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Research for Kids: How to Research a Topic in Elementary

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Instantly access over 40,000 of the best books & videos for kids on Epic

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Britannica Money

Discover all you need to know about retirement, investing, and household finance, without the jargon or agenda. Get reliable guidance, insight, and easy-to-understand explanations, written, edited, and verified to Britannica's exacting standards.

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Explore the fact-checked online encyclopedia from Encyclopaedia Britannica with hundreds of thousands of objective articles, biographies, videos, and images from experts.

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a comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles

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A comprehensive suite of e-learning resources designed for all ages and abilities with articles, videos, educator tools, eBooks, research guides and more.

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Black History Month Project Template/ Guided Questions

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Black History Month Project Template/ Guided Questions

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Ruby Bridges for Kids | Civil Rights Hero

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Martin Luther King Jr. for Kids | Civil Rights Leader and Activist

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The Life of Jesse Owens is an Amazing Story | Facts

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Mary McLeod Bethune: Her Story, Our Inspiration

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Booker T. Washington is an Icon in Black History! Check out our Top 5 Fun Facts!

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Sojourner Truth - Abolitionist & Women's Rights Pioneer - Educational Social Studies Video for Kids

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Misty Copeland|| Facts about Misty Copeland

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Maya Angelou | Biography, Books, Poems, & Facts | Black History

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Who is Langston Hughes | Fun Facts for Students | Black History Month Videos for Students

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Madam CJ Walker for Kids (Fun Facts) Cartoons for Kids (Educational Videos for Students)

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William Henry Hastie Jr. | TIAH November 17

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Who was the First Black Congresswoman? Untold Black History Stories: Shirley Chisholm Biography

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NPS Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Program

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Sergeant William Carney and the 54th MA Regiment

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Jane Bolin (1st African American Female Judge) Black History Month -History Makers- The Wise Channel

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Elijah McCoy Biography | Black Inventors in History Mini-Documentary | Black History Facts Videos

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Rebecca Lee Crumpler | Reading Books For Kids

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Celebrating Black History for students: Learn about the life of Bessie Coleman (Educational Videos)

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Basketball Legends: Bill Russell Biography Facts

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The Story of Alice Coachman 🥇 First African American Female Olympic Gold Medalist

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Ethel Waters (31 October 1896 - 1 September 1977) was an American actress and singer. She performed blues, jazz, gospel, pop and big band music. Her recordings included "Dinah", "Taking a Chance on Love", "Stormy Weather" and "Cabin in the Sky". Waters also appeared in several movies.

Waters was born in Chester, Pennsylvania. She died from kidney failure and uterine cancer in Chatsworth, California.

Images for kids

Waters performs with Count Basie in Stage Door Canteen (1943)

Photograph of Ethel Waters in costume by Harry Warnecke and Robert F. Cranston.

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Ethel Waters (31 October 1896 - 1 September 1977) was an American actress and singer. She performed blues, jazz, gospel, pop and big band music. Her recordings included "Dinah", "Taking a Chance on Love", "Stormy Weather" and "Cabin in the Sky". Waters also appeared in several movies. Waters was born in Chester, Pennsylvania.

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Lewis Howard Latimer  | Black History Nugget | Black History for Kids

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Edward Bouchet - A physicist who one of the first African Americans to graduate from Yale.

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Henrietta Lacks: The 'immortal' cells that changed the world - BBC REEL

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Benjamin Banneker | History for Kids | Seed of Melanin Kids!

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Black Excellist:  Ralph Bunche - Diplomat & Nobel Peace Prize Winner

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Mae Jemison  | History for Kids | Seed of Melanin Kids!

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Gordon Parks: Greatest Black Photographer | Kids Black History

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Claudette Colvin: Do You Know Her Story?

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Robert S. Abbott Biography | Media Mogul | History Project

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The Greatest Black Choreographer Of All Time | Alvin Ailey | Kids Black History

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President Barack Obama | History of Educational for Kids | Black History Month

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Oprah Winfrey for Kids (Biography) Black History Month for Kids/Children (Cartoon)

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Malcolm X Biography: Black History Month (Educational Videos for Students)

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Nina Simone | Facts, Biography, & Music| Black History

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Bayard Rustin - Martin Luther King Jr's 'Out and Proud' Advisor

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"Upfront, pleasant and...absolutely fearless" was how John Lewis described Selma-native Annie Lee Cooper. By the fall of 1963, the voting drive in Selma had "mushroomed into the testing ground for SNCC's 'One man - One vote' campaign," and Ms. Cooper was on the front lines of that fight, opening both her heart and home to SNCC and, later, SCLC.

