population.

·       It was a time of terror, that involved murder and torture of women and children, slavery, and cannibalism.

·       The arms race incurred huge financial costs.

·       They upset the way the power was balanced in Māori culture, which had previously rested on things like physical prowess, leadership ability, and knowledge of Māori legends, tribal, and whakapapa history.

Two effects I see:

·       Many Māori have shifted far from their original locations, and tribal boundaries have changed (Crosby, 1999).

·       The wars have led to ongoing disputes over land (Crosby, 1999).

Resources

Crosby, R. D. (1999). The musket wars.Auckland, New Zealand: Reed.

King, M. (2012).  The Penguin history of New Zealand.  Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin.

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Apart from the tragic deaths of over 20000 Maori, the torture and pillaging. Some tribes were almost completely wiped out and many others were displaced in slavery or by fear of another tribe, I am sure they harboured deep hatred to the tribe that displaced them.

I wondered if this deep hatred carried over generations still lives as I read an article this morning about a fight in Whakatane yesterday between the Black Power and Mongrel Mob, it made me think about how this aggression may link back to the Maori Wars. The Mongrel Mob from Kawerau, came to collect a body from Whakatane, Black Power territory and a mini war broke out with machetes etc. This long running feud goes back many years, Nyika (2019).

The Maori wars are distinct from the Holocaust, even though there was unnecessary torture, slavery, brutal slaughter, displacement of people. The Holocaust to me was one group of people, led by a dictator who wanted to wipe the Jews off the planet. Unlike the Maoris who were fighting to avenge previous injustice on them, or to take over land, fight for rights and retribution.

References:
Nyika, R. (2019, July 28). Stuff. Retrieved from Funeral home at the centre of Black Power and Mongrel Mob Tensions

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Though the introduction of muskets were initially beneficial to Maori for the purposes of collecting food to ensure their survival, the muskets became the very thing that led to the slaughter of so many lives.

The Musket Wars led to the displacement of many iwi throughout New Zealand. They were essentially driven out of their own territory (rohe) and were forced to take possession of land inhabited by other iwi, furthering the disputes. This also means that many iwi are no longer living in the original area that their whanau inhabited- an issue because Maori have strong spiritual connection to the land.

Because of the cultural practices of utu (revenge), and the importance of whanau and ancestral links to the Maori people, disputes between various tribes began to grow and grow, and the warfare got increasingly worse. “With each of these actions, often justified by grievances that went back generations, they created grounds for further warfare on the part of those who survived attacks or who were absent from battles in which their relations were killed.” (King, 2003, p. 133)

Some tribes were almost completely wiped out during the Musket Wars, with only one or two families surviving: those who survived would have carried significant trauma and pain from the loss of hapu and as a result, lost significant connection within whanau.

I think the term ‘holocaust’ does fit, because of how many lives were lost as a result of the Musket Wars- not only the lives of those fighting, but also the lives of women and children also. I found it interesting that at the beginning of the chapter, it talked about how Maori were “…preoccupied with a more fundamental issue: their survival and the survival of their families and hapu.” (King, 2003, p. 131) highlighting to me the importance Maori place on life and on family. However, the muskets led to such a significant loss of life- it is estimated that the loss of life totalled even more than the New Zealand lives lost in the First World War.(https://nzhistory.govt.nz/war/musket-wars/overview)

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I have found this learning so moving. It comes at a time in which Im also researching my husbands English history, around the 1800's - so the vast contrast of industrialisation and privilege, versus the community spirit of Tikanga Maori and sharing of land and resources, is striking.
I feel that Holocaust is not the right word. Rather "Weranga". I understand that holocaust would fit this description, however, it still implies a European understanding of loss and grief. So while the numbers represent what we might call 'holocaust', I also feel that its much more. I can identify with the sense of displacement the effects of 'colonisation' and the Musket Wars continue to have on the sense of mana, the sense of story of the people today.. not just of property, land, but of dignity.
I wrote a poem that reflects my growing awareness and my deep sorrow...

"I imagine you staring into their window, watching them eat supper, living. Pondering with curiosity and anguish, the unacknowledged stories of this very land that still throbs with the blood of your stories in its veins.
And the occupants inside stare ignorantly through you.
And I am one of those.
I have my own stories of displacement. Grand daughter of a refugee, I taste too the bitter cup of loss. But my grief, my trauma, my story- is remembered. In movies. In the very word "holocaust" which ushers images of horror.
All the while I sit, now upon my safe place, where your mana and your partnership are the seat of my place of reflection and sorrow.
And I am sorry that I had not yet pulled out my nohohanga for you, so that you could tell me what your own "weranga" has felt like.
With fresh eyes, I now see, and I see you inviting me to understand, to remember. To connect with the same blood that runs in the veins of this land we both call kaainga/ home."

