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Discover the Evolution of Computing: A Journey Through Technology

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Discover the Evolution of Computing: A Journey Through Technology

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Discover the Evolution of Computing: A Journey Through Technology (17 Minutes)

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How your environment impacts your outcomes in life ?

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How your environment impacts your outcomes in life ?

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How your environment impacts your outcomes in life | Paul Gleeson | TEDxTallaght

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The Story That Shapes Your Relationship with Nature 

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The Story That Shapes Your Relationship with Nature 

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The Story That Shapes Your Relationship with Nature | Damon Gameau | TED

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How do we understand the world in which we live?

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How do we understand the world in which we live?

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Definition:

An inquiry into scientific and technical innovation explores the following areas:

• The natural world and its laws

• The interaction between people and the natural world

• How humans use their understanding of scientific principles

• The impact of scientific and technological advances of communities and environments

• The impact of environments on human activity

• How humans adapt environments to their needs

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Natural Law Theory: Crash Course Philosophy #34

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Whether it was mechanical inventions or new ways of doing old things, innovations powered the Industrial Revolution.

Subjects

Social Studies, World History

Image

Steam Engine Queens Mill

The use of steam-powered machines in cotton production pushed Britain's economic development from 1750 to 1850. Built more than 100 years ago, this steam engine still powers the Queens Mill textile factory in Burnley, England, United Kingdom.

Photograph by Ashley Cooper

It has been said that the Industrial Revolution was the most profound revolution in human history, because of its sweeping impact on people's daily lives. The term "industrial revolution" is a succinct catchphrase to describe a historical period, starting in 18th-century Great Britain, where the pace of change appeared to speed up. This acceleration in the processes of technical innovation brought about an array of new tools and machines. It also involved more subtle practical improvements in various fields affecting labor, production, and resource use. The word "technology" (which derives from the Greek word techne, meaning art or craft) encompasses both of these dimensions of innovation.

The technological revolution, and that sense of ever-quickening change, began much earlier than the 18th century and has continued all the way to the present day. Perhaps what was most unique about the Industrial Revolution was its merger of technology with industry. Key inventions and innovations served to shape virtually every existing sector of human activity along industrial lines, while also creating many new industries. The following are some key examples of the forces driving change.

Agriculture

Western European farming methods had been improving gradually over the centuries. Several factors came together in 18th-century Britain to bring about a substantial increase in agricultural productivity. These included new types of equipment, such as the seed drill developed by Jethro Tull around 1701. Progress was also made in crop rotation and land use, soil health, development of new crop varieties, and animal husbandry. The result was a sustained increase in yields, capable of feeding a rapidly growing population with improved nutrition. The combination of factors also brought about a shift toward large-scale commercial farming, a trend that continued into the 19th century and later. Poorer peasants had a harder time making ends meet through traditional subsistence farming. The enclosure movement, which converted common-use pasture land into private property, contributed to this trend toward market-oriented agriculture. A great many rural workers and families were forced by circumstance to migrate to the cities to become industrial laborers.

Energy

Deforestation in England had led to a shortage of wood for lumber and fuel starting in the 16th century. The country's transition to coal as a principal energy source was more or less complete by the end of the 17th century. The mining and distribution of coal set in motion some of the dynamics that led to Britain's industrialization. The coal-fired steam engine was in many respects the decisive technology of the Industrial Revolution.

Steam power was first applied to pump water out of coal mines. For centuries, windmills had been employed in the Netherlands for the roughly similar operation of draining low-lying flood plains. Wind was, and is, a readily available and renewable energy source, but its irregularity was considered a drawback. Water power was a more popular energy source for grinding grain and other types of mill work in most of preindustrial Europe. By the last quarter of the 18th century, however, thanks to the work of the Scottish engineer James Watt and his business partner Matthew Boulton, steam engines achieved a high level of efficiency and versatility in their design. They swiftly became the standard power supply for British, and, later, European industry. The steam engine turned the wheels of mechanized factory production. Its emergence freed manufacturers from the need to locate their factories on or near sources of water power. Large enterprises began to concentrate in rapidly growing industrial cities.