She was born in 1910, when the cotton bales that made Selma "the queen city of the Black Belt" still shipped south by steamboat on the Alabama River. While white Selma flourished on cotton's bounty, Black sharecroppers and tenant farmers labored on plantations in conditions barely distinguishable from slavery. In 1901, Alabama's newly-passed constitution purged Black voters from the rolls using poll tax and literacy requirements, and Annie Lee Cooper grew up never giving a thought to the idea that Black people could vote. It was only when she moved to Kentucky as a fourteen-year-old to live with her ill sister that she saw Black people going to the polls. She wanted to vote herself, but she was too young to do so.

Cooper returned to Selma to take care of her sick mother in April 1962 and found a job working at the Dunn Rest Home. Around the same time, SNCC's Bernard Lafayette and his new wife Colia Liddell, arrived in town to organize for voting rights. Cooper had registered to vote when she lived in Kentucky and Ohio, and she told her friends and neighbors that she intended to vote in Selma as well. But when she tried to register, the registrar told her she failed the test. She tried often. "Once I stood in line from 7 a.m. to 4 p.m., but never got to register." Ms. Cooper had already begun working with the Dallas County Voters League, organized years earlier by Amelia Boynton and her husband, and she joined the fledgling SNCC effort as well.

On October 7, 1963, SNCC organized the first Freedom Day, urging Black residents to come to the Dallas County courthouse in mass and attempt to register to vote. Annie Lee Cooper was among the four hundred people who waited in line under the scorching sun that day. The large crowd of participants stood in line for hours. Mr. Dunn, owner and manager of Dunn's Rest Home, saw Annie Lee Cooper and another employee, Elnora Collins, waiting outside. Within days, Dunn told Cooper and Collins they were fired. He attempted to take Collins' picture to prevent her from getting further employment, but she refused to pose. Dunn then struck her with a cattle prod. All forty of the other Black employees walked off in protest. White Selma blacklisted these women, and they found it impossible to find jobs. Annie Lee Cooper finally found employment at the Black-owned Torch Motel.

In early 1965, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and SCLC arrived in Selma to stage a nationally-geared campaign for voting rights and began demonstrations. On January 25, 1965, she had been standing in line for hours at the county courthouse waiting to make another attempt at registering to vote. The police arrived to break up the activists, including the notorious local sheriff Jim Clark. As she stood waiting, Cooper uttered, "Nobody's afraid of them." Clark poked Cooper in the neck with his billy club, and she spun around giving him a hard right hook knocking Clark to the ground. The sheriff's deputies attacked her, arrested her and charged her with criminal provocation.

SCLC's James Bevel, who was staying at the Torch Motel, reflected on the situation: "We're going to be working mostly with voter-registration here and not everybody is nonviolent. Not everyone who registers is nonviolent; not everybody who registers is supposed to be nonviolent."

"I try to be nonviolent," Ms. Cooper told a Jet magazine reporter a few weeks after the incident, "but I just can't say I wouldn't do the same thing all over again if they treat me brutish like they did this time."

Sources

Alston Fitts, Selma: Queen City of the Blackbelt (Selma, AL: Clairmont Press, 1989).

John Lewis, Walking with the Wind: A Memoir of the Movement (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 323.

Gary May, Bending toward Justice: The Voting Rights Act and the Transformation of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2013).

Howard Zinn, SNCC: The New Abolitionists (Boston: Beacon Press, 1964).

Letter from Amelia Boynton to Martin Luther King, Jr., November 30, 1963, The King Center.

"Selma Drive for Votes Continues," Student Voice, November 11, 1964, Wisconsin Historical Society.

John H. Britton, "Selma Woman's Girdle A Big," Jet, February 11, 1965.

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"Upfront, pleasant and...absolutely fearless" was how John Lewis described Selma-native Annie Lee Cooper.

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Gwendolyn Brooks: A Poet’s Work In Community

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Maria Priscilla Thurston Williams (1866-1932) is credited as the first Black woman film producer for the silent crime drama The Flames of Wrath in 1923. A one-time school teacher, Williams had a history of activism, independence and interest in the liberal arts, which led her first to newspapers, then to film production, script-writing and acting and, finally, to memoir with her 1916 book My Work and Public Sentiment, in which she identified herself as a national organizer and speaker with the Good Citizens League, and stated that ten percent of the proceeds would go to suppressing crime among African Americans.

