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Phonemic Awareness is the ability to recognize and identify the different sounds within words.             Phonemic awareness involves breaking up words into the different sounds that make up those words. 

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Phonemic Awareness is the ability to recognize and identify the different sounds within words.             Phonemic awareness involves breaking up words into the different sounds that make up those words. 

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Phonemic awareness is an important pillar of reading because it connects the idea that words are made up of different sounds that can be manipulated.

Phonemic awareness is essential for students because it is a building block for them to learn and understand phonics.

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Phonics is the relationship between letters and the sound that they make.                                                          Letters as well as groups of letters and the sounds that they produce are all a part of phonics. 

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Phonics is the relationship between letters and the sound that they make.                                                          Letters as well as groups of letters and the sounds that they produce are all a part of phonics. 

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Phonics is an important pillar of reading because it allows students to figure out what words are and how they should sound.

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Comprehension is the ability to fully understand and make sense of something that is read. 

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Comprehension is the ability to fully understand and make sense of something that is read. 

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Vocabulary is the knowledge of words and their meanings.

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Vocabulary is the knowledge of words and their meanings.

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Students can build new vocabulary as well as build on past vocabulary. Past vocabulary can help build new vocabulary by giving context clues to what that word may mean.

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Fluency is the ability to read something correctly, smoothly, and at a decent speed. 

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Fluency is the ability to read something correctly, smoothly, and at a decent speed. 

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Fluency is an important pillar of reading because it ensures that students are reading accurately without struggling. 

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Fluency is an important pillar of reading because it ensures that students are reading accurately without struggling. 

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Fluency connects many reading skills such as comprehension and vocabulary.

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Vocabulary is an important pillar of reading because it makes sure students have a good personal word bank with knowledge of what the words mean and how to use them. Students with a strong vocabulary read more smoothly because they are not getting stuck on words that they do not know.

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Vocabulary is an important pillar of reading because it makes sure students have a good personal word bank with knowledge of what the words mean and how to use them. Students with a strong vocabulary read more smoothly because they are not getting stuck on words that they do not know.

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Comprehension is an important pillar of reading because it ensures that students can put meaning to what they read.

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Comprehension is an important pillar of reading because it ensures that students can put meaning to what they read.

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Comprehension measures whether a student understands what they read.

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https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Product/Its-All-About-Comprehension-Anchor-Chart-495989

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https://www.eapfoundation.com/infographics/vocab/learnvocab/

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https://improvingliteracy.org/brief/fluency-text/index.html

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What is fluency?

Fluency is the ability to read words, phrases, sentences, and stories accurately, with enough speed, and expression.

Fluency with text is reading words with no noticeable cognitive effort. It is having mastered word recognition skills to the point of becoming so "automatic" that they do not require conscious attention.

Why is fluency important?

It is important to remember that fluency is not an end in itself but a critical gateway to comprehension. Fluent reading frees cognitive resources to process meaning.

Fluency in oral reading includes:

1. Accuracy, which is reading with few errors.

2. Reading speed is the rate at which a student reads.

3. Prosody is the skill of reading aloud with proper intonation, phrasing, and expression (Harn & Chard, 2008).

To be a fluent reader, all three of these components must be in place.

Fluency research says that successful readers ...

rely primarily on the letters in the word rather than context or pictures to identify familiar and unfamiliar words.

process every letter.

use letter-sound correspondences to identify words.

have a reliable strategy for decoding words.

read words a sufficient number of times for them to become automatic. (Hasbrouck, 1998)

When should teachers focus on fluency with connected text?

Fluency develops through plentiful opportunities for practice in which the task can be performed with a high rate of success.

For students to develop fluency with connected text, they must first be able to decode words accurately. They must also be able to decode words quickly and effortlessly.

Why focus on fluency?

To gain meaning from text, students must read fluently. Proficient readers are so automatic with each component reading skill ( phonological awareness, decoding, vocabulary) that they focus their attention on constructing meaning from the print (Kuhn & Stahl, 2000). These component reading skills need to be well developed to support understanding. It is not enough to be simply accurate; the skills must be automatic.

Infographic

Enlarge Infographic

Suggested Citation

National Center on Improving Literacy (2020). Fluency with text. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Special Education Programs, National Center on Improving Literacy. Retrieved from http://improvingliteracy.org.

References

Harn, B., & Chard, D. (2008). Teaching tutorial 6: Repeated readings to promote fluency. Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), Division for Learning Disabilities (DLD).

Hasbrouck (1998). Reading fluency: Principles for instruction and progress monitoring. Professional Development Guide. Austin, TX: Texas Center for Reading and Language Arts, University of Texas at Austin.