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Muskets became widespread across NZ, influencing iwi boundaries as territories were won/lost in battle. This drastically changed the population of iwi living in certian areas and in the areas of their ancestors. While others like the Moriori and Rangitane were reduced to a state of enslavement, as other iwi became more dominant in their power and territory (Ngāpuhi being a prime example).

The first and primary legacy is that iwi boundaries are fluid as they were claimed during the musket wars and are vastly disputed (through both Māori & Pakeha), and this has had an on-going effect as tangata whenua retaliated with utu and division settled in amongst Aotearoa’s people - some of this hostility is still trickling into modern society and rears its head every now and again.

I would say Holocaust was quite different in terms that it was a group of people lead and dictated by one person in hopes to “create a superior human race” based on their own beliefs and to eradicate an entire race to achieve that. Though i can see some comparisons perhaps in the brutalities and injustice between both Musket wars & Holocaust

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One result of the musket wars particularly intrigued me. The Ngapuhi were some of the most prominent figures in the musket wars killing and enslaving hundreds. However King notes later how one of the features of the wave of converts in the late 1820's and 30's was Ngapuhi slaves turned evangelists. When Ngapuhi slave owners became Christians they frequently freed their slaves who then brought the Gospel to their own iwi. I was struck by how God used a tragedy to change the lives of many for the better.

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Yes I would use the term Holocaust when 20,000 + Maori were killed by the muskets.  The fatal impact of contact with Europeans.  Maori always had inter-tribal warfare but used patu and mere hand-to hand weapons.  With the muskets they could now fight from afar.  It was an imbalance of power - those that had muskets and those who did not. Victims faced death, slavery or exile.  Their land and Taonga taken.  Many tribes were wiped out completely, or had to relocate.  it was only when all tribes had access to the muskets was when the warfare began to loose momentum.
What  I found sad was that to have a musket was seen to hold Mana;  whereas my opinion is that  fighting with patu and mere in the traditional way held more Mana.

So sad.

Reference;
King, M. (2012). The Penguin history of New Zealand. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin.

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Some negative effects of the musket wars were larger scale inter-tribal fighting, no balance of power (those who had muskets didn't necessarily need the numbers of people), being displaced/having to move areas, slavery (cannibalism), and torture. A positive would be that the more enterprising tribes who grew more vege's and raised more pigs got more muskets.

I feel the term holocaust fits as a holocaust is slaughter on a large scale. Crosby (1999) mentioned figures of approx 100,000 to 150,000 Maori in 1810, but by 1840 approx 50,000 to 60,000 had been killed. This is HUGE!

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Effects of the Musket Wars (Yanil Andrew)

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Effects of the Musket Wars (Yanil Andrew)

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Some of the effects were: slaughter, cruelty, cannibalism, enslavement, displacement of tribes. Doing some research and thinking what holocaust means. I will agree that this is a pertinent word to describe this wars (sadly and tragically). Now we have legal terms to describe some crimes like: war crimes or crimes against humanity, at that time there where not such terms to identify it but in retrospective I will say that this was a holocaust, a mass atrocity!

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If Holocaust means mass slaughter , then indeed it was a holocaust. A holocaust brought about largely by the introduction of guns.While the musket wars may have been a continuation of Maori political and social interaction from the 18th century (Ballera) there was a much heavier toll because of the use of guns.

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If Holocaust means mass slaughter , then indeed it was a holocaust. A holocaust brought about largely by the introduction of guns.While the musket wars may have been a continuation of Maori political and social interaction from the 18th century (Ballera) there was a much heavier toll because of the use of guns.

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A major effect of the "holocaust"was that many tribes were displaced, and relocated.
A positive effect was that the fighting tribes learnt better ways of growing crops as success at this enabled them to take for more muskets.

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The term 'holocaust' seems accurate given it means destruction or slaughter on a mass scale. The huge number of lives lost and people displaced in the period between 1806 and 1840 changed the social and political landscape of New Zealand. Inter-tribal warfare was not new but, with the help of guns, it became ruthlessly effective.