Williams served as editor-in-chief (1891-1894) of the Kansas City weekly New Era. This spurred her to seek greater independence by founding, writing and editing her own newspaper, the Women's Voice (1896-1900), "sponsored by the 'colored women's auxiliary' of the Republican party; the paper was described as having "many pleasant things to say on a choice of timely topics.'" In 1916, Williams went on to publish her memoir.

In 1916, Williams also married entrepreneur Jesse L. Williams, who owned a movie theater among several other businesses in Kansas City. The pair co-managed the movie theater, which gave the couple experience in the distribution and release of films for African-American audiences. With Williams serving both as the company's secretary and treasurer, the couple went on to co-found Western Film Producing Co. and Booking Exchange, and Williams went on to write the script for Flames of Wrath, produce a film from the script and play the role of prosecuting attorney in the five-reel film. That same year, Williams' husband died, and she soon went on to marry another man. She died in 1932, after being "called away from her home by a stranger who requested help for his ill brother. She was found shot to death on the side of a road several miles from her home. The murder remains unsolved."

Ironically, the plot for ''Flames of Wrath'' concerns the investigation of a murder after a robbery. Aimee Dixon Anthony stated that Williams could also reasonably be considered the film's director, given how undifferentiated the two roles were at that time. That distinction is typically granted to Tressie Souders, however, who served as director of 1922's A Woman's Error.

Black women film pioneers

A website for Sisters in Cinema Documentary: A History of African American Women Feature Film Directors

The Atlantic on When Hollywood's Power Players Were Women

Greenlight Women on Celebrating Black Female Directors and Actresses over 40

Early Black film

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Marian Anderson: The Opera Singer Who Challenged Segregation

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Marsha P. Johnson: A Trans Pioneer for Equal Rights

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Educational Videos for Students (Cartoons on Bullying, Leadership & More)

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Who Is Minnie Riperton? | Facts about Historical Figures

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Rose Marie McCoy Is A Songwriter Who Made Hits & Black History! | Black History Month '23

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Phillis Wheatley: Trailblazer and Inspiration | Biography

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Who is Benjamin O. Davis Sr? | Black History Facts

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Meet the Pioneer of Style: Ann Lowe Fashion Icon For Kids!

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Who is Audre Lorde? | Redefining Feminism

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Gilbert "Gil" Scott-Heron (April 1, 1949 - May 27, 2011) was an American poet, musician, and author. He is best known for his work in spoken-word soul music in the 1960s and 1970s and his work with Brian Jackson.

Scott-Heron is most famous for his poem and song, The Revolution Will Not Be Televised. This piece helped develop the black protest movement and influenced the rap genre.

In 2010, he released an album titled I'm New Here.

Scott-Heron was HIV-positive.

Images for kids

Scott-Heron performing at the Regency Ballroom in San Francisco, 2009

Scott-Heron performing at the Göta Källare nightclub in Stockholm, Sweden, in 2010

New York City artist Chico painted this commemorative on the side of a building.

In Spanish: Gil Scott-Heron para niños

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Frederick McKinley Jones (Inventor Portable Refrigerator) - Black History Month - History Makers

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Gerald Stanley Wilson (September 4, 1918 - September 8, 2014) was an American jazz trumpeter, big band bandleader, composer, arranger, and educator. Born in Mississippi, he was based in Los Angeles from the early 1940s. In addition to being a band leader, Wilson wrote arrangements for Duke Ellington, Sarah Vaughan, Ray Charles, Julie London, Dizzy Gillespie, Ella Fitzgerald, Benny Carter, Lionel Hampton, Billie Holiday, Dinah Washington, and Nancy Wilson.

Wilson was born in Shelby, Mississippi, and at the age of 16 moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he graduated from Cass Technical High School (one of his classmates was saxophonist Wardell Gray). He joined the Jimmie Lunceford orchestra in 1939, replacing its trumpeter and arranger, Sy Oliver. While with Lunceford, Wilson contributed songs to the band, including "Hi Spook" and "Yard-dog Mazurka", the first influenced by Ellington's recording of "Caravan" and the latter an influence on Stan Kenton's "Intermission Riff".

During World War II, Wilson also performed for a brief time with the U.S. Navy, with Clark Terry, Willie Smith and Jimmy Nottingham. Around 2005, many of the members of the band reunited as The Great Lakes Experience Big Band" with Wilson conducting and Ernie Andrews making a guest appearance at the invitation of Clark Terry. Wilson also played and arranged for the bands of Benny Carter, Duke Ellington, Count Basie and Dizzy Gillespie.