In this time-honored craft, Britain's wood shortage necessitated a switch from wood charcoal to coke, a coal product, in the Metallurgy smelting process. The substitute fuel eventually proved highly beneficial for iron production. Experimentation led to some other advances in metallurgical methods during the 18th century. For example, a certain type of furnace that separated the coal and kept it from contaminating the metal, and a process of "puddling" or stirring the molten iron, both made it possible to produce larger amounts of wrought iron. Wrought iron is more malleable than cast iron and therefore more suitable for fabricating machinery and other heavy industrial applications.

Textiles

The production of fabrics, especially cotton, was fundamental to Britain's economic development between 1750 and 1850. Those are the years historians commonly use to bracket the Industrial Revolution. In this period, the organization of cotton production shifted from a small-scale cottage industry, in which rural families performed spinning and weaving tasks in their homes, to a large, mechanized, factory-based industry. The boom in productivity began with a few technical devices, including the spinning jenny, spinning mule, and power loom. First human, then water, and finally steam power were applied to operate power looms, carding machines, and other specialized equipment. Another well-known innovation was the cotton gin, invented in the United States in 1793. This device spurred an increase in cotton cultivation and export from U.S. slave states, a key British supplier.

Chemicals

This industry arose partly in response to the demand for improved bleaching solutions for cotton and other manufactured textiles. Other chemical research was motivated by the quest for artificial dyes, explosives, solvents, fertilizers, and medicines, including pharmaceuticals. In the second half of the 19th century, Germany became the world's leader in industrial chemistry.

Transportation

Concurrent with the increased output of agricultural produce and manufactured goods arose the need for more efficient means of delivering these products to market. The first efforts toward this end in Europe involved constructing improved overland roads. Canals were dug in both Europe and North America to create maritime corridors between existing waterways. Steam engines were recognized as useful in locomotion, resulting in the emergence of the steamboat in the early 19th century. High-pressure steam engines also powered railroad locomotives, which operated in Britain after 1825. Railways spread rapidly across Europe and North America, extending to Asia in the latter half of the 19th century. Railroads became one of the world's leading industries as they expanded the frontiers of industrial society.

Media Credits

The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited.

Director

Tyson Brown, National Geographic Society

Production Managers

Gina Borgia, National Geographic Society

Jeanna Sullivan, National Geographic Society

Program Specialists

Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society, National Geographic Society

Margot Willis, National Geographic Society

other

Last Updated

October 19, 2023

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Whether it was mechanical inventions or new ways of doing old things, innovations powered the Industrial Revolution.

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Human Impact on the Environment (2024 report)

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Human Impact on the Environment (2024 report)

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As we stand at the acceptance crossroads of the 21st century, it has become increasingly evident that human activities have far-reaching consequences for the environment and it is not a debate anymore about how humans impact their environment. From the fast expansion of industrialization to the human population's impact on the environment, our presence on Earth has left a mark. The delicate balance of nature that has sustained life on this planet for centuries is now strained, as we face issues such as human impact on ecosystems, climate change, habitat loss, and resource depletion.

Do Human Activities Really Affect the Environment?

The debate on whether human activities truly affect the environment has long been settled within the scientific community. Overwhelming evidence points to the fact that human actions have far-reaching consequences on our planet. The ways humans impact the environment extend from local and regional impacts to global-scale changes, influencing everything from weather patterns to the survival of entire species.

The Environmental Cost of Human Actions in Numbers

To truly grasp the extent of human impact on the environment, we need to examine the numbers. Data and statistics provide us with a quantifiable perspective on the consequences of our actions. Let's explore some key figures that illustrate the environmental cost of human activities:

Ecological Footprint Statistics

The concept of the ecological footprint provides us with a comprehensive measure of the human effects on the environment. It shows the amount of natural resources and ecosystem services necessary to sustain our current lifestyles.