In general, tribes with guns held the power and, until every tribe had their own guns, the power imbalance meant fear and death were common. Military campaigns became longer and more brutal, and with around 10 major campaigns each summer, large parts of the country became depopulated. The long-term effects of the Musket wars were changes in tribal boundaries, iwi shifted, many tribes disappeared or were absorbed into others and other tribes became dominant. While some tribes still remained strong, they had suffered heavy loss of life. Large areas of the country also remained unpopulated. At least 20,000 were killed in this time and an estimated 50-60,000 were killed, enslaved or migrated.

Matthew Middleton.

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The large-scale disruption of society caused by the musket wars stands out to me.  The loss of life on a sickening scale must have torn at the fabric of the communities, grief and horror must have prevailed.  The forced relocation of communities that may have been in the same location for many generations would have left many people feeling disconnected, some forced to be refugees seeking the shelter and protection from other hapū and iwi connected through whakapapa.  The inter-generational effects of this horrific period would carry through to future generations, disrupting their connection to land and people and eroding their sense of self.

Mirriam-Webster list two definitions of holocaust that could fit the scale of the loss in the musket wars: the first being “a thorough destruction involving an extensive loss of life, especially through fire”, the second being “a mass slaughter of people”. The loss of life during the musket wars could certainly be described as a mass slaughter of people, however generally I think people associate the word holocaust with genocide, rather than loss of life through warfare.

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The musket wars were definitely a tragic time where there was too much senseless blood shed and other undesirable practices that came to the fore front in such a way that left many whanau, Hapu and Iwi displaced, broken hearted, angry and lost. Do I agree with calling this 30 year period when all this blood shed occurred a holocaust? No for me I don't. It feels so extreme, I may be naïve. I also think it was not a coincidence that the Europeans started trading in muskets with Maori, knowing about the inter tribal warfare and the system of utu. Conveniently Hongi Hika of Nga Puhi came back from England with 500 muskets, he knew of the potential of the musket and so did the Pakeha. Once the vicious cycle of inter tribal warfare began in this time, all Maori lost out, identity loss through land loss, whole families wiped out, slavery, and displacement, loss of mana, only survival made sense.

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Grievances, cruelty and death (Jan Kerr)

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Grievances, cruelty and death (Jan Kerr)

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While this tragic loss of life and displacement of tribes is horrendous I think it is different to my understanding of the holocaust. The Maori people were all the same   ethnicity and their grievances were from perceived wrongs between them not as with the Jewish people who were hated because of ethnicity.

The Musket Wars caused 10 percent of the Moriori to be wiped out leaving less than 1500 people who were then enslaved.

Many of the Maori tribes were displaced moving from their traditional areas as they were driven out by the winning tribes.

Due to the need to earn money to buy muskets, there was a plus side, which meant the Maori learned how rotate areas for planting to get the best crops. The introduction of the potato at this time also meant there was a more nutritious food available.

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The definition of 'holocaust' means a mass slaughter or reckless destruction of life. (https://www.dictionary.com)  Though I had always aligned the Jewish Holocaust to the word 'holocaust' (which I see as being quite different) I can see that this scale of death and destruction can be aptly labeled as holocaust.  Having 20,000 people killed over a 30 year period is horrendous.
With the introduction of the muskets came fear, disruption and panic.  Many hapu were wiped out or in some only a few families remained.  Some iwi were displaced and moved to different areas.  The balance of power changed, and was now about how they could use their muskets.

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Right from the beginning you can see the large scale of death and distruction that followed after musket wars become so widely used amongst local tribes, the absolute devastation on each tribe would have effected everyone, wives would have lost husbands, father and mothers killed in the name of war, the fact that leadership would have changed so many time would have also made village life very difficult.

When you look up the meaning of Holocaust in the dictionary it means "destruction or slaughter on a mass scale " and that is exactly what it was like over that time for the Maori people and culture.

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I would agree and say that yes that the term holocaust does fit, holocaust is essentially destruction or slaughter on a mass scale, this is unfortunately what happened. War was happening families and tribes defeated, people enslaved.

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Mirriam Webster's Dictionary defines a 'holocaust' as a mass slaughter of people. Therefore, I can see why King called these Māori Tribal Wars by that name. It was indeed a slaughter, marked with cruelty, loss of life, loss of mana, displacements, revenge and even suicide (King, 2012). This left a deep scar on the remaining Tangata Whenua, which might have flamed a greater need for revenge. It must have been hard to trust other tribes, at that time, for it seems as if an ally could easily become an enemy.

