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The Treaty of Versailles was the most important of the peace treaties of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on June 28, 1919.

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On August 31, 1935, Congress passed the first Neutrality Act. The primary provisions of the law banned the export of arms, ammunition, and implements of war from the United States to any foreign nations at war and required U.S. arms makers to apply for export licenses.

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On May 1, 1937, Congress passed a joint resolution known as the Neutrality Act of 1937, which amended and made the Neutrality Act of 1935 permanent. Under the 1937 Act, U.S. Citizens were prohibited from traveling on any ship registered to or owned by any foreign nation involved in ​a war.

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Cash and Carry was a policy by US President Franklin D Roosevelt announced at a joint session of the United States Congress, after the outbreak of war in Europe.

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After a lengthy debate, Congress enacted a final Neutrality Act in November of 1939, which repealed the embargo against the sale of arms and placed all trade with nations at war under the terms of Cash and Carry. However, the prohibition of U.S. monetary loans to belligerent nations remained in effect and U.S. ships were still prohibited from delivering goods to countries at war.

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President Franklin D. Roosevelt inaugurated the Council of National Defense Advisory Commission on May 29, 1940, to include Price Stabilization and Consumer Protection Divisions. Both divisions merged to become the Office of Price Administration and Civilian Supply within the Office for Emergency Management by Executive Order 8734, on April 11, 1941. Civil supply functions were transferred to the Office of Production Management. It became an independent agency under the Emergency Price Control Act, January 30, 1942.

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Only in June 1940, when France was about to fall and WWII seemed virtually over, did Italy join the war on Germany's side, still hoping for territory. The real war for Italy began only in October, when Mussolini attacked Greece from Albania in a disastrous campaign that obliged the Germans, in 1941, to rescue the Italian forces and take over Greece themselves.

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The Lend-Lease Act was passed in March 1941 and gave President Franklin D. Roosevelt the ability to provide any military aid to nations during World War II. The act allowed the United States to support Allied endeavors without becoming over-extended.

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Office of Scientific Research and Development

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Office of Scientific Research and Development

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In late June 1941 President Roosevelt established the Office of Scientific Research and Development under the direction of the scientist Vannevar Bush, subsuming the National Defense Research Committee that had directed the nation’s mobilization effort to utilize science for weapon development the previous year.

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The Atlantic Charter was a statement issued on August 14, 1941, that set goals for the world after the end of World War II. The agreement was signed by the U.S. President, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Britain's Prime Minister, Winston Churchill.

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The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike by the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service upon the United States against the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu, Territory of Hawaii, just before 08:00 a.m., on December 7, 1941.

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On 20 January 1942, leading Nazi officials met at the Wannsee Conference Villa in Wannsee, Berlin. The conference had been called to discuss and coordinate a cheaper, more efficient, and permanent solution to the Nazis’ ‘Jewish problem’.

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The War Production Board (WPB) was an agency of the U.S. Government that supervised war production during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt established it in January 1942, with Executive Order 9024.

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The Double V Campaign was a Black American initiative, led by the Pittsburgh Courier newspaper, that aimed to achieve a double victory during World War II. The two objectives were victory in the war abroad and victory against discrimination on the home front. The inspiration for the campaign came from a letter to the editor from 26-year-old James G. Thompson to the Pittsburgh Courier entitled “Should I Sacrifice to Live Half American?” The letter highlighted the discrepancy between Black American soldiers fighting for democracy abroad while being denied equality at home in the United States. The sentiments of the letter inspired the Pittsburgh Courier, a prominent Black newspaper, to launch what it called the Double V Campaign on February 7, 1942.

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Japanese internment camps were established during WWII by President Franklin D. Roosevelt through his Executive Order 9066. From 1942 to 1945, it was the policy of the U.S. government that people of Japanese descent, including U.S. citizens, would be incarcerated in isolated camps.