Wilson formed his own band, with some success in the mid-1940s. Wilson and His 20-Pc. Recording Orchestra performed at the famed twelfth Cavalcade of Jazz held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on September 2, 1956. Also performing that day were Dinah Washington, The Mel Williams Dots, Julie Stevens, Little Richard, Chuck Higgin's Orchestra, Willie Hayden & Five Black Birds, The Premiers, Bo Rhambo, and Jerry Gray and his Orchestra.

In 1960, he formed a Los Angeles-based band that began a series of critically acclaimed recordings for the Pacific Jazz label. His 1968 album California Soul featured a title track written by Ashford & Simpson, as well as a version of The Doors' hit "Light My Fire". Musicians in the band at various times included lead trumpeter Snooky Young, trumpet soloist Carmell Jones and saxophonists Bud Shank, Joe Maini, Harold Land, Teddy Edwards, and Don Raffell. The rhythm section included guitarist Joe Pass, Richard Holmes (organist), vibists Roy Ayers and Bobby Hutcherson, and drummers Mel Lewis and Mel Lee.

Wilson's wife of more than 50 years, Josefina Villasenor Wilson, is Mexican-American, and a number of his compositions showed his love of Spanish/Mexican themes, especially "Viva Tirado", which later became a hit for the rock band El Chicano. With his wife, Wilson had three daughters (Jeri, Lillian (Teri) and Nancy Jo), his son Anthony (who is guitarist for Diana Krall), and a number of grandchildren, all of whom have songs composed for them-his compositions were often inspired by his family members.

Wilson continued leading bands and recording in later decades for the Discovery and MAMA labels. Recent musicians included Luis Bonilla, Rick Baptist, Randall Willis, Wilson's son-in-law Shuggie Otis and son Anthony Wilson (both guitarists); his grandson Eric Otis also played on such recordings. Wilson continued to record Spanish-flavored compositions, notably the bravura trumpet solos "Carlos" (named for Mexican matador Carlos Arruza, and recorded three times over the years, featuring trumpeters Jimmy Owens, Oscar Brashear, and Ron Barrows) and "Lomelin" (also named for a matador-Antonio Lomelin-and recorded twice, with solos by Oscar Brashear and Jon Faddis).

The National Endowment for the Arts named Wilson an NEA Jazz Master in 1990. In 1998 Wilson received a commission from the Monterey Jazz Festival for an original composition, resulting in "Theme for Monterey", which was performed at that year's festival. In later years, he formed orchestras on the West and East coasts, each with local outstanding musicians. He also made special appearances as guest conductor, including with the Carnegie Hall Jazz Band (now the Jon Faddis Jazz Orchestra of New York), the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra, the Chicago Jazz Ensemble and European radio jazz orchestras, conducting the BBC Big Band in 2005. He hosted an innovative show, in the 1970s, on KBCA in Los Angeles, which was co-hosted by Dennis Smith, where he played "...music of the past, the present, and the future."

Wilson was a member of the faculty at California State University, Los Angeles and the University of California, Los Angeles, for many years recently winning a "teacher of the year" award. In the 1970s he also served on the faculty at California State University, Northridge, where he taught Jazz History to wide acclaim among the student body, and has also taught at Cal Arts in Los Angeles.

In February 2006, Wynton Marsalis and the Lincoln Center Jazz Orchestra performed his music with Gerald Wilson conducting. He had a unique style of conducting: "Garbed in well tailored suits, his long white hair flowing, Wilson shaped the music with dynamic movements and the elegant grace of a modern dancer." Asked about his style of conducting by Terry Gross on the NPR show Fresh Air in 2006, he replied, "It's different from any style you've ever seen before. I move. I choreograph the music as I conduct. You see, I point it out, everything you're to listen to."

In June 2007, Wilson returned to the studio with producer Al Pryor and an all-star big band to record a special album of compositions commissioned and premiered at the Monterey Jazz Festival for the festival's 50th anniversary. Wilson had helped lead celebrations of the festival's 20th and 40th anniversary with his specially commissioned works (1998's Grammy-nominated album Theme for Monterey). The album Monterey Moods was released on Mack Avenue Records in September 2007. In September 2009, Wilson conducted his eight-movement suite "Detroit", commissioned by the Detroit Jazz Festival to mark its 30th anniversary. The work includes a movement entitled "Cass Tech" in honor of his high school alma mater. In 2011, his last recording was the Grammy-nominated Legacy.

Wilson died at his home in Los Angeles, California, on September 8, 2014, four days after his 96th birthday, after a brief illness that followed a bout of pneumonia, which had hospitalized him.