My personal thoughts are that some grieving Tangata Whenua, who have suffered great losses and felt hopeless due to all the fighting, might have found hope and acceptance in Christ, at this time. This would have comforted them and given them a new purpose in life. For, it was towards the end of the Māori Tribal wars that it was being reported that many Māori people were turning to Christ.

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Tribal warfare took place before muskets were introduced, however the musket wars created a larger loss of life and warfare on a more widespread scale.  This caused tribal displacement as well as the balance of power shifting between tribes rapidly and within tribes due to changes in leadership after death and defeat.  It also led to an increase in slavery.  To obtain more weapons, which were costly a trade in heads also began.

When I think of the term holocaust it instantly bring to mind what was done to the Jewish people during the war.  However when I search the term I see that generally it means slaughter on a mass scale and when I look at the numbers I would consider this a holocaust.

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Some of the effects of the wars were the destruction of many smaller tribal groups and the readjusting of the balance of power between the tribes. Going off the dictionary definition of 'Holocaust', I think the label is appropriate considering the loss of life and subsequent loss of land and prestige/mana.

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If muskets had not been introduced im assuming there would have been a lot less blood shed at the time. Some tribes ceased to exist after the raids with muskets. The inter tribe warfare would still have occurred but the muskets meant more people died quicker. If not for the muskets some of these smaller tribes may have still been around today.

I agree that the term “Holocaust” fits. The sheer increase in the amount of deaths due to the introduction of a machine is tragic in my opinion. I have interpreted it in terms of a mass killing.

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This period in New Zealand history comes as a rather dark one. With battles being fought all around the country already, the introduction of muskets only increased the amount of deaths that were already high. With muskets now in play, this fighting extended longer than it may have been simply because killing became easier, which was not seen as deaths on the Maori people but a display of power to all those that might challenge others.
Missionaries during this time were coming to New Zealand in an attempt to bring God to the natives of New Zealand. Unfortunately, this in a lot of ways only led to more fighting and disagreements between tribes as more weapons were being brought into the country and not all tribes wanted to convert to this new religion, which increased tensions.
This period leaves us now with a feeling of despair and lose. It is a time of tragedy where so many lives were lost for, in many cases, no reason at all. People use the word 'Holocaust' when they talk about any event or time where there was a mass loss of lives. The emotions and feelings that come with that word definitely apply for the events that happened during the Musket Wars, though the use of this word may not totally apply to the event itself. Holocaust normally refers to a genocide of a group of people through the actions of another person or persons. While the lives lost in New Zealand definitely come as a tragedy, it does not entirely fit into the scope of the word 'Holocaust'.

The events that happened during this period led to a lot of separation between warring tribes. Iwi that were once connected grew apart due to their own people being wiped out or the act of wiping out their own people. This created tensions that lasted in some cases decades.

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p.133 carnage spread, balances of power was uneven but then more tribes got muskets and revenged attacks (utu).
As muskets spread, all tribes had "equal" weapons and this made 'migration' impossible. p.139 - The terrible slaughtering had to come to and end as tribe could defend themselves better.
Sick of the carnage - Tribal leaders turned to Missionaries to help establish peace

The original message of the missionaries was to teach the Gospel but it was in seeking peace that that the tribes accepted the Gospel.

Rev. Williams brought a different view on Christianity in 1823 as he walked the talk, he lived by a good example as the Gospel teaches, unlike some previous missionaries for example Kendall and King.

I do not think the NZ Musket Wars can be compared to the Holocaust, it was a terrible and tragic civil war. The Holocaust was the culmination of centuries of global hatred against the decendants of Judah, son of Jacob and a fulfillment of Biblical prophecy. Tribe of Judah. By extension, he is indirectly eponymous of the Kingdom of Judah, the land of Judea and the word "Jew". The word 'holocaust' is sacred to the Jewish people - an sacrificial offering to God. Showing respect to to the Jewish people and the millions who died horrendous deaths, this word should not be used out of context I believe.

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I also think that the word 'holocaust' is appropriate when discussing the musket wars. Obviously, we associate that particular word with WW2 and the concentration camps, but I don't feel like using it to describe this is in any way suggesting that one is worse than the other or that they are both the same thing. Both involved torture, death and other horrors and I think 'holocaust' is appropriate to describe both of them. Both also lead to the displacement of people from where they lived (the Māori people and the Jewish people) and tribes were wiped out, just like the Jewish population in Europe was depleted. The loss of life was huge in both cases.