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The Battle of the Coral Sea was the first time since the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that the enemy’s seemingly relentless advance into the Pacific was checked. It was also the first major U.S. Navy fleet action against Japan and the first naval engagement in history where both side's ships never fired directly at each other. From April 29th-May 4th, Japanese forces successfully attacked, invaded, and occupied Tulagi, although several of their warships were surprised and sunk or damaged. Beginning on May 7th, the two sides exchanged air strikes over two consecutive days. The resulting maneuvers and clashes between two U.S. Navy task forces and a combined U.S. Australian cruiser force with the Japanese Carrier Strike Force and supporting units resulted in a Japanese tactical victory. However, with their air groups too battered to support a further advance, the Japanese were brought to a standstill.

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Women’s Army Corps (WAC), U.S. Army unit created during WWII to enable women to serve in noncombat positions. In May 1941 Rep. Edith Nourse Rogers of Massachusetts introduced a bill that would establish a women’s corps in the U.S. Army. Rogers foresaw that women might be needed in the army, and by introducing the bill she hoped to secure for women a salary and benefits comparable to those of male soldiers. The bill languished until Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. It became law on May 15, 1942. The law that established the Women’s Auxiliary Army Corps gave its members, called Waacs, an official status and a salary but few of the benefits granted to male soldiers.

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The Battle of Midway was a clash between American and Japanese Navy. The U.S. Navy’s decisive victory in the air-sea battle from June 3-6, 1942, and its successful defense of the major base located at Midway Island smashed Japan’s hopes of neutralizing the United States as a naval power and effectively turned the tide of WWII in the Pacific.

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Manhattan Project - Creation of the Atomic Bomb Starts

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Manhattan Project - Creation of the Atomic Bomb Starts

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A discovery by nuclear physicists in a laboratory in Berlin, Germany, in 1938 made the first atomic bomb possible, after Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner and Fritz Strassman discovered nuclear fission. The Manhattan Project was the code name for the American-led effort to develop a functional atomic bomb during WWII. The Manhattan Project was started in response to fears of the German scientists had been working on a weapon using nuclear technology since the 1930s. On December 28, 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt authorized the formation of the Manhattan Project to bring together various scientists and military officials working on nuclear research.

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After Pearl Harbor, Japan continued to expand its empire. With complete dominance of air and sea. American & Filipino forces were led by General Douglas MacArthur, put up resistance but could not halt the Japanese advance. 78,000 U.S. and Filipino troops were forced to surrender on the Bataan Peninsula. It was the largest surrender in U.S. history. Over 10,000 prisoners would die on the Bataan Death March.

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Battle of the Atlantic, in WWII, a contest between the Western Allies and the Axis powers for the control of Atlantic Sea routes. The first phase of the battle for the Atlantic lasted from the autumn of 1939 until the fall of France in June 1940. During that period the Anglo-French coalition drove German merchant shipping from the sea and established a fairly effective long-range blockade.

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On August 7, 1942, 6,000 men of the U.S. 1st Marine Division, commanded by Major General Alexander Vandegrift, launched an amphibious assault on Guadalcanal and Florida Island. The landings were made with strong naval and air support and met with little initial resistance, and the airfield on Guadalcanal and the harbor on Florida Island were seized in the first 36 hours. Just after midnight on November 13th, the U.S. task force, under the command of Rear Adm. Daniel Callaghan, engaged Japanese ships commanded by Vice Adm. Abe Hiroaki. The battle that followed was a brutal 24-minute melee that saw capital ships on both sides blasting away at extremely close range. The Japanese lost a total of 24,000 men killed in the Battle of Guadalcanal, while the Americans sustained 1,600 killed, 4,200 wounded, and several thousand dead from tropical diseases.

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The D-Day operation of June 6, 1944, brought together the land, air and sea forces of the allied armies in what became known as the largest invasion force in human history. The operation, given the codename OVERLORD, delivered five naval assault divisions to the beaches of Normandy, France. The beaches were given the code names UTAH, OMAHA, GOLD, JUNO and SWORD. The invasion force included 7,000 ships and landing craft manned by over 195,000 naval personnel from eight allied countries. Almost 133,000 troops from England, Canada and the United States landed on D-Day. Casualties from the three countries during the landing numbered 10,300. By June 30th, over 850,000 men, 148,000 vehicles, and 570,000 tons of supplies had landed on the Normandy shores.

