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Physical Development: The gender and physical traits like the skin pigmentation, eye color, and hair color and texture are all contained by the zygote. Other areas are not completely determined by genetics. Personality, intellect, and other mental characteristics are influenced by many factors.

Care Considerations: Help the mother come up with plans to improve her lifestyle to ensure a normal pregnancy. Make sure that the mother is very healthy. Inform the mother about the importance of getting enough nutrients and hydration.

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Physical Development: Birth weight triples or quadruples to 21 to 27 pound by 1 year old. The length will increase to between 29 to 30 inches. The teeth will erupt between ages 8 to 12 months. Muscular and nervous systems develop (able to raise heads and move to turning and rolling over). By the age of 1, many infants crawl, stand alone and walk with assistance.

Cognitive Development: Vocalization develops and includes multiple words. They learn to imitate and use items to learn to recognize objects and people, and obey commands.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Trust vs. Mistrust: Infants rely on others for their physical and emotional survival. Infants that receive attention or loving care (food, warmth, and other physical comforts) will develop trust in their caregivers. Inadequate care can lead to mistrust.

Care Considerations: Having enough sleep, love, attention, and safety. Keep track of the infant's growth. Do not let them play with objects that have moving or removable parts. Obtain their height, weight, and head circumference measurements to track growth patterns.

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Physical Development: The head does not look oversized. Have developed 20 teeth. Bowel and bladder control. They start from walking independently to running, jumping, and climbing. This can be hard for the parents since the activity of a toddler is toward investigating and searching out new things.

Cognitive Development: Toddlers gain language skills and begin to speak in sentences. Able to understand simple instructions or requests. They begin to learn ideas, attitudes, and values. Toddlers also believe that their point of view is the only one, which can lead to temper tantrums.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt: Develop confidence in their abilities to care for themselves (autonomy) when toddlers get encouragement to investigate their environment. Parents who are over protective may lead to the development of doubt and shame in their toddler, which can lead to sense of general inadequacy.

Care Considerations: Firm approach, maintain safety, and provide them healthy foods. Involve them in their case by letting them to make choices when it is possible.

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Physical Development: Preschoolers start to become taller and thinner than toddlers. Their self-care increases and starts to be able to dress themselves. Motor sensory development improved the sense of balance, which allows preschoolers to skip and jump in a coordinated manner and allow them to learn skills such as jumping rope and skating.

Cognitive Development: Speak quite well in sentences. They start to develop on being aware of other people who are not in their immediate environment.  Preschoolers assume that everyone thinks as they do. They are able to count, recite the alphabet, and recall their address and phone number.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Initiative vs. Guilt: Preschoolers develop confidence as a toddler and initiate their own learning. They discover new activities and knowledge and strive to understand new activities. A sense of guilt will develop if their parents severely control, criticize, or scold them for their attempts.

Care Considerations: Supervise them, explain procedures and unfamiliar objects, and allow them to make choices when it is possible. Encourage verbalization skills.

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Physical Development: The body continues to develop at ages between 10 and 12 years with the beginning of puberty (the period in life when boys and girls become functionally capable of reproduction). Their permanent teeth starts to erupt at the stage of growth. The motor sensory skills become well-coordinated and acquire grace and agility.

Cognitive Development: Develop logical thinking and able to see things from different view. Attention span increased and pride is taken in personal accomplishment. Children at this stage reason, problem solve, learn to follow rules and acquire a sense of morality to guide them.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Industry vs. Inferiority: Experience the satisfaction of successfully completing tasks. School-age child prefer friends to family and they are influenced by the approval of their peers. If they are not accepted or they don't meet the expectations of family, they will sense inferiority and lack of self-worth may develop.

Care Considerations: Sense of belonging, provide them privacy, give them support, and enforce behavior limits. Encourage them to be independent. Educate them with clear, and simple visual aids.

