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Behaviorism is the theory that learning is constituted by observable and reinforceable changes in response or behavior. Behaviorism holds that environmental stimuli are key to learning and that different types of reinforcement can strengthen or weaken responses.

Image: Pigeons in Skinner Boxes. Credit: Bettmann Archive / Getty Images via VeryWell Mind

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Wilhelm Wundt: Early psychologist who originated some introspective experimental methods

B.F. Skinner: Advanced theories of conditioning with the famous Skinner box for animal testing

John B. Watson: Popularized behaviorism; known for controversial experiments on children

Edward L. Thorndike: Known for puzzle experiments with cats and trial-and-error focused theories

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Behaviorist theory is used in:

Classroom settings to get children's attention through learned call-and-response

Educational games and apps to keep users engaged through dopamine-inducing sound effects and rewards

Reinforcing through feedback on knowledge checks and quiz questions

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Cognitivism is the theory that learning is constituted primarily by internal processing of information in the brain. Cognitivism holds that internal factors including memory state and the acquisition of knowledge are key to the process of learning.

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Constructivism is the theory that learning takes places when students build meaning from the knowledge they are processing. Constructivism holds that context, experiences, and active participation are all important in the learning process.

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G. Snelbecker: Early cognitivist who advocated for theories of complex mental processing

Jean Piaget: Swiss psychologist who studied childhood development of cognition

Albert Bandura: Known for observation learning "Bobo doll" experiments

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Jean Piaget: Piaget's theories bridged cognitivism and constructivism

Jerome Bruner: Known for his research on the active processes of sensation and perception

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Cognitivist theory is used in:

Aligning tasks and materials with learners' cognitive developmental stage

Teacher and peer modeling to help students process behavioral learning

Role-plays and virtual reality simulations to allow learners to observe situations and consequences of choices

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Constructivist theory is used in:

Designing tasks that allow students to relate their own cultural background or experiences to the knowledge being learned

Projects designs like case studies that allow learners to solve complex problems collaboratively