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S.A - Pass provision on 100% smoke-free public areas

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S.A - Pass provision on 100% smoke-free public areas

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1. Activate CSOs (Pro-Health and human CSOs) - educate and engage on the link between tobacco control and health/human rights. Smoke-free laws protect the health and rights of non-smokers. Get the CSOs to pressure get to act and to garner public support.

2. Health Department (Pressurise gvt) provide data on exposure to SHS with current policy. Engage on FCTC obligations to introduce 100% Smoke-free. Convention on rights of the Child and Constitutional rights on healthy environment.

3. Gvt - Economic cluster (Tourism, Ministry of Finance, Department of Trade and Industry) - communicate data on benefits to hospitality and tourism.

4. Hospitality Industry - Engage and communicate on how the Hospitality industry did not lose revenue when smoke-free restrictions were introduced previously. Use foreign country studies on economic impact of policy.

5. Tobacco and E-cigarette industries - counter TI narrative on loss of revenue for hospitality industry/ on limitation of freedoms

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1. British America Tobacco(incorporated in Zambia)- antagonist- fairly strong influence
2. Ministry of Health - persuasive center- very strong influence
3. Ministry of Finance-persuasive center- very strong influence
4. Tax Justice Network Africa- sympathizer-medium influence
5. Tobacco Free Zambia- sympathizer- medium influence
6. Centre for Trade Policy and Development- sympathizer medium influence

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1. Sympathizers- to activate : promote research and publication to have a pool of research based evidence; information dissemination and sensitization campaigns
2. Persuasive center---conduct stakeholder engagement share findings of research based evidence to show that tobacco use results in burdening heath sector and introduction of taxes will off-set such costs; lobbying activities with parliamentarians
3. Antagonists- implementation of tax measures which will increase costs and make tobacco products costly

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Ugandan State & Non-State Actors for advocacy to Raise Taxes on Tobacco products to higher prices&  revenues for Human Capital Development. In Uganda, excise taxes currently make up 31 percent of the retail price for regular cigarettes (MoFPED and URA,2017).  The existing taxes are still below the globally recommended thresholds by the WHO— whereby tobacco excise taxes should make up to 70 percent of the retail price. Thus calling for this advocacy the Opponents to this advocacy are the Tobacco Industry and the government is reluctant to   

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Ugandan State & Non-State Actors for advocacy to Raise Taxes on Tobacco products to higher prices&  revenues for Human Capital Development. In Uganda, excise taxes currently make up 31 percent of the retail price for regular cigarettes (MoFPED and URA,2017).  The existing taxes are still below the globally recommended thresholds by the WHO— whereby tobacco excise taxes should make up to 70 percent of the retail price. Thus calling for this advocacy the Opponents to this advocacy are the Tobacco Industry and the government is reluctant to   

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1. Civic SOS: Uganda National Health Users/Consumers Organisation, Uganda Health Communication Alliance, Tax Justice Alliance- Uganda, Economic Policy Research Centre;

2. International Actors: Country Rep World Health Organisation, Bretton woods institutions (Bretton woods agreements act. cap 169);

3. Ministries Departments & Agencies of Government (MDAs): Ministries of Health, Finance and Trade/ Commerce; Uganda Revenue Authority(Fiscal Policy), Parliamentary Committee of Finance and Planning; National Tobacco Control Committee, Tobacco Control Secretariat, Bank of Uganda (Monetary Policy).

Strategies
Denormalise Tobacco Industry interference from fiscal policy development processes;
Popularize health arguments
Health Cost study of 2017; Art. 6 of WHOFCTC & Tobacco Control Act, Polluter Pays, Addis Ababa Agenda for Financing for Development, Ministry of Finance Domestic Revenue Mobilization of 2019, Uganda Revenue Authority Tax collection targets to Finance FY;

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ACTORS
* Federal Ministry of Health
This is the major government parastatal involved in Tobacco control in Nigeria. They have a strong role to play in the sensitization and implementation of Tobacco control in the country.