As we examine ecological footprint statistics, it becomes apparent that the global demand for resources has been on a steady rise. According to the latest data from Global Footprint Network, humanity's ecological footprint now exceeds the Earth's biocapacity - the planet's ability to regenerate natural resources. In 2022, the global ecological footprint was estimated to be 1.7 times the Earth's biocapacity. This means that it takes the Earth approximately 1.7 years to regenerate what we consume in just one year.

Carbon Footprint

Carbon footprint measures the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by people, events, organizations, or products, expressed as carbon dioxide equivalent. The carbon footprint is a crucial indicator of how human activities contribute to climate change. The burning of fossil fuels for energy, transportation, and industrial processes releases carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These gases trap heat and lead to global warming, disrupting climate patterns and causing extreme weather events.

As of the most recent data available, the global carbon footprint continues to be a significant driver of climate change. In 2021, global carbon dioxide emissions reached 36.4 billion metric tons, marking a concerning increase from previous years. This surge in emissions is primarily attributed to the recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, with economic activities and energy consumption still rebounding. This underscores the urgent need for accelerated efforts to transition to renewable and low-carbon energy sources, improve transportation efficiency, and implement sustainable practices to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change effectively.

Biodiversity Footprint

Biodiversity footprint measures the impact of human activities on the planet's biodiversity, including species loss and habitat destruction. The biodiversity footprint highlights how human actions are driving species to extinction and degrading natural habitats. Activities like deforestation, urbanization, and agriculture destroy ecosystems, displacing wildlife and reducing biodiversity.

Recent biodiversity assessments reveal alarming data. The latest reports indicate that approximately one million plant and animal species are currently threatened with extinction. This represents a catastrophic biodiversity crisis that is primarily caused by human impact on the environment. Habitat destruction, overexploitation, pollution, and invasive species are among the key drivers of species decline. The loss of biodiversity not only diminishes the planet's natural heritage but also disrupts ecosystem services vital for human well-being, including food security, clean water, and climate regulation.

Waste Footprint

Waste footprint measures the amount of waste generated by people, organizations, or countries. The waste footprint underscores the issue of excessive waste generation and improper disposal. Landfills overflow with non-biodegradable materials, plastics pollute oceans, and electronic waste poses environmental and health hazards.

Recent data reveals the staggering extent of the global waste problem. In 2019, the world generated approximately 931 million metric tons of municipal solid waste, a number projected to increase to 3.40 billion metric tons by 2050 if current trends persist. Plastic waste, a particularly concerning component, continues to accumulate in oceans, with estimates suggesting that by 2050, there could be more plastic than fish by weight in the world's oceans.

Planetary Boundaries

This concept identifies nine global priorities relating to human-induced changes to the environment. Science shows that these processes and systems regulate the stability and resilience of the Earth System - the interactions of land, ocean, atmosphere, and life that together provide conditions upon which our societies and future depend. The concept of planetary boundaries emphasizes that there are limits to the changes humans can impose on the environment and human impacts on Earth without triggering irreversible consequences. These boundaries include issues like climate change, ocean acidification, ozone depletion, and the loss of biosphere integrity.

Recent assessments underscore the urgency of staying within these planetary boundaries. For instance, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels is crucial to avoid catastrophic climate impacts. Recognizing the importance of these boundaries is a vital step in reevaluating our approach to the environment, and overall consumption while adopting sustainable practices to keep the planet for future generations safe and thriving.

Human Development Index (HDI)

While not directly measuring environmental impact, the HDI is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable, and having a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions. The HDI reflects the overall well-being of a population but does not directly account for environmental sustainability.

As of the latest data, the global average HDI score value declined - in 2021, many countries saw their Human Development Index scores go down. Even before the pandemic, people in numerous places were feeling increasingly insecure. Simultaneously, as we connect it with environmental concerns and their impact on our world, it becomes clear that a path of responsible management and sustainability is essential for thriving on a personal and collective level.

