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''James Chadwick– Ein aussergewöhnlich intelligentes Kind''

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''James Chadwick– Ein aussergewöhnlich intelligentes Kind''

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Discovery of the Neutron (James Chadwick - 1932)

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Sir James Chadwick (1891-1974) was an English physicist and winner of the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics.

James Chadwick began his academic studies at the University of Manchester under the tutelage of Ernest Rutherford. Here, he earned his B.S. in 1911 and his MSc in 1913. Chadwick then decided to take up research under Hans Geiger in Berlin. His intention was to study beta radiation, but shortly into this endeavor, World War I broke out and the German government imprisoned Chadwick in the Ruhleben internment camp for four years.

Aided by sympathetic German soldiers, Chadwick was able construct experiments even while imprisoned during the war. When the war came to a close, Chadwick returned to England and continued research under his previous advisor Ernest Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. There, he received his doctorate in 1921 and remained with the laboratory until he moved to the University of Liverpool in 1935.

SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS

Chadwick is best known for his discovery of the neutron in 1932. A neutron is a particle with no electric charge that, along with positively charged protons, makes up an atom's nucleus. Bombarding elements with neutrons can succeed in penetrating and splitting nuclei, generating an enormous amount of energy. In this way, Chadwick's findings were pivotal to the discovery of nuclear fission, and ultimately the development of the atomic bomb. For more on Chadwick's scientific contributions, please visit the Nobel Prize website.

WORLD WAR II

Chadwick was a member of the British MAUD Committee, which concluded that the creation of nuclear weapons was possible and even inevitable. This supposition contributed towards President Roosevelt's decision to build the atomic bomb. Additionally, Chadwick was an integral figure in the Tube Alloy Project-the codename for the British program to devise and develop nuclear weapons. His overtures to government officials in the UK and US were central to UK-US cooperation.

From 1943 to 1946, Chadwick headed the British Mission to the Manhattan Project. He also served as the technical advisor to the US-Canadian-UK Combined Policy Committee, which coordinated control of the project between the three nations involved. In 1944, Chadwick moved his family to the Project's main research facility in Los Alamos. Finding the housing conditions distasteful, his twin daughters objected to the move, and so the family relocated to Washington D.C. where he continued to contribute to the Project's efforts.

Chadwick formed a particularly congenial relationship with General Leslie Groves during the war. The two's friendship aided British efforts to maintain strong support with the United States throughout the Manhattan Project. Chadwick was the only civilian-and non-American-allowed to access the entirety of the Manhattan Project's research, data, and production plants.

Throughout the war, Chadwick drafted agreements to supply uranium for the Manhattan Project. Additionally, he observed the first atomic explosion, known as the Trinity test. Because of Chadwick's insistence, British observers were allowed to be present at the bombing of Nagasaki.

POSTWAR

Shortly after the war ended, Chadwick became an outspoken advocate for the United Kingdom to acquire a nuclear stockpile of its own. He was appointed to the British Advisory Committee on Atomic Energy (ACEA) and served as the UK delegate to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission. Patrick Blackett, another Nobel laureate and eminent British scientist, vehemently opposed Chadwick's argument for British atomic capability. Ultimately, though, Chadwick won out and the United Kingdom pursued its own nuclear arsenal.

Chadwick became the Master of Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge University in 1948. He resided in this administrative position for the remainder of his career. He took up retirement in North Wales beginning in 1958. He eventually moved back to Cambridge, where he passed away in 1974.

In addition to receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics, James Chadwick was knighted in 1945. He was awarded the US Medal of Merit in 1946 and the Copley Prize by the British Royal Society in 1950.

Additional Resources:
Excerpt from Great Lives from History Scientists and Science by Joseph Spradley Chadwick's Famous "Possible Existence of a Neutron"

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Sir James Chadwick (1891-1974) was an English physicist and winner of the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics.James Chadwick began his academic studies at the University of Manchester under the tutelage of Ernest Rutherford. Here, he earned his B.S. in 1911 and his MSc in 1913. Chadwick then decided to take...

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Ist die Physik auserforscht? | Harald Lesch | Terra X Lesch & Co

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Er besuchte zunächst die Bollington Cross C of E Primary School und später die Central Grammar School for Boys in Manchester.[1] Im Jahr 1908 begann er ein Physikstudium an der University of Manchester, wo er 1911 seinen Abschluss machte.

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https://www.saw-leipzig.de/de/mitglieder/chadwickj

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Who discovered neutron | James Chadwick | Discovery of neutron | Physic Topic

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Neutronensterne: Fast so krass wie schwarze Löcher

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Das Neutron ist ein elektrisch neutrales Baryon mit dem Formelzeichen n.
Es ist neben dem Proton Bestandteil fast aller Atomkerneund somit der uns vertrauten Materie. Neutron und Proton, gemeinsam Nukleonen genannt, gehören als Naryonen zu den Fermionen und Hadronen.
1932 gelang Chadwick durch den Beschuss von Berylliumatomen mit Alphateilchen der experimentelle Nachweis für die Existenz des Neutrons, die seit Erforschung der Isotope in den 1920er Jahren vorausgesagt wurden war.
Er veröffentlichte in der Zeitung "Nature" am 27.02.1932 einen Artikel über seine Erforschung der Existenz des Neutrons.
Für seine Leistung erhielt er 1935 den Nobelpreis für Physik. Die Reaktion welche Chadwick theorethisch erklären konnte- also die Produktion eines eines freien Neutrons aus Beryllium und einem Heliumkern- in heutiger Notation 9Be(α,n)12C- dient heute noch im Labormasststab als Neutronenquelle.
Chadwicks Entdeckung des Neutrons kann als Paradigmenwechsel in der Teilchenphysik angesehen werden.