*Media
The media in Nigeria has a strong role to play in the advertisement of Tobacco products. Interactions with the media shows that their awareness about tobacco dangers is still very low in the country. The media have a strong influence in affecting the youths.

*Nigeria Hotel Association
It can be observed that the rates at which the youths in the country smoke shisha is becoming alarming. Tobacco companies have a strong influence with hotels and clubs in the country. A greater amount of indirect advertisement of tobacco products are happening in hotels and clubs and the youths are mostly influenced to take tobacco products in these places.

*Law enforcement Agencies
The laws are available in the country but the awareness by the security and law enforcement agents are still very low. Implementation of the law is very key in advertisement and tobacco control. Offenders are rarely arrested and prosecuted.

*Federal Ministry of Youth and sport development
Their involvement will generally be in the area of sensitization and education of youths.

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Entities impacted by Tobacco control measures (TAX)

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Entities impacted by Tobacco control measures (TAX)

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Vendor Licensing Law for Tobacco Product in Ethiopia

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Vendor Licensing Law for Tobacco Product in Ethiopia

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1. Ethiopian Public Health Institute

2. Mathiwos Wondu YeEthiopia Cancer Society

3. Ministry of Trade and regional counter

4. Trade Association

5. Tobacco Industry

Tobacco prevalence in Ethiopia 5% (3.4 million) as of GATS 2016

Vendor licensing has significant contribution in controlling supply chain of tobacco (for tax administration and controlling illicit trade), control TAPS, discourage trading and demoralize the act;

Member states to the WHO-FCTC have the obligation to take legislative, executive, administrative and other measures to prevent and reduce tobacco consumption, nicotine addiction and exposure to tobacco smoke (art. 5-general obligation) and prevent illicit trade (art. 15(7)

Adopting vendor licensing law for Ethiopia will help in strengthening current tobacco control laws and contribute for prevalence reduction and reducing burden of tobacco

Strategies

Activate:-Ethiopian Public Health Institute is a research institute on public health and engaging them to conduct research on the impact of vendor licensing would energize the institute to actively and strongly engage in contributing for development and adoption of the law. Its research has the potential to be accepted and influence decision makers. They can be a strong supporter.

Activate:- Mathiwos Wondu YeEthiopia Cancer Society is a local civil society organization working on tobacco and other NCDs. Reducing impact of tobacco is their primary objective and engaging them to the advocacy work based on the research. They can be strong supporter.

Attract: the Ministry of Trade and regional counters are implementing bodies and involving them is critical. However, they might be strongly disagree with the legislation on the ground of enforcement challenge. Advocating the importance of vendor licensing in controlling illicit trade and revenue collection may help.

Neutralize;- Tobacco industry strongly disagree on vendor licensing. Neutralizing them through restricting their participation in the process and countering their arguments.

Neutralize: Trade Association strongly disagree with vendor licensing law. Restricting their participation in the process and countering their argument is important.

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Increasing tobacco taxes reduces tobacco consumption, increases government revenue, and saves lives. However, Nigeria falls short of the prescribed measures from the WHO and ECOWAS despite ratifying the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) and being a member of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).

Nigeria uses a combination of taxes i.e specific and ad valorem taxes. There is a 20% ad valorem tax and a ₦58 specific tax per pack of 20 cigarettes. Other tobacco products (smokeless tobacco and shisha) are taxed at ₦1,000 per kg or ₦3,000 per litre

The ECOWAS tax directive requires members to implement a specific tax of at least ₦122 per pack of 20 cigarettes and an ad valorem tax of at least 50%.

The FCTC recommends that excise taxes (ad valorem and specific) make up at least 70% of the retail price of a pack of cigarettes.

