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Hominidae Family
This is the great ape family.

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Mountain gorillas

http://www.animalfactguide.com/animal-facts/mountain-gorilla/

https://seaworld.org/animal-info/animal-infobooks/gorilla/scientific-classification

http://www.gorillas-world.com/gorilla-reproduction/

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn28274-ape-fossils-put-the-origin-of-humanity-at-10-million-years-ago/

All around

http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Hominidae/

https://www.britannica.com/animal/Hominidae

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC311135/

http://digimorph.org/specimens/Gorilla_gorilla/skull/

https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/chromosome/2

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/education/activities/3416_id_02.html

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.1330260207/full

http://anthro.palomar.edu/hominid/australo_2.htm

http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(05)01313-8?_returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982205013138%3Fshowall%3Dtrue&cc=y=

http://www.palaeontologyonline.com/articles/2013/fossil-focus-encephalized-bipedal-apes/

https://phys.org/news/2013-05-million-year-old-fossil-great-ape-evolution.html

Common chimpanzee

http://www.macroevolution.net/chimpanzee-habitat.html

https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-bytes/mammals/chimpanzee

Oraguatan

https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/orangutan/physical-characteristics

http://www.orangutan-world.com/orangutan-reproduction/

http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/ahrens_just/reproduction.htm

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369848615000370

https://seaworld.org/en/animal-info/animal-infobooks/orangutan/physical-characteristics

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This chart shows how all the organisms are similar and what classes they come from.

All three exemplary organisms are the same up until genus. This is because each organism at this point has evolved over time to be better adapted and fitted to suit their environment. It also has to do with divergent evolution because as the organisms got more distant from each other and were not able to mate with each other thus resulting in the formation of different species.

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This diagram helps to show how chimpanzees have evolved over time. The diagram is comparing Chimpanzee chromosomes to human chromosomes. They are almost exactly identical except for minor evolutionary traits passed down. This helps to show how chimpanzees and humans were so alike just a couple of million years ago and how today we have been altered by evolution for them to be the best and to survive. From this information I can conclude that the evolution these animals went through was divergent evolution because over time they are becoming more and more different from each other because of their ever changing habitats.

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Based off of the information I have found I think that it was a gradual process of evolution that happened over time. I can tell this because all of the organisms broke off from each other at different times which made it a longer process for evolution to take place. Also just a couple thousand years ago all of these organisms were the same and have been taking small steps towards evolution each year.

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1.  The  mountain gorilla goes through stabilizing natural selection because they have to deal with outside forces to be able to survive and fight off disease and famine. Also if the baby gorillas are too big or too small they might be susceptible to more danger than an average sized mountain gorilla. The phenotypes would be more successful because they would be able to blend in better if they are being hunted by people. If the mountain gorilla is smaller or bigger then usual it will mean that it will have a higher probability of getting targeted by a hunter because it looks different from the rest.

2. The common chimpanzee goes through stabilizing natural selection because if the chimpanzee's arms are too long or too short it can have a negative  effect on how well they can swing from branch to branch. The phenotype of the normal chimpanzee's would be more successful because the chimpanzee will be able to do more with the proper length of arms rather than having arms that are too long or too short.

3.  The Bornean orangutan goes through stabilizing selection because if the orangutan's body is too large then the orangutans arms won't be able to swing from branch to branch.This would cause the orangutan to become less mobile and not able to move as easily as other orangutans can. The phenotype's of the regular sized orangutans would be better than the over sized orangutans because they would be more suited for survival in their environment and better suited to elude predators and evade capture.

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Immigration plays a huge role in my taxonomic group. One example is that when a gorilla (Female) wants to go and mate she must leave her pack of gorillas and find a male mountain gorilla  in another group. This is an example of how immigration plays a huge role in how mountain gorillas reproduction.

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One example of micro evolution within my taxonomic group is the ability for gorillas and chimpanzees to be able to walk on their knuckles. Another example of micro evolution is that orangutans have developed a more of a round shaped head and have gotten more of a distinct color then chimpanzees  and mountain gorillas do.

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All three of my explanatory organisms are unique in many ways. One way they are is that each organism has their own skin color and physical and mental traits that make each one unique and apart from the rest.

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1. Name of fossil: Sahelanthropus  tchadensis

Age of fossil It is about 6-7 million years old. this would be in the Cenozoic era. .Name of fossil: Kenyanthropus platyops

Name :Kenyanthropus platyops

Age of fossil It is about 3.3 -3.5 million years old. This would put it into the Cenozoic era.

3.

Name of fossil: Australopithecus afarensis

Age of fossil It is about 2.9 - 3.9 million years old. this would put it in the Cenozoic era.

4.Name of fossil: Pierolapithecus catalaunicus

Age of fossil

It is about 11 - 12 million years old. which would be in the Cenozoic era.5.Name of fossil: Morotopithecus

Age of fossil

It is about 23 Million years old which would put it into the Cenozoic era.

