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main functional unit of the kidney

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renal retry brings blood to the kidney and the renal vein from the kidney/
Hilum --> area where the renal artery, renal vein and ureter enters the kidney
surround the hilum is perinefric fat

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urine flows from minor calyx to major calyx then to the renal pelvis and to the ureter 

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urine flows from minor calyx to major calyx then to the renal pelvis and to the ureter 

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collecting ducts run down through renal pyramids and then renal papilla

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collecting ducts --> urine is carried in the small tubulars

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Renal pryramid
Renal column --> separates renal pyramids from each other and carries blood vessels to the context

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within the capsule there are two layers
The cortex and the medulla

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Renal capsule --> fibrous coating of the kidney

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filters blood and removes urine

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Urine leaves the kidney via the ureters and stored in muscular bag, the bladder.

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Produce urine

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Found on either side of the abdomen

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Metabolic wastes slows metabolism (linked to le chateliers principle)

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Nitrogen waste can change the pH of cells and interfere with membrane transport functions --> can denature enzymes

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by products of the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids (e.g. nitrogen waste) are toxic

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Wen concentrations do not match, water moves by osmosis to a lower concentration, leaves cells prone to losing or gaining to much water

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Isotonic --> concentration of water inside the cell (intercellular fluid) has to match the conc of water outside the cell (interstitial fluid)

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Water transports and distributes substances between cells, is a solvent for ions and molecules needed for metabolic reactions

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Water is necessary in cells

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Needed within a narrow range for optimal function

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Concentration of water in cells maintenance 

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Concentration of water in cells maintenance 