Kuhn, M.R. & Stahl, S.A. (2000). CIERA Report #2-008. Fluency: A review of developmental and remedial practices. Washington, DC: US Department of Education.

University of Oregon, Center on Teaching and Learning. (n.d.). Big Ideas in Beginning Reading. Retrieved April 15, 2020, from http://reading.uoregon.edu/.

Abstract

Fluency is the ability to read words, phrases, sentences, and stories accurately, with enough speed, and expression. It is important to remember that fluency is not an end in itself but a critical gateway to comprehension.

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Fluency is the ability to read words, phrases, sentences, and stories accurately, with enough speed, and expression. Fluency with text is reading words with no noticeable cognitive effort. It is having mastered word recognition skills to the point of becoming so "automatic" that they do not require conscious attention.

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https://www.pinterest.com/pin/26-fun-phonics-activities-and-games-for-early-readers--173810866858860645/

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50 Fun Phonics Activities and Games for Early Readers

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Help kids learn to read with phonics activities that break words into their basic sounds, like phonemes, digraphs, vowel teams, and more.

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https://sarahsnippets.com/tips-and-activities-for-phonemic/

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E82FnJa2Vfo

A student-friendly video that teaches students about reading comprehension and gives them skills to improve reading comprehension.

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Improving Reading Comprehension Skills & Strategies - Educational Video for Elementary School Kids

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=38JeYKqOZ_g

This video shows how to involve movement to help teach students vocabulary. This is a fun way to keep students engaged and to help them remember vocabulary.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i0cQu7vnDzs&pp=ygUqZmx1ZW5jeSBzdHJhdGVnaWVzIGZvciBlbGVtZW50YXJ5IHN0dWRlbnRz&pbjreload=102

This video explains to students what reading fluency is and gives them strategies to improve their reading fluency.

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Reading Fluency: Speed, Accuracy, and Expression

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tKsIi1MH4lw&pp=ygUYcGhvbmljcyBmb3Iga2luZGVyZ2FydGVu&pbjreload=102

This is a fun video/song that teaches phonics to students. It repeats the sound for each letter as well as gives examples of words that start with each letter.

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ABC Phonics Song with Sounds for Children - Alphabet Song with Two Words for Each Letter

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LiF3AgKSUBc

This is a great song and dance for phonemic awareness for students. The video includes repetition so that students can sing along as well as explains a dance for students to do. This song and dance has students sound out different words.

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Segmenting Phonemes | Phonemic Awareness Song

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One activity for students to practice phonemic awareness is to have them list different words that rhyme or have them read stories that including rhyming.

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One activity for students to practice phonemic awareness is to have them list different words that rhyme or have them read stories that including rhyming.

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Rhyming words helps students with phonemic awareness because it shows them connections between how words look and sound similarly.

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Another activity to have students practice phonemic awareness is to have them break words up into syllables.

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Another activity to have students practice phonemic awareness is to have them break words up into syllables.

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This allows students to make connections with groups of letters and how they sound. This also helps students to break words down effectively.

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An activity students can play to practice phonics is to write letters on different cards and then flip them over and identify the sound that letter makes as well as a word that starts with that sound.

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An activity students can play to practice phonics is to write letters on different cards and then flip them over and identify the sound that letter makes as well as a word that starts with that sound.

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Students would take turns pulling a different card and go back and forth.

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One way students can practice reading fluency is to read back and forth with a partner. This will allow for students to practice reading at a good speed, smoothly, and expressively. 

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One way students can practice reading fluency is to read back and forth with a partner. This will allow for students to practice reading at a good speed, smoothly, and expressively. 

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One way to assess a students reading fluency is to have them read individually to you and take note of any times they get stuck, don't respond to punctuation, have a lack of expression, etc. 

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One way to assess a students reading fluency is to have them read individually to you and take note of any times they get stuck, don't respond to punctuation, have a lack of expression, etc. 

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One way students can learn vocabulary is to write the word on one side of a notecard and the definition, a picture, and the word used in a sentence on the back. 

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One way students can learn vocabulary is to write the word on one side of a notecard and the definition, a picture, and the word used in a sentence on the back. 

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Word walls can be created in classrooms that have vocabulary words in them (that include the word, definition, a picture, and the word in a sentence) for students to refer back to or make connections with new vocabulary words.

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An activity for students to work on reading comprehension is to have students read a short book and then with a partner retell the story to each other including the setting, characters, the problem, and the solution. 

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An activity for students to work on reading comprehension is to have students read a short book and then with a partner retell the story to each other including the setting, characters, the problem, and the solution. 

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This helps practice reading comprehension because it ensures students understand important aspects of the story while reading it.