# data[].attributes.body
Translation competence is a set of interrelated skills, knowledge, and abilities that enable a translator to effectively render meaning from a source language into a target language while preserving accuracy, functionality, and cultural relevance. It goes far beyond simple bilingualism and involves linguistic, cognitive, cultural, ethical, and technological dimensions.

# data[].attributes.headline
Traditionally, scholars distinguish several basic components of translation competence:

# data[].attributes.subject
Traditionally, scholars distinguish several basic components of translation competence:

# data[].attributes.body
Linguistic competence – mastery of both source and target languages, including grammar, register, idioms, and stylistic variation.

Cultural competence – understanding and transferring culture-specific elements, references, and values.

Research and technological competence – ability to employ dictionaries, corpora, terminology databases, and digital tools.

Strategic competence – problem-solving skills in situations of ambiguity, time pressure, or incomplete information.

# data[].attributes.headline
However, recent approaches highlight the importance of additional, less conventional competences:

# data[].attributes.subject
However, recent approaches highlight the importance of additional, less conventional competences:

# data[].attributes.body
Emotional competence – reproducing irony, humor, or emotional nuance of the original text.

Ethical competence – maintaining confidentiality, impartiality, and professional integrity.

Creativity competence – applying imaginative solutions in literary, marketing, and audiovisual translation.

Intersemiotic competence – transferring meaning across different modes of communication (verbal ↔ visual, auditory, or symbolic).

# data[].attributes.body
“Translation competence is not a static knowledge of two languages, but a dynamic, integrated ability that evolves with practice.”

— Kelly, 2005

# data[].attributes.body
A translator must integrate all these competences simultaneously. For instance, linguistic knowledge ensures correct grammar, while cultural competence prevents misinterpretations of culturally bound references. Technological skills help maintain terminological consistency in specialized fields, whereas strategic competence allows translators to adapt flexibly when challenges arise. At the same time, unusual competences such as emotional, ethical, or intersemiotic abilities illustrate how translation practice has evolved to meet the demands of globalization, intercultural communication, and digital media.

# data[].attributes.body
Translation competence is an integration of linguistic mastery, cultural awareness, strategic thinking, ethical responsibility, and creativity. In the modern world, translators must also develop technological and intersemiotic competences, making them not only language experts, but also cultural mediators and problem-solvers.

# data[].attributes.body
Nord, C. (1997). Translating as a Purposeful Activity: Functionalist Approaches Explained. Routledge.

Kiraly, D. (2014). A Social Constructivist Approach to Translator Education. St. Jerome.