# data[].attributes.headline
Chinese CalligraphyContent• • • • Brief history Famous figures Primary styles four treasures of the studyHistory•16th-11th century B.C. inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty (甲骨文) •13th century B.C.-A.D 2nd century •Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) •Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) •Xiǎozhuàn—character unification in the time of Qin Shi HuangFamous figures• 王羲之（A.D.303-361）Wei-Jin dynasty • Acclaimed as “Saint of Calligraphy” （“书圣”） • Works: Lanting Xu (兰亭序)—Preface to the Poems Collected from the Orchid Pavilion（兰亭序）• Charm of “之” in 20 different styles颜真卿(A.D.709－785)—Tang dynasty•One of the four greatest masters of kaishuYan Zhenqing used to practise calligraphy while sweeping the yard with a groom when he was young. Later he asked Zhang Xun, a famous calligrapher on how to achieve the achievements as the ancients. After years of hard work and combining his sentiments and ambitions from the battlefield, his works reached the consummate level. Yan’s works: firm and stretchy柳公权(778－865)—Tang dynasty•Liu Gongquan, a master of kaishu and cursive(行草) who is oftened mentioned with Yan Zhenqing. Kaishu: vigorous and rigorous Running-cursive: fluent and flowing黄庭坚 (1045-1105) Huang Tingjian• A calligrapher and poet in Song dynasty. • His works are fancy and firm, leading change of the trend.Popular styles• 隶书The clerical script• An archaic style of Chinese calligraphy which evolved in the Warring States period to the Qin dynasty, was dominant in the Han dynasty, and remained in use through the Wèi-Jì n periods. • It often features a wavelike flaring of stroke, especially adominant rightward or downward diagonal stroke.Popular styles• 楷书Regular script/kǎishū• Regular script came into being between the Eastern Hàn and Cáo Wèi dynasties, and its first known master was Zhōng Yáo( 钟繇) known as “father of regular script”. • It is most common in modern writings and publications.Popular styles• 行书Semi-cursive script/running script/xíngshū• It belongs to a cursive style of Chinese characters. • Easy to read compared to cursivePopular styles• 草书Cursive script/Grass script• faster to write than other styles, but difficult to read for those unfamiliar with it. It functions primarily as a kind of shorthand script or calligraphic style.Four treasures of the study•Brush: bamboo and weasel(黄鼬) hair •Ink and inkstick: made from lampblack (soot)and binders, grinded with water before use.•Paper: Special types of paper called Xuanzhi isused, from Tatar wingceltis(青檀) and other materials.•Inkstone: used to grind the solid inkstick intoliquid ink and to contain the ink once it is liquid. Made of: stone, ceramic, or clay from the banks of the Yellow RiverThank you!

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Chinese CalligraphyContent• • • • Brief history Famous figures Primary styles four treasures of the studyHistory•16th-11th century B.C. inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells of the Shang Dynasty (甲骨文) •13th century B.C.-A.D 2nd century •Jīnwén (Bronzeware script) •Dàzhuàn (Large Seal Script) •Xiǎozhuàn—character unification in the time of Qin Shi HuangFamous figures• 王羲之（A.D.303-361）Wei-Jin dynasty • Acclaimed as “Saint of Calligraphy” （“书圣”） • Works: Lanting Xu (兰亭序)—Preface to the Poems Collected from the Orchid Pavilion（兰亭序）• Charm of “之” in 20 different styles颜真卿(A.D.709－785)—Tang dynasty•One of the four greatest masters of kaishuYan Zhenqing used to practise calligraphy while sweeping the yard with a groom when he was young. Later he asked Zhang Xun, a famous calligrapher on how to achieve the achievements as the ancients. After years of hard work and combining his sentiments and ambitions from the battlefield, his works reached the consummate level. Yan’s works: firm and stretchy柳公权(778－865)—Tang dynasty•Liu Gongquan, a master of kaishu and cursive(行草) who is oftened mentioned with Yan Zhenqing. Kaishu: vigorous and rigorous Running-cursive: fluent and flowing黄庭坚 (1045-1105) Huang Tingjian• A calligrapher and poet in Song dynasty. • His works are fancy and firm, leading change of the trend.Popular styles• 隶书The clerical script• An archaic style of Chinese calligraphy which evolved in the Warring States period to the Qin dynasty, was dominant in the Han dynasty, and remained in use through the Wèi-Jì n periods. • It often features a wavelike flaring of stroke, especially adominant rightward or downward diagonal stroke.Popular styles• 楷书Regular script/kǎishū• Regular script came into being between the Eastern Hàn and Cáo Wèi dynasties, and its first known master was Zhōng Yáo( 钟繇) known as “father of regular script”. • It is most common in modern writings and publications.Popular styles• 行书Semi-cursive script/running script/xíngshū• It belongs to a cursive style of Chinese characters. • Easy to read compared to cursivePopular styles• 草书Cursive script/Grass script• faster to write than other styles, but difficult to read for those unfamiliar with it. It functions primarily as a kind of shorthand script or calligraphic style.Four treasures of the study•Brush: bamboo and weasel(黄鼬) hair •Ink and inkstick: made from lampblack (soot)and binders, grinded with water before use.•Paper: Special types of paper called Xuanzhi isused, from Tatar wingceltis(青檀) and other materials.•Inkstone: used to grind the solid inkstick intoliquid ink and to contain the ink once it is liquid. Made of: stone, ceramic, or clay from the banks of the Yellow RiverThank you!

