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A.D. 1054: The Great Schism split Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox church.

It refers to the Christian church developed in the Eastern empire. The western Christian tradition and eastern tradition got split in the Great Schism in 1054, and the eastern tradition was known as the Orthodox Church. In the eastern Orthodox Church, the Byzantine emperor was the head of the church, and the patriarch of Constantinople was the highest church official.

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Icon is a holy image of God or saints, usually portrait of Jesus Christ and famous saints, displayed at home or churches. In the early church, there was argument whether to worship icons or not because some thought it was worshiping an object. In Western Europe, icons were used to teach people about God and worshiped it, but some Byzantine emperors wanted to stop it and destroyed icons.

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A.D. 325: The Nicene Creed was adopted.

Creed is a statement of beliefs, about particularly religion. With the growth of Christianity, the emperor Constantine wanted to settle down argument on interpretation of Christian belief and made one clear set of religious beliefs. In 325, he called councils of Nicaea, and bishops adopted called the Nicene Creed.

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Pope was the head of the Church, and has authority over all Christians. The bishop of Rome among five patriarchs became Pope, and his authority was succeeded from Apostle Peter. But the patriarchs of the eastern empire did not accept the claim of Pope. At present day, Pope is the head of Roman Catholic Church.

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A name for bishop who had authority over all churches in a geographical region in the Christian church organization. In the early Christian church, there were five patriarchs of bishops of Rome, Jerusalem, Alexandria, Antioch and Constantinople. Apostles’ authority was handed down to bishops.

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strong unlimited authority and power held by the monarch, usually of absolute kingdom or empire. For example, the emperor Justinian came to get absolute power over his empire, after suppressing the revolt in Constantinople in 532.

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Theodora (500-548) was the empress of the Byzantine Empire. She was the wife of the emperor Justinian. She was a performer in the circus. With Justinian, she was almost considered a joint-ruler, being talented and intelligent.

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A.D. 527: Justinian became the emperor of Byzantine Empire.

Justinian (482-565) was the first great Byzantine emperor who ruled the eastern empire from 527 to 565. He tried to restore the old Roman Empire and nearly took them back and Byzantine empire reached its greatest size. He made Justinian’s code, a law which influenced several modern legal system.

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A structure of a trench filled with water built to defend a city or a castle from enemy by land. For instance, the new Rome, Constantinople was located on the peninsula surrounded by sea, and the land side was protected by thick walls and moat.

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Someone who believes in more than one god. For example, people who lived in the ancient Greek or Rome before Christ were pagans because they believed many gods. In contrast, Christians believe in only one god. Roman Emperor Constantine was originally a pagan but converted to a Christian.

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A.D. 337: Constantine became the sole ruler of two divided Roman empires.

Constantine (A.D. 274-337) became a sole emperor of both western and eastern empires in 324 A.D. He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium in 330, which was named after him as Constantinople. Originally he was a pagan but became a Christian. He gave religious freedom to people in 313 and supported Christianity.

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The Roman Empire used the Latin language. Latin was used by educated people for a long time in the middle ages after the fall of Rome. Languages that have their root on the Latin are called Romance languages. They include French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese etc.

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Latin Languages - Jesse Dass, Melbourne 2014

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It means being made up of various multiple cultures. The Roman Empire had vast land with many colonies. Ever since citizenship was granted to all free men in A.D. 212, multicultural citizens became the members of the empire. The United States is also a multicultural country.

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Public works are structures or buildings constructed for public use by a government. The Romans were great architect and engineers and many of their great public works remain now. They include public baths, temples, marketplace and other infrastructure like roads or aqueducts.

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A.D. 496: Clovis was baptized.

Clovis (A.D. 466-511) was the king of the Franks and founded his kingdom around present day France and Belgium after defeated the Visigoths and the last Roman army in Gaul. He was the first Germanic King who accepted Christianity.

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A.D. 476: The Visigoths ended the western empire.

Governing independently by themselves. A kingdom which is governed by their own ruler is an autonomous kingdom. For example, with the invasion of barbarians, many Roman cities were deserted, and the Germanic tribes settled and established their own autonomous kingdoms in the land of the empire.

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A.D. 430: Attila became the chief of the Huns.

Attila was the chief of the Huns, fierce warrior tribes from Central Asia. The rush of the Huns made fleeing Germanic tribes invade the empire. Attila became  the leader of the Huns around A.D 430 and died in 453. He threatened both the eastern and western empires and became their most fearful enemy leading his army to Gaul and Italy.

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Using political or social position of trust for personal interest in a dishonest and unfair way. Corruption weakens the society internally and leads it to decline. Wide spread corruption was considered one reason of the fall of the Roman Empire. For example, tax collectors in Rome used their authority to charge higher rates of taxes to people and kept some for themselves.

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A.D. 212: All free men in the Roman Empire were granted with citizenship.

A right to be a citizen who has the right and duty to participate in important political events in a political community. Roman citizenship meant prestige, and encouraged people to be loyal to the empire. The emperor Caracalla granted citizenship in A.D. 212 to all free men, but it undermined the value of citizenship.

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Around A.D. 285 : The empire was divided into two.

Diocletian became the Roman Emperor in A.D. 244 and he divided the vast empire into two parts. Hed designated officials to govern the divided land. The western part was governed from Rome, and the eastern part was from Byzantium. He intended to govern the vast land more efficiently, but  this resulted in weakening the empire.

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Around B.C. 27  to  A.D. 180: Roman Peace

A period of time that Roman Empire prospered and enjoyed peace in its early period. It began from the time of Augustus’ reign (B.C. 27) and lasted for about 200 years and ended with the death of last “good emperor” Marcus Aurelius. ( A.D 180). During this period, the territory expanded to British Isles to the west and Southwest Asia to the east.

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B.C. 27: Octavian appointed himself "Augustus", and became the first emperor.

His name was Octavian and he was a nephew of Julius Caesar, an adopted son. He was the first emperor of Rome and got the title of “Augustus” in B.C. 27. He made a lot of reforms and colonies, and started the age of the Pax Romana.

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B.C. 44: Julius Caesar was assassinated.

To assassinate is to kill or murder a famous person, usually political figures.  For example, Caesar was assassinated by senators who wanted to restore the republic and feared he might become the king.

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B.C. 45: Julius Caesar became the first dictator of Rome.

Julius Caesar (B.C.100-B.C.44) is one of the most famous and powerful heroes of the Roman republic. He was a strong military leader who conquered expanded Roman territory. He became the dictator of Rome, practically ended the Roman republic. He was assassinated later by senators who were against him.

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Artifact is a  thing made by people in the past and which usually has historical value. For example, tools, weapons, jewelry and ruins are sort of artifacts. The picture below shows artifacts of ancient Rome.

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It is culture made up of things that shows how people live, and that are usually touchable and visible. It includes buildings, tools, ruins, and artifacts. We can see the life of people through material culture. For example, we can see how Romans lived by looking at the old constructions like Colosseum and public bath, ortools they used.

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It is a source created by someone who do not actually witness the events. It is A source made by people who did not witness a historical event some time later. It includes textbook, books written by historians, or biographies.

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It is first hand information about people or events. It is a source made by people who witnessed a historical event or lived at that time. It includes artifacts, official records, autobiographies, speeches or ruins.

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B.C 509: Rome became a republic.  The republic was ended by Julius Ceasar.

Republic is a form of government in which people or citizens choose their own representative or officials by means of vote or election.  Romans elected senators instead of  a king.