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The introduction of guns began to be used in inter-tribal fighting, which meant more death of Maori in general, pitting each other against each other, and the need for having guns grew rapidly as it became a matter of survival, especially if you didn’t have any because the less you had the more it put you in a state of disadvantage.  Interestingly enough in this period of history Hongi helped to develop the first Maori dictionary (grammar and vocab of NZ Language) and got to meat King George the 4th.  From what else I can see in this reading the haka that is used by the All Blacks has eventuated from this period (Kamate kamate).

The original focus of mission to NZ was to convert Maori into being civilized, to instruct Maori in horticulture, agriculture, trade, European manners and morals, and to then convert Maori to Christianity.

The changes Williams made was in the approach towards Maori.  He did away with the civilization first policy (overturned it) and made sure that all new missionaries we able to speak Maori proficiently so they could preach it.

Yes, I believe to be so, due to the slaughtering of Maori towards each other.

Like any society, group of people, when it has more and more of a good thing that everyone is scrambling to get, it eventually leads to some form of destruction in some way.  Being in the lesser ranks of social status even within the tribal structures would have been extremely frightening back then when your tribe didn’t have as many muskets as another tribe.  The introduction of weapons of this sort killed Maori off a lot quicker within war which may have seem great for the Tribe that were winning.  Also, a real stripping of culture in this period seems to have started to emerge, the turning away from the beauty that was there, haven being taken over by death and power and destruction to be able to survive.

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Some of the effects of this terrible period were men women and children were killed. Tribes were almost wiped out, families and tribes grieved the loss of loved ones, survivors of tribes that were defeated in battle were enslaved or often eaten. Over a period of 30 years these actions have been the responsible for the deaths of 20,000 Maori, possibly many more.

Christian evangelising in New Zealand started in 1814. The first service in New Zealand was at Doubtless Bay a mass celebrated by Jean de Surville’s (Dominican chaplain). Samuel Marsden headed the first mission to New Zealand on behalf of the church of England’s Church Mission Society (CMS) in 1814. The original focus of missions here in New Zealand was Christianity and its message of peace.

Henry Williams overturned the ‘civilisation first policy’ and took steps to ensure that all is missionaries, including his brother William became proficient in the Maori Language so they could preach in it as soon as possible.

I would answer no because I identify the word ‘holocaust’ with Hitler and his last solution to the Jews.  But I will say what happened in New Zealand was a very dark time in our history for Maori and what they went through War bring out the worst in man it always has.

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I would answer no because I identify the word ‘holocaust’ with Hitler and his last solution to

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What can you see were some of the effects of this terrible period of history on Māori society?  (pp 131 – 139)

·         The loss of at least 20,000 Maori lives over a period of 30 years by the mid 1840s. Many tribes were nearly completely wiped out.

·         Fear and desperation among those who did not yet possess their own muskets during the musket wars.

·         Those who wanted to fight or defend themselves fairly had to work very hard on the land to obtain muskets to fight with so that they stood a chance. In 1814 in the Bay of Islands, one musket cost 150 baskets of potatoes and eight pigs.

What was the original focus of mission here in New Zealand?  (p. 139 )
The original focus of mission was the Christian message of peace.

What changes did Williams make when he came in 1823?  (p. 142)

·         He overturned the ‘civilisation first’ policy (a policy established by Samuel Marsden that instructed missionaries to firstly instruct Maori in horticulture, agriculture, trade and European manners and morals before seeking to make them Christian). He instead made sure that all new missionaries learnt Maori so that they had the proficiency to preach in it.

·         He prohibited missionary involvement in the musket trade and helped reduce their dependence on Maori for supplies by encouraging them to work the land themselves.

·         Eventually he gained mana among Maori to the point where he was able to intervene and prevent disagreements, in turn preventing warfare.

Does King’s label of  ‘holocaust’ fit this period of New Zealand history?  Yes or No?  Give 1 reason why you think so.

Assuming “holocaust” means “a very large amount of destruction, especially by the killing of very large numbers of people” (Cambridge University Press, 2019), I think it does, but with much smaller numbers than the Jewish holocaust. The Jewish holocaust involved millions of deaths, whereas the musket wars involved tens of thousands of deaths. However, there were a lot more Jews before the Holocaust than there were Maori before the musket wars. So proportionately it was a holocaust of its own kind with its own different factors and reasons for war.