Environmental Performance Index (EPI)

This ranks countries on 24 performance indicators across ten issue categories covering environmental health and ecosystem vitality. The Environmental Performance Index assesses how well countries protect human health from environmental harm and safeguard ecosystems. It serves as a valuable tool for comparing environmental performance among nations. By evaluating a nation's efforts in areas such as air quality, water resources, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation, the EPI provides valuable insights into its environmental strengths and weaknesses. Additionally, the EPI fosters healthy competition among countries, encouraging the practice of innovative policies and sustainability for the betterment of both the environment and human well-being.

Positive Impact of Human Activities on the Environment

While human activities often get attention for their destructive effects on the environment, it's important to acknowledge the positive contributions we can make as well. Sustainable practices, conservation efforts, and technological advancements have the potential to help with environmental damage and even restore ecosystems. For example, activities like reforestation projects, the use of renewable energy sources, and the development of eco-friendly technologies are making significant strides in reducing our negative impact.

Negative Impact of Human Activities on the Environment

Regrettably, the negative impacts of human activities on the environment are numerous and far-reaching. These include deforestation, habitat destruction, air and water pollution, resource depletion, and the release of greenhouse gases, which are leading to climate change. Humans' impact on the environment also contributes to the loss of biodiversity, with species going extinct at an alarming rate.

Ways Humans are Damaging the Environment

The negative impact on the environment by human activity goes deep. For example, deforestation not only disrupts ecosystems but also contributes to climate change. Pollution, from industrial emissions to plastic waste in our oceans, poses a severe threat to the environment and human health. Resource extraction, urbanization, and agricultural practices further impact the environment in a negative way leading to dry land and species extinction.

How Businesses Contribute to Environmental Damage and Degradation

Businesses, both large and small, play a significant role in environmental impact. While they drive economic growth and innovation, they can also contribute to environmental damage through resource-draining operations, greenhouse gas emissions, and unsustainable supply chains. Acknowledging and addressing the impact of humans on climate change and other environmental problems is crucial for businesses committed to sustainability.

The Impact of Human Activities on Different Ecosystems like Forests, Rivers, and Lakes

Different ecosystems face unique challenges and threats due to humans impacting the environment and climate change. Human impacts on forests bring in damage through deforestation and logging. Human impact on lakes and human impacts on rivers include pollution, habitat alteration, and over-extraction of water resources. Understanding these ecosystem-specific impacts is essential for finding solutions.

Ideas to Minimize Human Impact on the Environment

Minimizing the negative impact of humans on the environment requires a multifaceted approach. It starts with individual choices, such as reducing energy consumption and waste, conserving water, and supporting sustainable products. Businesses can adopt eco-friendly practices, embrace renewable energy, and prioritize responsible sourcing and production.

Practical Ways to Reduce Your Business's Environmental Impact

In today's world, businesses are starting to recognize the importance of reducing their environmental footprint. As the global community is becoming more conscious of the human effects of climate change and resource depletion, adding sustainable practices has become a moral and economic responsibility to all. Fortunately, there are numerous practical ways for businesses to make a positive impact on the environment while also benefiting financially.

Businesses can take steps to optimize their energy usage by upgrading to energy-efficient lighting systems, implementing smart heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, and adopting renewable energy sources such as solar panels. These measures not only reduce a company's carbon footprint but also lead to cost savings through reduced energy bills. Win-win situation! Another aspect of reducing environmental impact is responsible waste management. Businesses can minimize waste generation by implementing recycling programs, reducing packaging materials, and reusing resources whenever possible. One more way to reduce business impact is through sustainable supply chain management. This involves selecting suppliers with strong and ethical environmental practices, reducing transportation emissions by sourcing locally, and choosing responsible sourcing of raw materials. This way businesses can not only reduce their own environmental footprint but also influence positive change throughout their supply chain.

There are several practical ways to reduce a business's environmental impact for companies of all sizes and industries. Keep in mind, that embracing sustainability benefits the environment, but also strengthens a company's reputation and long-term resilience in an ever-evolving business landscape. You want to be on the right side of history!

