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Find information and vocabulary in your textbook on pages 184-189 (breakfast) and 194-200 (lunch and dinner).

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Some of my most memorable French breakfasts have been eaten outside France, where imagination or memory perform better than reality.

But when I think of a typical breakfast in France and visions of buttery croissants drift past me, I know I'm in a dream and about to wake up.

And now we can debunk Myth Number One: we do NOT eat croissants for breakfast every single morning.

Although fresh croissants may be the quintessential image many foreigners have of our standard morning meal, reality is far more banal: we DO eat croissants, but mostly on weekends, or if we're late and need to grab breakfast on the run. At home? Occasionally.

But more about that in a minute. First...

(Oh, and by the way, breakfast in French is "petit déjeuner", or little lunch.)

A few facts about breakfast in France

For a country that prizes its culinary excellence, our breakfasts are surprisingly plain.

Unlike many other countries, breakfast is considered the least important meal of the day. Our big meal is lunch or supper.

While in many countries, breakfast contains savoury elements - cheese, cold meats, eggs or bacon, breakfast in France tends to be sweet and carb-heavy.

In rural areas, you may have a bit of local produce as well, if it's made on the farm, like salami or cheese.

The so-called English or American breakfast, a hefty meal, is only served in hotels with international-type buffets, or in highly touristed restaurants with an expanded French breakfast menu.

Also, many of us don't eat breakfast at all (shame on us!), rushing out the door with a cup of coffee and postponing gratification until lunch.

Typical French breakfast foods

Not everyone eats exactly the same thing for breakfast across France - there are plenty of regional and cultural variations - but these are the staples:

la tartine (toast) - tar-TEEN

les viennoiseries (pastries) - vee-en-was-REE

du jus de fruit (juice) - jhoo de froo-WEE

une boisson chaude (a hot drink) - bwah-so-SHOWED

In other words, the standard breakfast will be a hot drink, coffee or tea, a slice of baguette with butter and jam, possibly a pastry (or not), and maybe fruit juice. Rather banal. Kids, however, will also have cereal, and the habit is creeping into adulthood.

La tartine

There's no real translation for 'tartine' - it sometimes means toast but not made with the square, sliced stuff that passes for bread in some countries.

Usually it means a half or a quarter baguette, sliced horizontally, with butter and jam (or jelly). Sometimes the baguette is sliced into small, round pieces, but that is rare and round slices are used mostly for lunch or dinner. At breakfast, you want to be able to "dunk" your tartine into your bowl of café au lait... And the baguette may be grilled, though not necessarily so.

Everyone has their favourite jam or jelly. The most popular (judging by the bare shelves in my local supermarket) are berries or marmalade, or honey. Jellies like quince are also well liked but breakfast toppings is one place where our individuality can shine. I, for example, am partial to sour orange marmalade.

Butter is optional although common, and can be either unsalted (doux) or salted (salé). It really is a question of taste, and often of region.

Dunking is nothing new.

Around the 16th century, someone began dunking buttered bread into milk (coffee wouldn't make an appearance in France for another century or so).

Once coffee became the queen of beverages, the dunking habit stuck, but breakfast as such didn't become popular until the 1800s, and even then, it was mostly a city thing, becoming increasingly popular during the Belle Epoque.

By mid-20th century, today's breakfast had become the norm.

Les viennoiseries

This translates roughly into "from Vienna", which is where it is believed France's flaky breakfast buns originated.

Unless you're grabbing one at the boulangerie on the way to work, these are rarely eaten on weekday mornings. One exception is when you're staying in a hotel, which usually serves these pastries along with some kind of buffet for breakfast. There are a few other exceptions, as I'll explain below.

There are a number of viennoiseries, enough to keep you full for many breakfasts.

Le croissant

The croissant is the most famous of the viennoiseries and would seem to trace its ancestry to the Austrian kipferl, shaped as a crescent because it was first designed to celebrate a victory over the Ottomans. That's one story.

In another, a Viennese baker moved to Paris and served kipferl to his bakery clients. The discerning Parisians fell in love, adopted it, changed it significantly, and turned it into the croissant we know today.

