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Celt arrived in the British Islands several centuries before Christ. They migrated from Central Europe, gradually spreading their culture, language, and traditions across Britain and Ireland. These early Celtic tribes formed the foundation of later groups like the Britons, Gaels, and Picts.

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He made several attempts to invade Britain. Most other lands were under Roman domination except for the Nothern part. Gradually it became Romanized.

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Picts, Scots, Jutes, and Anglo-Saxons raided British Island - germanic tribes.

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The Anglo-Saxon raids began in the mid-5th century CE, after the Roman Empire withdrew from Britain (410 CE). The Anglo-Saxons—composed of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes from present-day Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands

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Old English was primarily a synthetic language

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Old English was primarily a synthetic language

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It relied heavily on inflections to convey grammatical relationships. Nouns, adjectives, and verbs had different endings depending on case, number, and gender

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The Scandinavian invasions of England began in the late 8th century with Viking raids, but by the 9th–11th centuries, they turned into full-scale invasions and settlements. Scandinavian influence also contributed to simplifying English grammar, accelerating its transition from a synthetic to a more analytical language.

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The Norman Conquest of England in 1066 was one of the most significant events in British history. It began when William, Duke of Normandy (later known as William the Conqueror) invaded England, claiming the throne after the death of King Edward

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It was a long and complex conflict between England and France, primarily over territory and claims to the French throne

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1476 – Printing Arrives in England

William Caxton, a merchant and diplomat, set up the first printing press in England in Westminster. Caxton had to choose a standard form of language, contributing to the rise of London English as the basis for Modern English.

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The writer contributed to English culture a lot:

1) Popularizing English – Writing in Early Modern English, he helped make it a dominant literary language.

2) Expanding Vocabulary – He coined or popularized 1,700+ words.

3) Standardizing Grammar – His works influenced modern English syntax and structure.

As he influenced a lot, the period of Early Modern English also called Shakespearian.

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7 long vowels in Middle English existed first. 5 out of 7 were raised. The rest 2 became diphthongs.

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The Renaissance greatly influenced the English language by:

1) Expanding Vocabulary – Many new Latin and Greek words entered English, enriching it with terms related to science, art, and philosophy.

2) Standardizing Spelling & Grammar – Printing and education helped establish more consistent spelling and grammar rules.

3) Encouraging Creativity – Writers like Shakespeare and Marlowe experimented with new words, phrases, and literary styles.