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Human Impact on the Environment (2024 report)

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What are the positive and negative impacts of human activities on the environment? How to minimize human impact on the environment?

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How Humans Use Scientific Principles to Drive Innovation and Progress

Human understanding of scientific principles allows us to analyze complex systems, create models, develop methods, and innovate solutions. This process reflects our ingenuity and adaptability, enabling us to progress and meet the ever-evolving challenges of our world.

Systems, Models, and Methods

Scientific principles help us break down the complexity of the world into manageable systems. For example:

Systems: The water cycle is a system that explains the movement of water through the environment. Understanding this helps us manage resources and predict weather patterns.

Models: Mathematical and computational models are used to study climate change, helping scientists predict future trends and design mitigation strategies.

Methods: The scientific method is a systematic approach to experimentation, ensuring discoveries are replicable and reliable.

Products, Processes, and Solutions

By applying science, humans develop products and processes that solve real-world problems:

Products: Vaccines are a result of understanding biology and chemistry, saving millions of lives.

Processes: Renewable energy technologies like solar panels use principles of physics to create sustainable power sources.

Solutions: Engineering projects such as building flood-resistant structures demonstrate how we adapt environments to human needs.

Adaptation, Ingenuity, and Progress

Adaptation and ingenuity drive progress by using scientific knowledge creatively:

Adaptation: Humans design structures like greenhouses to grow food in harsh climates, adapting environments to sustain life.

Ingenuity: Innovations like 3D printing use engineering and chemistry to revolutionize manufacturing.

Progress: The development of artificial intelligence showcases the integration of math, logic, and computer science to enhance productivity and solve complex problems.

Through this lens, scientific principles become the foundation for understanding, innovating, and progressing. By studying systems, creating models, and applying methods, humans continue to adapt to challenges and drive progress toward a sustainable and equitable future.

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Guiding Questions:

1. What is earthquake-resistant technology, and why is it important?

2. How scientific and technical innovation can help in all stages of disaster management (planning, preparedness, response and recovery) in an earthquake-prone region?

3. What are the main challenges in implementing earthquake-resistant technology in developing countries?

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Science News: The Japan Meteorological Agency alerted citizens about a possible ‘megaquake’ over 8 in magnitude within the next 70 years, causing the Prime Minister

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The Information Age: How the Internet Changed the World

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The Information Age: How the Internet Changed the World

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The Information Age: How the Internet Changed the World

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This report documents how the ongoing digital transformation is affecting people’s lives across the 11 key dimensions that make up the How’s Life? Well-being Framework (Income and wealth, Jobs and earnings, Housing, Health status, Education and skills, Work-life balance, Civic engagement and…

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The next software revolution: programming biological cells 

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The next software revolution: programming biological cells | Sara-Jane Dunn

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Reducing the impacts of earthquakes and volcanoes

There are several ways scientists can help predict and prepare for volcanic eruptions. As magma rises within a volcano, seismometers can be used to record earth tremors. As a volcano becomes increasingly active, the occurrence of earthquakes will increase and indicate that the volcano may erupt. In addition to this, volcanoes can change shape as magma rises within. Tilt metres can be used to detect changes in the shape of a volcano providing an early warning indicator.

The movement of magma towards the surface can cause subtle increases in temperature that can be identified through the use of thermometers.

As volcanoes become more active, they can release increasing volumes of gases. Gas sensors on the surface and in specialised aircraft (including drones) can monitor volcanic activity.

Satellite photographs can be used to monitor changes in the shape of a volcano, gas levels and increases in temperature.

Guiding questions:

1. What is a tiltmeter, and how does it work?

2. How can tiltmeter data be combined with other instruments to improve volcanic eruption predictions?

3. Examine the advantages of using tiltmeters over other methods of monitoring volcanoes.

4. What role could artificial intelligence play in analyzing tiltmeter data for volcanic activity?

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Volcano Monitoring_Deformation measured with tilt meter and GPS