Sadly, there is no evidence to confirm these and several other stories of the croissant's origins. But frankly, who cares where it came from... what's important is that we have it today.

There are several common types of croissant:

plain croissant, or croissant ordinaire: these lack that rounded deliciousness and tend to be dry and flaky because they are not made with butter (these are becoming rarer)

croissant au beurre: the buttered croissant tends to be the preferred croissant for those who can eat butter, and is made with rich, succulent butter (you'll need to wipe the grease off your hands after you eat one)

croissant aux amandes: this is extremely sweet, usually filled with almond cream and covered in toasted shaved almonds and powdered sugar (a diet buster and sugar boost like no other, but oh, quel délice!)

Croissants may not be everyday breakfast fare, but when they show up, they're inevitably appreciated.

Le pain au chocolat

Known in some English-speaking countries as a chocolate croissant, this one rivals the croissant in popularity. It is often eaten by children and students in mid-afternoon for their goûter, or snack. For the rest of us, the pain au chocolat is reserved for weekends, as a special treat, or, like the croissant, for the occasional disorganized early morning rush.

Should you be visiting southwestern France, best to ask for a chocolatine instead. A "friendly" cultural tussle has been going on for years, with each claiming the correct name for this delightful French breakfast pastry.

Both are correct, and both taste the same.

Everything else

Your local bakery will have plenty of viennoiseries. In addition to the basic croissants and pain au chocolat, you'll usually find:

pain au raisin: not unlike cinnamon rolls

escargots (not REAL snails but shaped like one), a bit like the pain au raisins but without the raisins

palmier, a flaky and sweet heart-shaped puff pastry covered in crunchy, caramelized sugar - everyone will know what you had for breakfast because it is impossible to get rid of every single crumb you'll be wearing!

A word about freshness

It is a sad state of affairs but these days, few are the bakers who prepare everything from scratch. Often, they receive dough from a central sales point (or, horror of horrors, buy frozen dough) and bake or reheat things in their ovens.

While bread in France is highly regulated, you cannot say the same about viennoiseries: there is no legislation that prevents bakeries from selling you an industrial croissant.

So how can you tell?

Avoid franchises. I can't give you the names but if you see boulangeries with the same name and logo in several different towns, you might reconsider.

If yours is a small boulangerie and you have a huge choice of pastries, you might wonder how that tiny kitchen with its single employee can turn out an such an array of viennoiseries...

Look for irregularities. If each item is identical, there's a good chance the entire lot comes from an industrial plant.

Artisanal pastries are made with butter, eggs, high-quality flour. Industrial ones may use margarine, powdered eggs, cheap flour... sometimes, you can just tell by the taste.

Local bakeries who make their own bread and pastries will usually say so right on their sign, with a mention like "Artisan Boulanger" (an artisan), "Fait Maison" (home-made), or "Boulangers de France", a network of artisanal bakers.

It's not a foolproof method, because some industrial franchises may use words that hint at home-made, skidding near the edge of the law.

In the end, you'll have to trust your nose and your taste, because there is really no failsafe way of knowing. Each year, France has a television show called "La Meilleure Boulangerie de France", a contest that selects the best bakery. By looking at the list of winners and finalists, you'll at least be able to sample what they offer if you happen to be in that part of the country...

Breakfast cereals

Let's face it, breakfast in France is changing.

Cereals are becoming a staple of the typical French breakfast, at least among the younger generation and for children. Plenty of ads on television enjoin us to eat cereals, and they are having an impact.

According to one survey several years ago, 59% of French ate cereal for breakfast. Going forward, that number can only have increased.

With cereals, all you have to do is pour into a bowl and add milk, no fuss, no muss. The temptation of simplicity in a busy world is understandable.

I suspect this might be more common in the cities, because where I live, in rural Eastern France, I don't know a single person beyond their teens who eats cereal... we're tartine die-hards out here.

A few other French breakfast items

Of course there are always a few who break the norm and eat differently, although here too, habits are slowly evolving.