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lnter-hapu fighting and killing of large numbers of people, (20000+). Cruelty to survivors and displacement of hapu to other areas, eg Coromandel.
Going by the definition of holocaust my answer would be no. I am not convinced the killing of Maori was a planned action by Europeans to destroy the indigenous people of the country. It was rather a terrible civil war between competing tribes of the same ethnicity as a result of influences and resources obtained through the ongoing settlement of Europeans in the area.

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I  associate the term holocaust  WWII and the attempted race eradication. I have never attempted to compare any other warfare eradication to the Jewish holocaust but upon reflection of current readings King (2007) and  Crosby (1999) the word holocaust applies. This is due to the shear number of people killed in the name of real and perceived historic grievances. Although it was not a conscious attempted race eradication  of Maori by Maori, there appeared to be attempts of conscious tribe domination due to warring between tribes outside their rohe (territories). There are three factors still present today from the legacy of the musket wars . Firstly displaced peoples (many tribes as displaced ,  subsummed or enslaved). Secondly, land boundaries ( altered with tribe subsummed, victorious attacker settling within a new rohe), and thirdly settler placement (settled on presumed vacant land contested today). A positive result from the musket wars that  contributed to end of the musket wars  were the entrepreneurial skills of the maori. Not only had food production increased but by the 1840's all tribes still in existence had armed themselves equally resutling in heavy losses and no victors.

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What can you see were some of the effects of this terrible period of history on Māori society?  (pp 131 – 139)

This must have been a terrible way of fighting. There was no way anyone could defend themselves from this and the injuries must have been horrific. Then dying from those injuries or being captured as a slave will have been such terrible experiences. The effects I think is that people became more isolated and uprooted from their original existence.

What was the original focus of mission here in New Zealand?  (p. 139 )

The message of Peace was a message of the missionaries in New Zealand.

What changes did Williams make when he came in 1823?  (p. 142)

Williams made sure that the missionaries became proficient in the Maori language so that they could preach.

Does King’s label of  ‘holocaust’ fit this period of New Zealand history?  Yes or No?  Give 1 reason why you think so.

Yes I believe it could be labelled like that. The mass murder of people in this moment of time was terrible and it changed a culture, a whole group of people forever.

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The effect of muskets becoming widely possessed meant people felt as if they needed muskets for their own protection. The effects of these wars meant the destruction of some tribes and many lives lost. The  death of 20,000 Maori over a 30 year period.
Does the term holocaust fit? Yes I think so as it addresses the mass number of deaths.

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The effects of the musket wars were huge.  The loss of life, the anger created, the desire for revenge,, cruelty and the displacement of families had such a big impact on maori society. The fact that Europeans were the people that introduced the muskets, knowing that they would create such devastation was cruel in itself.  It fed the tensions already present within the tribes.

Initially I didn't think the term holocaust did fit the musket wars, but once I read the definition in the dictionary, it was clear that the mass killing of all these people, sadly, does fit the description of a holocaust.

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I confess that I knew nothing of the Musket Wars until reading King and it was a very hard read.  Having access to guns for the first time would have been seen as such a major advantage for Māori.  The positive side was that initially they were able to hunt and gather food much more easily. This quickly turned into something much more powerful and dark though.  And so this made me reflect on how that has happened throughout history in so many different ways the world over.  Something that seems a good idea can so quickly become a bad idea and it's almost impossible to go back.
Displacement of tribes, mass slaughter and torture, intensive gardening/harvesting of crops to be able to trade for guns meant life became all about hard work, toil and survival. The numbers really stacked up to make this a prequel to the Jewish holocaust but different. This was tribal wars against their own ethnicity, whereas the holocaust was more like genocide, trying to eradicate a race completely.

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Does King’s label of ‘holocaust’ fit this period of New Zealand history?  Yes or No?  Give 1 reason why you think so.

Yes and no. I think that the musket wars were similar to the holocaust because of the large number of people who died but different because the holocaust was about one race against another, as opposed to the musket wars where one race (Māori) fought against each other. (Rebekah)

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I agree with my group. I would define this as a holocaust as it fits within the dictionary definition with a huge lose of life and the slaughter of mass groups of people (20,000 at least).