6.Name of Fossil - Dryopithecus
When was it alive - 12.6 million years ago. this would put it into the Cenozoic era.

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One chromosomal comparison was a human and a chimpanzee had the exact same number of chromosomes until about 5 million years ago when the two organisms started to drift apart from one another. this caused the number of chromosomes in chimps to increase to 48 chromosomes, while humans only have 46.  Although they have different numbers of chromosomes humans and chimps are very alike and may even have 98.8 % of the same genes. This is a very surprising comparing that humans and chimps don't look that alike now. Scientists think it has to do with the genes that are  not being coded for that play a major role in telling us why our genes and chromosomes are soo close but we look so different on the outside. (Flo Pauli, Genetics.thetech.org.) All of the great apes have 48 chromosomes. This number is two more then on of their close relatives humans( Homo sapiens). Homo Sapiens have 46 chromosomes in their body. On the diagram the first major difference between the two sets of chromosomes is that Chimps( All Apes ) have their number two chromosome split into two different pieces. This is different from the human's number two chromosome which is just one piece. This chromosome contains roughly 1,500 - 2,000 genes that help to make protein for different areas of the body. Another difference between the two chromosome pairs are that on Chromosomes 13,14,15,18,19,21,and 22 all have minor differences that alter what they look like. Also chromosome number 22 is slightly longer on Great apes then on humans.

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Knuckle-walking is the walking on the knuckles of the animal. this is unique to African apes because they are the only ones that are able to do this. Chimpanzees and gorillas  are the only ones that are specially adapted to support their own weight on their knuckles.  Most great apes can walk on there hands if they have to but only Chimps and Gorillas can knuckle walk as a trait that has occurred over time and evolution. Orangutans are not able to walk on their knuckles because their knuckles can not support their own weight. Also their knuckles are not designed to sustain that amount of pressure all day long. another difference is Mountain gorillas have a larger scapula then

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Mountain Gorilla
Common Chimpanzee
Bornean Orangutan

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1. Location found & habitat specific information The habitat of Orangutans are found primarily  in Asia. They are found in many different rain forests throughout Asia.

2. Physical characteristics They are the biggest tree dwelling mammals on the planet weighing in at around 110-190 for males and 60-110 pounds for females. Males can be as tall as  4 feet tall and females can be as tall as 3 feet.

3. Behavioral characteristics they are not very social animals. The big male orangutans usually isolate themselves from everyone unless they are pursuing sexual relations.

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1. Location found & habitat: The habitat of Pan troglodytes are in western Europe on the coast line near Guinea and Sierra Leone.

2. Physical characteristics Chimpanzees have a pinkish face. Their body is covered in long black hair. They have opposable thumbs and toes that allow them to grip and hold onto things easily.

3. Behavioral characteristics The behavior of common Chimpanzees is that female Chimpanzees will mate and reproduce with many different male chimpanzees.

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1. Location found & habitat:Mountain gorillas can be found in protected national parks in Africa like Bwindi Impenetrable National park.

2. Physical characteristics:  The Mountain gorillas travel in packs of around 20 gorillas. In this pack they have a alpha male gorilla that controls and oversees the whole group. The silverback gorillas help to provide protection and decide all of the activities in the pack. Some of these activities are drinking water, getting food, and getting resting time.

3. Behavioral characteristics Are very shy animals but can be very aggressive if they become mad or threatened. They will beat their chest to show themselves. the male leader will charge at the threat and try to get rid of it. The mothers of young gorillas will fight and protect their cubs from a threat until they die.

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The diagram I selected help to support and show how similar and different the animals are from one another in my family. In the diagram it shows the reader how similar chimpanzees  and bonobos  are. This shows that over time these two animals have evolved the same to be able to survive in their environment. The diagram also helps to show how all three animals evolved from one common ancestor. It also helps to show how far apart gorillas are from the rest of the animals. This is primarily because of the environment they live in and how they need to be bigger then a the other animals do. It also has to do with Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. This states that the best gorillas mated with each other. This would create a new type of gorilla that was bigger because two big gorillas mated together. This is one way gorillas could have gotten far apart from chimps and bonobos.

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1. One genetic trait of the mountain Gorilla is that they are extremely large animals. This helps to show dominance and scare potential predators away. The reason for this trait in mountain gorillas and with all gorillas is that it helps to show how large they are and helps to protect themselves from an attack.

2.   One trait that is common in chimpanzees is that they are able to move around very quickly because of how light they are. Because of this trait they are able to evade predators because of how quick they are. Also they are able to climb quicker and be more agile while they are swinging from branch to branch.
3.  One trait that is common in Bornean Orangutans is that their arms are one and a half times the length of their legs. This allows them to be able to swing extremely far distances from branch to branch because of how long they are. This trait is a vital source to allow them to keep on reproducing and evading capture and predators they encounter on a daily basis.