One trend is the sale of special breads in bakeries. A decade ago, in my local boulangerie, I could buy a few different baguettes, a crown-shaped loaf, some larger breads called pains (this is the generic word for bread but is also a loaf about twice the size of a baguette), and a very few others.

Now, I can find several dark breads, baguettes with seeds on top, breads with cheese or bacon or olives, tall loaves and flat loaves and rye or linseed loaves. This diversity is extremely welcome, but it was a long time coming.

The so-called healthy breakfast is also making inroads in certain quarters. It might include muesli or a healthy cereal, yoghourt, fruit - anything that isn't a refined grain.

Brunch on weekends is becoming popular in large cities where it is available, and that's where you might find such dishes as Eggs Benedict or pancakes or a full English or American breakfast.

Radishes.

What??

I used to think this was a peculiarity of my mother's, cutting a radish, slipping some butter into the gashes and sprinkling with salt.

But no. I've since seen these at friends' homes for breakfast. Neither unique nor widespread, this breakfast choice is a bit quirky and demonstrates we are not that all that stuffy when it comes to breakfast.

Foods the French do NOT eat for breakfast

There are plenty of foods that people may think we eat for breakfast... but that we do not.

French toast: this may sound like one of the typical French style breakfast foods, but I have yet to see it eaten at the regular breakfast table. The French for French toast is pain perdu, or lost bread; this dish occasionally pops up on weekends or even at suppertime.

Crêpes, or pancakes: while pancakes may be popular for breakfast in North America, they're rarely eaten at the French breakfast table. Like pain perdu, they tend to appear on weekends or for a light supper. Unlike their anglophone cousins' slathered syrup, they tend to be eaten with powdered sugar, lemon, honey or a stuffing of sorts, like chocolate sauce or chestnut cream.

Meat spreads or pâté: In some countries, pulling out the pâté is believed to be the nec plus ultra of French breakfasts. But no, not in France. These dishes are eaten before a main lunch or dinner dish, or as a light meal on their own but never for breakfast, unlike in neighbouring Germanic countries, where cold cuts for breakfast are common.

Eggs and bacon: As I mentioned above, these are brunch foods, or breakfast foods when you happen to be staying in a hotel, but not at home, or rarely.

Cheese: This is another item that hasn't found its way to the breakfast table. On the contrary, it is typically eaten to end a meal like lunch or dinner.

What the French drink for breakfast

Morning hot drinks are quite similar to those in other countries:

Coffee, usually café au lait, which when I was a child was drunk in a bowl rather than a cup or a mug. Modern tastes allow for cappuccinos, but the espresso remains popular.

Chicory, or chicory mixed with coffee, although this tends to be a regional drink and not available everywhere (having tasted this, I'd have to say this is a good thing)

Tea, usually with lemon or with milk, with loose teas becoming increasingly popular

Herbal teas, or tisanes, some of which you'll easily find anywhere, even in cafés, such as mint (menthe), linden tea (tilleul) or verbena (verveine)

Hot chocolate, or chocolat chaud, for those who don't want caffeine and don't like tea. Of course this is particularly liked by children (and the adult writing this post)

Fruit juice: This is common at breakfast, as evidenced by the rows upon rows of fruit juices you'll find in any supermarket

This seems a good time to tell you about the canard, or duck (a term which may come from the way ducks dunk themselves into the water and come out soaked). A canard is a sugar cube dunked in coffee (or in some sort of alcohol, but not usually at breakfast). And at least one friend of mine uses the term canard for her dunked tartine.

FAQ

How do you say breakfast menu in French?

La carte du petit déjeuner.

What does the average French person eat for breakfast?

The stereotypical French breakfast is a hot drink, usually coffee or tea, and a tartine, which is a baguette, sliced horizontally, slathered with butter and/or jam.

What is the main meal of the day in France?

It is either lunch or dinner. Often, working people will sit down for a long lunch and eat a light dinner. In families, dinner is often the main meal as everyone sits together. On weekends or evenings out, dinner will be more important than lunch.

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