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Physical Development: There are physical changes as maturation of the reproductive systems happen. The motor sensory skills improve, therefore awkwardness in the gross motor skill is evident. They may easily become fatigued with activities and requires rest and sleep.

Cognitive Development: Acquire large qualities of knowledge and able to use reasoning skills. They are able to reflect, and begin to form their philosophy and future professional identity. Adolescents are exposed to stress.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Identify vs. Role Confusion: Adolescents are interested in tremendous changes in their bodies and starts to be confused about their identities as they move from child (dependent) to adult (independent). Mood swings are common as a result of hormonal changes. They may try different roles such as rebellion, in the search for their identity as they start to work through who they are and who they will be. They will lack a sense of who they are if they are unable to determine their identity and direction (role confusion).

Care Considerations: Family time, self-care, rest, relaxation, and respecting their decisions. Do not mention anything about them where they can overhear the conversation.

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Physical Development: Physical functioning peaks on their 30s and starts to diminish slowly as aging goes on. The skin begins to lose moisture, gastrointestinal secretions diminish, and problems with weight may start. Motor sensory skills peak during this time and begin to decline. The muscular strength peaks in the 20s and 30s and starts to decline after mid 30s. The visual and auditory senses begin to also decline.

Cognitive Development: Cognitive functioning, develops problem solving skills and their creativity are excellent.

Erickson' s Stage of Development:
Intimacy vs. Isolation: Their task is to accomplish the transition from dependency to responsibility, make commitments, and start to establish themselves in society. Their responsibilities can be extensive and might form an initiate relationship, having or raising children, obtaining advanced education, and starting a career. They might fear making commitments to others that may lead to isolation and loneliness.

Care Considerations: Special approach and decision making process. Watch their body language for clues regarding to their feelings. Check them out when they are stress resulting from the multiple roles and responsibilities of this stage.

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Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years of age)

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Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years of age)

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Physical Development: Their physical abilities continue to diminish. Muscle mass, bone, physical endurance starts to decline. The skin loses a little elasticity. Wrinkles start to form and important body systems start to deteriorate. Middle adults may start to have physical health concerns. Chronic illness (health problems of a long duration in which the disease or condition shows little changes or slowly gets progressively worse) may start during this period. The motor sensory skills start to decline. Their reflexes, muscles, and joints respond fast. The balance and coordination and more prolonged response decreased.

Cognitive Development: Cognitive abilities are still kind of strong. Memory and problem-solving abilities remain consistent until the late middle years.

Erickson' s Stage of Development:
Generativity vs. Stagnation: Concerns should be shifted from the ego to the generation, and friendships and communication should be more active. Health issues may develop if their children leave home. Many individuals experience "midlife crisis." Stagnation may occur if individuals are unable to establish their worth or recognize their contribution to the world.

Care Considerations: Encourage self-care and lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, improving nutrition and increasing exercise to help reduce the effects of natural age-related decline.

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Physical Development: Physical decline continues to happen, muscular, bone, and reproductive organ atrophy, as well as a weakened immune system. The cardiac, renal, and immune systems also decreased. Peripheral (arms and legs) circulation leads to less tolerance for heat and cold. The motor sensory skills continue to decrease. The visual, auditory, gustatory, and olfactory senses decline. Tolerant pain decreases, physical responses are slower, and a few motor skills diminish.

Cognitive Development: They start to develop dementia. After age 80, others retain and also develop their problem-solving and creative skills.

Erickson's Stage of Development:
Ego Integrity vs. Despair: Many challenges are continuing to change that began in middle adulthood such as retirement, loss of spouse and friends, new family roles (becoming in-laws and grandparents as children marry), and increases concerns about their health. They start to review the events of their lives and successes and failure. A sense of ego integrity will be experienced if they experience a sense of satisfaction and pleasure from the events of their lives. A sense of sadness and despair will also occur if the review is interpreted as a series of failures and disappointments.

Care Considerations: Support their end-of-life decisions by giving them information and resources. Provide them care to keep skin integrity and regular bowel movements.