Awards and honors

1990 NEA Jazz Masters Award

1996 Library of Congress Gerald Wilson archive of his life's work

1997 American Jazz Award: Best Arranger and Best Big Band

2008 Monterey Jazz Festival Jazz Legends Award

2012 Los Angeles County Museum of Art/Los Angeles Jazz Society L.A. Jazz Treasure Award

Grammy nominations

1963

"Tell Me the Truth" (track for Nancy Wilson)

Best Background arrangement (behind vocalists or instrumentalist)

Nominated

1964

"Paco" (track)

Best Original Jazz Composition

Nominated

1998

"Romance" (track)

Best Instrumental Composition

Nominated

Grammy Award-nominated and -winning singles or albums contributed to

Year

Grammy category

Album or Single

Primary artist

Label

Role/Content composed or arranged

Honor

1959

Best Musical Composition First Recorded and Released in 1959 (more than 5 minutes duration)

Anatomy of a Murder (Soundtrack album)
Duke Ellington
trumpet/instrumentalist on all tracks

Won

Best Sound Track Album

Won

Best Performance by a Dance Band

Won

1963
Album of the Year
Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music (album)
Ray Charles ABC-Paramount
arranger - Bye Bye Love/Just A Little Lovin'/Careless Love/Hey, Good Lookin'

Nominated

Discography

You Better Believe It! (Pacific Jazz, 1961)

Moment of Truth (Pacific Jazz, 1962)

Portraits (Pacific Jazz, 1964)

On Stage (Pacific Jazz, 1965)

McCann/Wilson with Les McCann (Pacific Jazz, 1965)

Feelin' Kinda Blues (Pacific Jazz, 1966)

The Golden Sword (Pacific Jazz, 1966)

Live and Swinging (Pacific Jazz, 1967)

Everywhere (Pacific Jazz, 1968)

California Soul (Pacific Jazz, 1968)

Eternal Equinox (Pacific Jazz, 1969)

Groovin' High In L.A. 1946 (Hep, 1977)

Lomelin (Discovery, 1981)

Jessica (Trend, 1982)

Calafia (Trend, 1984)

Jenna (Discovery, 1989)

State Street Sweet (MAMA Foundation/Summit, 1994)

Suite Memories (MAMA Foundation, 1996)

Theme for Monterey (MAMA Foundation/Summit, 1997)

New York, New Sound (Mack Avenue, 2003)

In My Time (Mack Avenue, 2005)

Monterey Moods (Mack Avenue, 2007)

Detroit (Mack Avenue, 2009)

Legacy (Mack Avenue, 2011)

With Buddy Collette

Man of Many Parts (Contemporary, 1956)

Buddy's Best (Dooto, 1958)

Polynesia (Music & Sound, 1959)

With Duke Ellington

Dance to the Duke! (Capitol, 1954)

Anatomy of a Murder (Columbia, 1959)

Swinging Suites by Edward E. and Edward G. (Columbia, 1960)

Piano in the Background (Columbia, 1962)

With Jimmy Witherspoon With others

Count Basie, The Count (RCA Camden, 1958)

Count Basie, Shoutin' Blues 1949 (Bluebird, 1993)

Kenny Burrell, 75th Birthday Bash Live! (Blue Note/EMI, 2006)

Red Callender, The Lowest (MetroJazz, 1958)

Curtis Counce, Carl's Blues (Contemporary, 1960)

Curtis Counce, Sonority (Contemporary, 1989)

Neal Hefti, Jazz Pops (Reprise, 1962)

Carmell Jones, Business Meetin' (Pacific Jazz, 1962)

Tricky Lofton & Carmell Jones, Brass Bag (Pacific Jazz, 1962)

Jimmie Lunceford, Lunceford Special (Columbia, 1956; reissue: 1967)

Jimmie Lunceford, The Chronological Jimmie Lunceford & His Orchestra 1939-1940 (Classics, 1991)

Les McCann, Les McCann Sings (Pacific Jazz, 1961)

Little Esther, Better Beware (Charly, 1990)

Googie Rene, Romesville! (Class, 1959)

Leroy Vinnegar, Leroy Walks! (Contemporary, 1958)

In Spanish: Gerald Wilson para niños

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Lewis Lemon: Once a Slave, Forever a Founder - Rockford Housing Authority

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The Rockford Housing Authority Team’s mission is to provide the highest level of resident services attainable utilizing methods of support to best serve our constituents, organization and community. To continuously create and add value by providing objective and innovative resident services that evaluate levels of support, governance processes and to make a difference everywhere we engage.

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Educational Videos for Students (Cartoons on Bullying, Leadership & More)

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John Lewis: A Legacy of Courage Video | Biography