Civil Society (Sypathizers)

Nigeria Tobacco Control Alliance (NTCA)

Centre for the Study of the Economies of Africa (CSEA) -Research and statistics
Corporate Accountability & Public Participation Africa

Civil Society Legislative Advocacy Center (CISLAC)

Government

Federal Ministry of Health (Sympathizer)

Federal Ministry of Finance (Persuasive Centre)

Nigeria Custom Service (Persuasive Centre)

Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS) (Persuasive Centre)

International Organizations (Sympathizers)

World Health Organization (WHO)

Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)

Private Actors (Antagonists)

British America Tobacco of Nigeria

Philip Morris Nigeria Limited

Nigeria Tobacco Growers Association

Black Horse Tobacco Company Limited

Leaf Tobacco and Commodities Nigeria

Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN)

Neutralize (Antagonist)

Advocacy via the media for an increase in Tobacco taxes.

Litigation where the tobacco industry evades taxes.

Monitor, expose and discredit Tobacco actors

Technical briefing on taxes for government agencies.

Attract (Persuasive center)

Educate by increasing awareness and support for an increase in tobacco tax.

create awareness about the economic and health benefit of increased tobacco taxes

Activate (sympathizer)

Develop a roadmap for increasing tax to reduce tobacco consumption

Create awareness about the loopholes in the current tax plan

Advocate for dedicated tax toward tobacco control and educate the government about the benefit (higher revenue, reduce health care burden, prevalence and quit attempts)

Conduct research and generate data for government agencies

Raise their voices by providing technical support

Raise their profile via media (print and visual)

Effective coordination within the alliance

Capacity building

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ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TOBACCO CONTROL LAWS

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ACTORS INVOLVED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TOBACCO CONTROL LAWS

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(i) Ministry of Health
(ii) Tobacco Control Board
(iii) National Authority for the Campaign     Against Drug Abuse (NACADA).
(iv)  Ministry of Finance
(v)Kenya Revenue Authority

The above entities are state actor involved directly (i-iii) and indirectly (iv-v) in tobacco control in Kenya. The first 3 are sympathetic to tobacco control cause . Even though they have done a lot with regard to legislation and implementation of tobacco control laws more need to be done to ensure reduction in consumption of tobacco products. We can appeal to them to enhance the implementation and enforcement of tobacco control laws and work with them to review the laws to cover the emerging tobacco products. We will be live to the fact that the tobacco industry will not take the legislation, implementation and enforcement of the tobacco control laws lying down. There is therefore need to craft a strategy to counter the maneuvers of the Tobacco industry.

The last two institutions are indirectly involved in tobacco control through proposing and legislating on tobacco taxation and collection of taxes/control of illicit trade respectively. However due to the competing interests on raising of revenues on one part (being the main agenda) and protection of health  policies, there is need to persuade them to support measures aimed at tobacco control. It should not be lost to the fact that the tobacco industry will strongly put in a case against raising of taxes arguing that it will lead to job losses among other effects on the economy. The strategy to be employed in this case is to ensure that arguments for raising of taxes and collection of the same carry the day.

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Actors involved in tobacco control in the Democratic Republic of Congo

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Actors involved in tobacco control in the Democratic Republic of Congo

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At the central level:
- Multisectoral tobacco control committee
- Minister of Public Health
- National Program for the Fight against
Addictions and toxic substances

At the intermediate level:
- Provincial Multisectoral Committee for the Fight against tobacco/Provincial Divisions and Inspections Health

At the operational level:
- Health zone management team

The law on the fundamental principles relating to the organisation of public health as well as the national strategic plan for the fight against tobacco in the DRC intervene little on the question relating to the advertising restrictions of tobacco products.

The two major legal instruments in the fight against tobacco in the DRC should prohibit all forms of tobacco product advertising and the bodies mentioned above should be empowered to sanction anyone who engages in the advertising of tobacco products in the DRC.

Not banning all forms of tobacco product advertising means leaving the population, and young people in particular, at the mercy of the influence of the tobacco industry.