I think that two of the major effects on Maori society would have been the huge movement of tribes into and out of different areas with the merging of hapu and the lose of tribes and therefore their unique language and culture. I think that any lose of this magnitude would permanently alter a society. Trading of goods was significantly affected as well as slavery.

I think the other questions have been answered well by my peers.

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The muskets served to exaggerate and perpetuate the inter-tribal wars that already existed with unfortunate and dire consequences due to the imbalance of power between tribes. Those who had muskets versus those that did not.

Peace and conversion to Christianity were the original focus of mission and Williams understood that learning te reo Maori was vital in his quest to convert Maori to Christianity and his mana increased without the use of muskets providing an example of peace to all.

Yes, I think the label of holocaust fits appropriately for this period because it is “slaughter on a mass scale” as the dictionary defines.

Two effects on society that I see from this period are the eradication of some iwi/hapu thus losing valuable historical accounts and generational blood lines, and Maori being heavily influenced by brash and uncouth British culture.

I feel the British ruined a perfectly good thing when they arrived in NZ by upsetting the balance of the natural ecosystem which the indigenous were very much part of, just to make a profit, and it has me questioning whether or not we as a society today have really learned from our past mistakes.

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Everyone has covered everything, and also answered well by peers. 

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Everyone has covered everything, and also answered well by peers. 

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blessd

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Effects of new technology in warfare, Stacey Morris

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Effects of new technology in warfare, Stacey Morris

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What can you see were some of the effects of this terrible period of history on Māori society?  (pp 131 – 139)
The effects were costly to iwi not associated with pakeha and means to afford muskets. 20,000 Māori are suggested to have died based on the effects of introducing muskets and warfare between tribes. Whole tribes were wiped out and the few survivors became slaves. Some slaves were specifically killed and their heads traded as they had been smoked.

What was the original focus of mission here in New Zealand?  (p. 139

Pakeha, possible that muskets helped to cull Māori and let the indigenous kill each other off. Agriculture was supplied by Māori to acquire muskets and other things like nails and technology re farming. Meanwhile land sales were continuing and the Europeans were able to have some power over future conquest and migration.

From Christian perspective the message of peace was brought

Maori cultural customs acknowledged wairua and the relationship to whenua and people so that all were inclusive and in symbiotic harmony. King (2003) says “the whole of existence was bound up in a unified vision in which each aspect of life was related to every other. This would have exceeed the normal levels of unbalance due to the new heights of warfare.

What changes did Williams make when he came in 1823?  (p. 142)

He overturned the civilisation first policy so te reo was spoken and written. Prohibiting missionary involvement in musket trading and reduced the dependence on Māori for supplies.

Does King’s label of  ‘holocaust’ fit this period of New Zealand history?  Yes or No?  Give 1 reason why you think so.

In contrast to other holocausts comparison to numbers one might say no but if you take into consideration the population and morality around it I would say yes. Pakeha understood the effects of this trade and would have been able to predict relative outcome for the impacts on Māori. I believe it’s similar to giving a child a loaded gun and saying only they are responsible for the carnage. Where is the ethics?

What can you see were some of the effects of this terrible period of history on Māori society?  (pp 131 – 139)  Note 2 effects you see.

1 reliance on relations with pakeha to obtain power for warfare which ended up having an effect at the other end where they held power to reduce trade and migration

2 the tribes effected and wiped out or those few survived to become slaves. Entire tribes and next generation gone. All for power of territory and greed. Position of power to take more than they ever needed.

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The period of the Musket wars was a terrible and destructive time in  New Zealand history. I was shocked to have learnt about the musket wars, as I had no prior detailed knowledge about this until now. As already mentioned by several, the effects of the Musket wars resulted in the displacement of many tribes from their original settlement as the fight for power and control continued.
Some tribes were almost completely wiped out. The slavery and torture of those whom survived, The slaughter of women and children, the slow agonising deaths, this in my view fits the term 'holocaust'. I feel quite sad to learn this dark side of New Zealand history but at the same time I feel that we all need to know this part of history and many more.

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I struggle to ascribe the term of holocaust with the tragedy of that era, not for its meaning, its etymology of slaughter and death in mass, but for the sentiment of that word to the Jewish community. Because of my close connection and love for the Jewish people and the enormity of their experience I am biased to want to exclusively reserve that term for their memory and grievances. Though I absolutely grieve for the Maori who lost so many through those years. I would affirm any word apt to summarize their experience, except for holocaust.