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They are 10: tongue, lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, soft palate or velum, pharynx, larynx, uvula and glottis.

Furthermore, the palate is divided into hard palate and soft palate and the tongue is divided into lip, shoulder blade, anterior and posterior.

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Pragmatics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of language use in context, including how people use language to convey meaning, how context influences interpretation, and how people understand implied meanings in communication.

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1. What is Constrastive Analysis?
It is a sub-discipline of linguistics that is focused on studying and finding differences and similarities between a pair of languages or more. It means that languages can be compared after that the results can be used in the teaching/learning process of languages.

¿WHAT IS THE NEED FOR CONTRANSITIVE LINGUISTIC?
- Be concerned about the difficulties  on comparing the native and the foreign language.
- Study bilingualism in languages.

The main difference is that comparative linguistics makes a synchronous and diachronic comparison (historical perspective) between two similar languages, while contrastive linguistics seeks to compare the structures of two languages ​​to detect their differences maintains pedagogical objectives in language learning and teaching.

Positive transfer.- When an element of L1 is present in L2, (easy acquisition)
Negative transfer.- When errors in L1 hinder the acquisition of L2.

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1.- Make an order
2.- Request information
3.- Humor

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1.- Greet
2.- Express a complaint: if a child gets angry
3.- Nonverbal communication: smile

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If a person says "I don't want any more cake" it presupposes that they have already had some cake. (Presupposition)

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2.- [l] and [ɫ] as allophones of the phoneme /l/

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2.- [l] and [ɫ] as allophones of the phoneme /l/

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The lateral /l/ is velarized at the end of a word when it comes after a vowel as well as before a consonant.
For example: "feeling" [fiːlɪŋ] vs. "feel" [fiːɫ].

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3.- Phoneme /k/ has two allophones: [k] and [kʰ].

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3.- Phoneme /k/ has two allophones: [k] and [kʰ].

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/k/ is unaspirated following a /s/ consonant (e.g. skin /skɪn/ → [skɪn]) but aspirated in a word such as kin (/kɪn/ → [kʰɪn]).

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In many dialects of English the /t/ of ‘writer’ and /d/ of ‘rider’ both emerge with a flap, [ɾ]. In those dialects, [ɾ] is an allophone of both /t/ and /d/.

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EXAMPLE 3 - Open-close Open-back Rounded Vowel

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EXAMPLE 3 - Open-close Open-back Rounded Vowel

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/ʌ/
1.- blood - / blʌd /
2.- flood - / flʌd /
3.- duck - / dʌk /

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EXAMPLE 2 - Close Front Rounded Consonant

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EXAMPLE 2 - Close Front Rounded Consonant

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/S/
1.- see - / si /
2.- speak - / spik /
3.- sandwich - / ˈsænd wɪtʃ /

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/ɛ/
1.- deaf - / dɛf /
2.- else - / ɛls /
3.- any - / ˈɛn i /

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The word "table" has five phonemes:
/t/
/a/
/b/
/l/
/e/

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The word "pencil" has six phonemes:
/p/
/e/
/n/
/c/
/i/
/l/

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The word "cat" has three phonemes:
/c/
/a/
/t/

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Phonotactics refers to the rules that govern the possible combinations of sounds in a language. For example, in English, the sound /ng/ can only appear at the end of a word (e.g., "sing," "thing") and not at the beginning or in the middle of a word.

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A minimal pair is a pair of words that differ in only one sound, and that difference changes the meaning of the word. For example, "bat" and "cat" are minimal pairs because they differ in only one sound

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dʒ: just, large, judge

h: how, hellow.

j: yes, yellow.

ʃ: crash, she, wash.

t: toy, tea, getting.

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Vowels
1.-E: read /riːd/
feet  /fiːt/
I: iceberg /ˈaɪs.bɜːɡ/

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Consonants

d: day.

dʒ: judge.

f: phone.

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In this case we use the sound identifiers for the English language.

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Phoneme mergers occur when two or more distinct sounds in a language become indistinguishable from each other. For example, in some dialects of American English, the sounds /æ/ and /ɛ/ have merged, so that "man" and "men" are pronounced with the same vowel sound.

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Allophones are different pronunciations of a phoneme used in a given context that usually keep diacritics and must be written between square brackets.

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It studies the sounds of the speech.
Acoustic properties.

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Phonemes                                                                                

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Phonemes                                                                                

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They are the smallest unit of sound in speech and distinctive speech sounds. They make a difference to the meanings of words.

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Study the sounds of two or more languages that are completely abstract. In other words, phoneme units are solid elements, they are consciously pronounced and change the meaning of the word. In the phoneme, the slash is used to divide into vowels and consonants.

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                                          Phonology

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                                          Phonology

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Phonology is the branch of linguistics that deals with the study of the sound patterns in a language. It focuses on the systematic organization and distribution of speech sounds and their rules of combination.