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Fred Korematsu, 23, was a Japanese American citizen who did not comply with the order to leave his home and job, despite the fact that his parents had abandoned their home and their flower-nursery business in preparation for reporting to a camp. On May 30, 1942, about six months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the FBI arrested Korematsu for failure to report to a relocation center.  After his arrest, while waiting in jail, he decided to allow the American Civil Liberties Union to represent him and make his case a test case to challenge the constitutionality of the government’s order. Korematsu’s attorneys appealed the trial court’s decision to the U.S. Court of Appeals, which agreed with the trial court that he had violated military orders.  Korematsu asked the Supreme Court of the United States to hear his case. On December 18, 1944, a divided Supreme Court ruled, in a 6-3 decision, that the detention was a “military necessity” not based on race.

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By autumn 1944 the Japanese had been dislodged from many key outposts in the southwest and central Pacific, and other Japanese-controlled islands had been allowed to wither on the vine. The U.S. capitalized on the success of island-hopping campaign by pouring men and matériel into its newly won bases. The Japanese responded to the American landings with Sho-Go, a plan to decoy the U.S. Third Fleet north, away from the San Bernardino Strait, while converging three forces on Leyte Gulf to attack the landing.

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In mid-December Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, had at his disposal 48 divisions distributed along a 600-mile (nearly 1,000-km) front between the North Sea and Switzerland. For the site of their counteroffensive, the Germans chose the hilly and wooded country of the Ardennes. Time and opportunities were lost, however, through gasoline shortages resulting from wintry weather and from growing Allied air attacks, and the German drive faltered. This frustration of the German advance was largely due to the way in which outflanked U.S. detachments held Bastogne and several other important bottlenecks in the Ardennes as well as to the speed with which British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, who had taken charge of the situation on the northern flank, swung his reserves southward to forestall the Germans at the crossings of the Meuse.

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The Yalta Conference, also known as the Crimea Conference and codenamed Argonaut, held February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe

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The Battle of Iwo Jima was a major battle in which the United States Marine Corps and United States Navy landed on and eventually captured the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II.

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Battle of Okinawa took place from April 1–June 21, 1945. The battle was fought between U.S. and Japanese forces on Okinawa, the largest of the Ryukyu Islands. The battle was one of the bloodiest in the Pacific War, claiming the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and 100,000 Japanese, including the commanding generals on both sides. In addition, at least 100,000 civilians were either killed in combat or were ordered to commit suicide by the Japanese military.

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The Nazi “Final Solution to the Jewish Question” was the deliberate, planned mass murder of European Jews. It occurred between 1941 and 1945. It was, and is, often referred to as the “Final Solution." To carry out the “Final Solution,” the Germans coordinated and perpetrated the murder of Europe’s Jews. They murdered Jews by implementing policies that led to starvation; disease; random acts of terror; and mass shootings and gassings.

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Manhattan Project - Creation of the Atomic Bomb Finished

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Manhattan Project - Creation of the Atomic Bomb Finished

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On July 16, 1945, in a remote desert location near Alamogordo, New Mexico, the first atomic bomb was successfully detonated, the Trinity Test. It created an enormous mushroom cloud some 40,000 feet high and ushered in the Atomic Age. Scientists at Los Alamos had developed two distinct types of atomic bombs by 1945—a uranium-based design called “the Little Boy” and a plutonium-based weapon called “the Fat Man.”

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The Potsdam Conference was held in Potsdam, Germany, from July 17 to August 2, 1945, to allow the three leading Allies to plan the postwar peace, while avoiding the mistakes of the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

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On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped its first atomic bomb from a B-29 bomber plane over the city of Hiroshima, Japan. The “Little Boy” exploded with about 13 kilotons of force, leveling five square miles of the city and killing 80,000 people instantly. Tens of thousands more would later die from radiation exposure. When the Japanese did not immediately surrender, the United States dropped a second atomic bomb three days later on the city of Nagasaki. The “Fat Man” killed an estimated 40,000 people on impact.

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The United Nations Organization or just United Nations is an intergovernmental organization whose purpose is to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a Centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.