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Solomons, T. W. G., & Fryhle, C. B. (2011). Organic chemistry (10th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

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Khan Academy. (2020, September 15). Alcohol functional groups and properties [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exampleURL

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(Group) List ONE problem encountered for this experiment 

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(Group) List ONE problem encountered for this experiment 

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The presence of contaminants in Bromine water may affect the accuracy of the results. For instance, Bromine water contains impurities.

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Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas test.

1) The Lucas Test employs a reagent made of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid, which facilitates the reaction necessary for identifying the type of alcohol present.

During the test, alcohols undergo a reaction where the hydroxyl group is replaced by a chloride ion, resulting in the formation of an alkyl chloride. A positive result is indicated by the appearance of two distinct layers: an aqueous layer and a cloudy layer containing the alkyl chloride. The cloudy layer signals that the alcohol has reacted, and its formation is influenced by the type of alcohol, with tertiary alcohols reacting the fastest.

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The formation of two layers in the Lucas test is due to the difference in polarity between reaction products. When alcohol reacts with HCI in Zinc Chloride, an alkyl chloride and water is formed. Alkyl chloride is non-polar and insoluble in water, thus forming a separate organic layer.

Chemical test:Lucas test

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Group A

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PART B ~ OXIDATION WITH SODIUM  DICHROMATE

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PART B ~ OXIDATION WITH SODIUM  DICHROMATE

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Table of observation

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OBSERVATION PART A ( LUCAS TEST) - Group A

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OBSERVATION PART A ( LUCAS TEST) - Group A

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C) Confirmatory test for phenol

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B) Oxidation with sodium dichromate

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A) Lucas Test

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Bromine water

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Phenol

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Glacial acetic acid

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Concentrated H2S04

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1.) KOGHULAN A/L THANABALAN

2.) YUGENTRADESAN A/L JEGADESAN (MS2417121690)

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2-methyl-2-propanol

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1.Lim Yuan Ping

2. Wong Yi Cheng

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The observation was recorded.

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2. Bromine water was added dropwise until a precipitate was formed.

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Lucas reagent

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1.Approximately 1.0 mL of phenol solution was placed in a test tube.

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4. The color change was recorded.

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Ethanol

1-Butanol

2-Butanol

Alcohol X

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The test tubes were heated in a water bath at 70°C–80°C.

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3. 3 drops of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, and alcohol X were added to each of the mixtures accordingly

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2. 2 to 3 drops of concentrated H₂SO₄ were added to the Na₂Cr₂O₇ solution in the fume cupboard.

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1. 5 mL of 0.04 M Na₂Cr₂O₇ solution was placed in 4 separate test tubes.

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The class of alcohol X was deduced

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5. The observation and the time taken for the reaction to occur were recorded.

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4. If no change occurred within 10 minutes, the test tubes were placed in a water bath at 70°C–80°C.

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3. Each test tube was stoppered and shaken.

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2. 2 mL of Lucas reagent was added into each test tube.

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(A) Lucas Test

1. Approximately 1 mL of 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, and alcohol X were placed in 4 separate test tubes.

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Research: Use the internet to find about 1 of the following.

Write 100–150 words summarizing your research or create a simple infographic. ( CHOOSE ONE)

1. Alcohols in Daily Life

Examples:

Find three common products in daily life that contain alcohols (e.g., ethanol in hand sanitizers or methanol in fuels).

Identify the type of alcohol present in these products and explain its purpose.

2. Beneficial Reactions of Alcohols

Examples:

Research one industrial process or reaction involving alcohols that benefits society (e.g., ethanol as a biofuel, glycerol in cosmetics).

Explain how the reaction works and why it is significant in daily life.

3. Sustainability and Green Chemistry

Examples:

Investigate how alcohols are used in sustainable or eco-friendly products.

Identify one green chemistry innovation involving alcohols (e.g., renewable ethanol production from biomass).

4. Medicinal and Health Applications

Examples:

Explore the role of alcohols in medicines (e.g., isopropanol as an antiseptic, ethanol in tinctures).

Research the pros and cons of using alcohols in these contexts.

5. Functional Group Transformations

Examples:

Find a real-world application of alcohol oxidation or reduction reactions.

Explain how the product of these reactions (e.g., aldehydes or ketones) is used in practical applications.

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Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas test.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-butanol and cyclobutanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

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Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas test.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-pentanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

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Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas test.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-propanol and 2-methyl-2-propanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

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Explain the formation of two layers in the Lucas test.

Suggest the chemical test to differentiate 1-propanol and 2-propanol. Include chemical equations and observations to support your suggestion.

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Question 4

C.)Orange solution turns green

Question 5

D.)Arrange the chemical reagent in orderly

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Question 2

B.) To identify class of alcohol

Question 3

C.) 2-methyl-2-butanol

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B.)Homolytic cleavage

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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(Group) Identify two precautions to improve the reliability of the experiment al results 

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1.Avoid direct contact with bromine water: Bromine is highly reactive and can cause burns. Use a dropper carefully and dispose of the bromine water safely according to lab protocols.

2.Maintain proper temperature control: When using the water bath (70–80°C), ensure the test tubes are not overheated to avoid accidents or decomposition of reagents. Always monitor the temperature using a thermometer.

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(Group) List ONE problem encountered for this experiment 

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(Group) List ONE problem encountered for this experiment 

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Accidental spills of corrosive chemicals can cause burns or harmful fume exposure if safety precautions are ignored.

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You are required to fill in the blanks and make correct equation..

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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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(Individual) All 4 students must submit their discussion separately.  Write your name as the subject 

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Compare and contrast the 3 classes of alcohol- include drawings, specific examples 

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Compare and contrast the 3 classes of alcohol- include drawings, specific examples 

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https://youtu.be/n8JW-8Yvi_E?si=6vOZKGvAqzV3LVph

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Record a 30s video saying what you have learned or gained from this experiment.