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An ethical framework that emphasizes the importance of nurturing and maintaining relationships, empathy, compassion, and interdependence in ethical decision-making and moral reasoning.

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A concept in healthcare ethics that refers to the practice of healthcare professionals making decisions or taking actions on behalf of patients without their informed consent or against their expressed wishes. It is rooted in the belief that healthcare providers know what is best for the patient and act in their best interest, even if it means overriding the patient's autonomy or preferences.

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Actions or policies are morally right to the extent that they promote the greatest amount of happiness or well-being for the greatest number of people.

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Rule theory is an ethical framework that focuses on the application of moral rules or principles to guide ethical decision-making. It is an alternative to consequentialist or deontological ethical theories and emphasizes the importance of following established rules or principles rather than focusing solely on the consequences or intrinsic nature of actions.

In rule theory, moral rules or principles are seen as providing guidance and establishing moral norms that should be followed in a consistent and impartial manner. These rules are typically derived from ethical theories, religious teachings, cultural norms, or legal frameworks.

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An ethical theory that emphasizes maximizing overall happiness or well-being as the ultimate goal and guiding principle for moral decision-making.

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A key concept in Immanuel Kant's ethical philosophy. It is based on his moral theory known as deontological ethics or Kantian ethics. The respect principle emphasizes the inherent worth and dignity of every individual and outlines how we should treat others as rational and autonomous beings.

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An ethical theory that holds that the morality of actions is determined by the consequences of following a particular rule or set of rules. Unlike act consequentialism, which evaluates individual actions based on their specific outcomes, rule consequentialism focuses on the consequences of following general rules or principles.

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Principlism is an ethical framework or approach that emphasizes the application of a set of foundational moral principles to guide ethical decision-making in healthcare and bioethics. It was developed as a response to the increasing complexity of ethical dilemmas in these fields and the need for a systematic and consistent approach.

The four commonly recognized principles in principlism are:

1. Autonomy

2. Beneficence

3. Nonmaleficence

4. Justice

Principlism encourages healthcare professionals, ethicists, and individuals involved in healthcare decision-making to consider and balance these four principles when facing ethical dilemmas. It provides a framework for evaluating and resolving moral conflicts by weighing the values and principles at stake and seeking a reasonable and ethically justifiable resolution.

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A moral theory that focuses on evaluating the morality of individual actions based on their specific consequences or outcomes. Act consequentialism holds that an action is morally right if it produces the best overall consequences compared to any alternative action in that particular situation.

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The Categorical Imperative is a moral principle formulated by the philosopher Immanuel Kant as a central concept in his ethical theory. It serves as a universal principle for determining moral duties and guiding ethical decision-making. According to Kant, the Categorical Imperative is binding on all rational beings, regardless of personal desires or circumstances.

Kant's formulation of the Categorical Imperative revolves around the idea of acting in a way that treats individuals as ends in themselves and not merely as means to an end. In other words, it emphasizes the inherent dignity and worth of every human being and demands that we act in a way that respects and upholds their autonomy and moral agency.

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Nurse Practice Act (NPA) is a set of laws and regulations that govern the practice of nursing within a specific jurisdiction, typically at the state or territorial level. The NPA establishes the scope of practice for nurses, defines their legal responsibilities, and sets forth the requirements for licensure and regulation of the nursing profession.

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The American Nurses Association (ANA) has developed a Code of Ethics for Nurses, which serves as a guide for ethical decision-making and professional conduct in the nursing profession. The current version of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses was published in 2015 and consists of nine provisions:

1. Provision 1: The nurse practices with compassion and respect for the inherent dignity, worth, and unique attributes of every person.

2. Provision 2: The nurse's primary commitment is to the patient, whether an individual, family, group, or community.

3. Provision 3: The nurse promotes, advocates for, and protects the rights, health, and safety of the patient.

4. Provision 4: The nurse has authority, accountability, and responsibility for nursing practice, and makes decisions in collaboration with the patient and other healthcare professionals.

5. Provision 5: The nurse owes the same duty to self as to others, including the responsibility to promote health and well-being, preserve integrity, and maintain competence.

6. Provision 6: The nurse participates in establishing, maintaining, and improving healthcare environments that support the delivery of quality healthcare and ethical practice.

7. Provision 7: The nurse engages in ethical research and evidence-based practice, promoting a culture of inquiry, scholarship, and innovation.

8. Provision 8: The nurse collaborates with other healthcare professionals and the public to promote health, prevent illness, and address healthcare disparities.

9. Provision 9: The nurse is responsible for articulating and advancing nursing values, maintaining the integrity of the profession, and shaping healthcare policy.

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The study of moral principles and values that guide human behavior and decision-making. It explores questions of right and wrong, good and bad, and the principles that govern human conduct in various contexts. Ethics provides a framework for evaluating the moral implications of actions, determining what is morally right or wrong, and offering guidance for ethical decision-making.

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Refers to principles and values that guide individuals or societies in distinguishing right from wrong, good from bad, and just from unjust. It is a set of standards or norms that govern human behavior, shaping our judgments, actions, and relationships with others.

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Privacy refers to the right of individuals to control access to their personal information, thoughts, activities, and spaces. It encompasses the ability to keep certain aspects of one's life private and to decide how and to whom personal information is disclosed.

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A concept that encompasses fairness, moral righteousness, and the equitable treatment of individuals and groups within a society. It refers to the quality of being just or right, in terms of upholding and administering what is considered to be morally or legally correct. Justice is concerned with the distribution of resources, opportunities, rights, and punishments in a way that is impartial and balanced.

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Nonmaleficence is a principle in ethics and healthcare that emphasizes the obligation to do no harm or minimize harm to others. Derived from the Latin phrase "primum non nocere," which means "first, do no harm," nonmaleficence guides healthcare professionals and individuals in prioritizing the well-being and safety of others.

The principle of nonmaleficence recognizes that in any action or intervention, there is a potential for harm. It emphasizes the importance of weighing the risks and benefits of any course of action and taking precautions to avoid causing unnecessary harm. Healthcare professionals are expected to make reasonable efforts to prevent harm to their patients and to prioritize their safety and well-being.

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An ethical principle that emphasizes the obligation to act in ways that promote the well-being, welfare, and best interests of others. It is a core principle in many ethical frameworks, including medical ethics, and guides the actions and decisions of healthcare professionals, caregivers, and individuals in positions of responsibility.

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The ability and right of individuals or entities to make independent decisions and take actions based on their own free will and self-governance. It involves the capacity to think, choose, and act independently, without undue influence or coercion from external forces.

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A fundamental ethical and legal principle that emphasizes the importance of respecting an individual's autonomy and right to make decisions about their own medical treatment or participation in research. It is a process that involves providing relevant information to individuals, ensuring their comprehension of that information, and obtaining their voluntary agreement before proceeding with any medical intervention or research procedure.

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A process through which an organization or institution undergoes an evaluation by an external body to determine if it meets certain predetermined standards or criteria. Accreditation is often voluntary and serves as a recognition of quality and adherence to established standards in various fields, including education, healthcare, and other industries.

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The action or process of providing someone or something with an official document attesting to a status or level of achievement.

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An official process, administered by a state-level authority, that is required by law in order for an individual to practice a regulated profession.

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A formal process that utilizes an established series of guidelines to ensure that patients receive the highest level of care from healthcare professionals who have undergone the most stringent scrutiny regarding their ability to practice medicine.

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DeMarco, J., & Jones, G. (2019). Ethical & Legal Issues in Nursing. Broadview Press.
Oxford University Press. (2015). Oxford American Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.