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Datei:Neutron quark structure.svg - Wikipedia

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aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie Die folgende Seite verwendet diese Datei: Die nachfolgenden anderen Wikis verwenden diese Datei: Verwendung auf ar.wikipedia.org Verwendung auf ast.wikipedia.org Verwendung auf de.wikibooks.org Verwendung auf en.wikipedia.org Weitere globale Verwendungen dieser Datei anschauen.

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Andrew Brown: The neutron and the bomb: a biography of Sir James Chadwick. Oxford University Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-19-853992-6, S. 4.

James Chadwick. The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935. The Nobel Foundation, 1935, abgerufen am 1. Juni 2010 (englisch).

Mark Oliphant: The beginning: Chadwick and the neutron. In: Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Band 38, Nr. 10. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc., 1982, S. 14 (eingeschränkte Vorschau in der Google-Buchsuche [abgerufen am 1. Juni 2010]).

J. Chadwick, E. S. Bieler: The collisions of α particles with hydrogen nuclei. In: Philosophical Magazine Series 6. Band 42, Nr. 252, 1921, S. 923–940, doi:10.1080/14786442108633834 (Hinweis auf starke Wechselwirkung).

James Chadwick: Possible Existence of a Neutron. In: Nature. Band 129, Nr. 3252, 27. Februar 1932, S. 312, doi:10.1038/129312a0 (Online [abgerufen am 8. Januar 2021]).

James Chadwick: The Existence of a Neutron. In: Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character. Band 136, Nr. 830, 1. Mai 1932, S. 692–708 (Online (Memento vom 24. Oktober 2005 im Internet Archive) [abgerufen am 1. Juni 2010]).

Verzeichnis der Mitglieder: Sir James Chadwick in: Orden pour le Mérite für Wissenschaften und Künste, 1842-2002, Bleicher Verlag, Gerlingen, 2002, ISBN 3-88350-175-1

Chadwick (Mondkrater) im Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature der IAU (WGPSN) / USGS

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James Chadwick (1891-1974) came from a humble background: his father was a cotton spinner. He was accepted in the physics department of Sir Ernest Rutherford at Manchester University in 1908 on a scholarship, and soon started publishing new findings about radioactivity. This led to a traveling scholarship to Berlin, where he made the important discovery of the continuous spectrum of β-particles. When the World War I broke out, Chadwick was interned by the Germans as an enemy alien for the next four years, but continued experiments in the prison camp.

On his return to England in broken health, Rutherford invited Chadwick to join the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge where he became Rutherford's deputy and oversaw much groundbreaking physics research over the next 15 years. Chadwick concentrated on finding evidence for the neutron, an uncharged nuclear particle whose existence was first proposed by Rutherford in 1920. Having noticed anomalous results from the Curie laboratory in Paris in 1932, Chadwick used simple bench-top apparatus to convince himself, after weeks of intense observations, that he had definite evidence for the existence of the neutron. The Nobel Prize for physics followed in 1935; that year he moved to Liverpool University to head his own department.

At the outbreak of World War II, the feasibility of atomic bombs of unprecedented explosive power was already being discussed. Chadwick drafted the British MAUD committee's historic reports in the summer of 1941 which concluded that atomic bombs were indeed feasible with sufficient industrial capacity. In wartime Britain this was impossible, but in 1943 Chadwick moved to the US as head of the British scientists working on the Manhattan Project. He formed an unlikely alliance with its leader, General Leslie Groves, and became an adroit scientist-diplomat. Witnessing the first explosion of a plutonium-fueled device at the Trinity Test shattered him. Chadwick believed that dropping atomic bombs on Japanese cities was justified but the development of nuclear weapons as an unintended consequence of his discovery of the neutron caused him deep personal anguish.

"Until this excellent book by Andrew Brown, [Chadwick] has remained the most shadowy of the atomic scientists who, for better or worse, gave the human species mastery over nuclear energy." - Nigel Calder, New Scientist

"Andrew Brown's biography beautifully reveals [Chadwick's] scientific, diplomatic and personal achievements." - Roger H Stuewer, Physics Today

"I can warmly recommend this book to all interested in the life of a remarkable scientist who played a crucial role in a formative period of the modern world." - Hermann Bondi, Times Higher Education Supplement

"This is the biography of a physicist who made one of the most important discoveries in nuclear physics, but retained to his old age the shyness of a young lad... Andrew Brown takes us through Chadwick's life as an adventure... I found it a very good read." - Hans Bethe, American Journal of Physics

"The tale of so sterling a character, even when told as well as in this book, may be a little short on light moments, but any reader interested in the evolution of physics from an academic passion to a leading role on the world stage will find it a fascinating story and a worthy tribute to a great scientist." - Brian Pippard, Nature

"... makes absorbing reading... more than the life story of a remarkable man... unfolds the tremendous transformation that science underwent in the 20th century." -Joseph Rotblat

"... avidly researched and artfully written... This biography... blends elegantly direct scientific descriptions with often witty episodes and character summaries." - William Lanouette, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists

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The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of Sir James Chadwick

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James Chadwick (1891-1974) came from a humble background: his father was a cotton spinner. He was accepted in the physics department of Sir Ernest Rutherford at Manchester University in 1908 on a scholarship, and soon started publishing new findings about radioactivity.

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Sir James Chadwick, geboren am 20. Oktober 1891 in Bollington(Cheshire) England. Er war das erste Kind von John Joseph Chadwick und Anne Mary Knowles. Er hatte 2 jüngere Brüder, Harry und Hubert, seine Schwester starb als Fehlgeburt. Er selbst starb am 24. Juli 1974 in Cambridge, England. Er war mit einer Dame namens Aileen Stewart Brown verheiratet.
Im Jahre 1945 wurde er zum Ritter geschlagen,wegen seinem Dienst in der Physik.