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The Terra Cotta Warriors（兵马俑）                                                                   霍子飞——食科英语三班The Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses are the most significant archeological excavations of the 20th century，which is around 1.5 kilometers east of  Emperor Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum（陵墓）,  Lintong County,  Shaanxi province. It is a sight should not to be missed by any visitor to China. The museum covers an area of 16,300 square meters, divided into three sections: No. 1 Pit, No. 2 Pit, and No. 3 Pit. They were tagged in the order of their discoveries.  No. 1 Pit is the largest one,which was first opened to the public on China's National Day, 1979. There are columns of soldiers at the front, followed by war chariots at the back. No. 2 Pit, found in 1976, is 20 meters northeast of No. 1 Pit. It contained over a thousand warriors and 90 chariots of wood. It was opened to the public in 1994. Archeologists came upon No. 3 Pit also in 1976, 25 meters northwest of No. 1 Pit. It looked like to be the command center of the armed forces. It went on display in 1989, with 68 warriors, a war chariot and four horses. Altogether over 7,000 pottery soldiers, horses, chariots, and even weapons have been unearthed from these pits. Most of them have been restored to their former grandeur. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses is an archeological find of all times. It has put Xian on the map for tourists. It was listed by UNESCO in 1987 as one of the world cultural heritages.

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The Terra Cotta Warriors（兵马俑）                                                                   霍子飞——食科英语三班The Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses are the most significant archeological excavations of the 20th century，which is around 1.5 kilometers east of  Emperor Qin Shi Huang's Mausoleum（陵墓）,  Lintong County,  Shaanxi province. It is a sight should not to be missed by any visitor to China. The museum covers an area of 16,300 square meters, divided into three sections: No. 1 Pit, No. 2 Pit, and No. 3 Pit. They were tagged in the order of their discoveries.  No. 1 Pit is the largest one,which was first opened to the public on China's National Day, 1979. There are columns of soldiers at the front, followed by war chariots at the back. No. 2 Pit, found in 1976, is 20 meters northeast of No. 1 Pit. It contained over a thousand warriors and 90 chariots of wood. It was opened to the public in 1994. Archeologists came upon No. 3 Pit also in 1976, 25 meters northwest of No. 1 Pit. It looked like to be the command center of the armed forces. It went on display in 1989, with 68 warriors, a war chariot and four horses. Altogether over 7,000 pottery soldiers, horses, chariots, and even weapons have been unearthed from these pits. Most of them have been restored to their former grandeur. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses is an archeological find of all times. It has put Xian on the map for tourists. It was listed by UNESCO in 1987 as one of the world cultural heritages.

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孙都扬-机数英语3班

Wuxia, which literally means "martial hero", is a broad genre of Chinese fiction concerning the adventures of martial artists. Although wuxia is traditionally a form of literature, its popularity has caused it to spread to diverse art forms such as Chinese opera, manhua, films, television series and video games. It is a component of popular culture in many Chinese-speaking communities around the world.

The word "wuxia" is a compound word composed of the words wu (lit. "martial", "military", or "armed") andxia (lit. "honourable", "chivalrous", or "hero"). A martial artist who follows the code of xia is often referred to as a xiake (lit. "follower of xia") or youxia (lit. "wandering xia"). In some translated works of wuxia, the martial artist is sometimes termed as a "swordsman" or "swordswoman" even though he or she may not necessarily wield a sword.

Typically, the heroes in wuxia fiction do not serve a lord, wield military power or belong to the aristocratic class. They are often from the lower social classes of ancient Chinese society. Wuxia heroes are usually bound by a code of chivalry that requires them to right wrongs, fight for righteousness, remove an oppressor, redress wrongs and bring retribution for past misdeeds. The Chinese xia traditions can be compared to martial codes from other countries, such as the Japanese samurai's bushido tradition, the chivalry of medieval European knights and the gunslingers of America's Westerns.

Even though the term "wuxia", as the name of a genre, is a recent coinage, stories about xia date back more than 2,000 years. Wuxia stories have their roots in some early youxia tales from 300–200 BCE . The Legalist philosopher Han Fei spoke disparagingly of youxias in his book Han Feizi in the chapterOn Five 'Maggot' Classes (韩非子·五蠹) about the five social classes in the Spring and Autumn Period.[1] Some well-known stories include Zhuan Zhu's assassination of King Liao of Wu, and most notably, Jing Ke's attempt on the life of the King of Qin (who became Qin Shi Huang later). In Volume 86 of theRecords of the Grand Historian (Shi Ji), Sima Qian listed five notable assassins (Cao Mo, Zhuan Zhu, Yu Rang, Nie Zheng and Jing Ke) from the Warring States period, who undertook tasks of conducting political assassinations of aristocrats and nobles.[2][3]

These assassins were known as cike (刺客; lit. "stabbing guests"). They usually rendered their loyalties and services to feudal lords and nobles in return for rewards such as riches and women. In Volume 124 of the Shi Ji, Sima Qian detailed several embryonic features of xia culture from his period. These popular phenomena were also documented in other historical records such as the Book of Han and the Book of the Later Han.

Xiake stories made a turning point in the Tang dynasty and returned in the form of chuanqi (傳奇; lit. "legendary tales"). Stories from that era, such asNie Yinniang (聶隱娘),[4] The Kunlun Slave, Thirteenth Madame Jing (荆十三娘),[5] Red String (紅線)[6] and The Bearded Warrior (虬髯客),[7] served as prototypes for modern wuxia stories.[8] They featured fantasies and isolated protagonists, usually loners, who performed daring heroic deeds. During theSong dynasty, similar stories circulated in the huaben, short works that were once thought to have served as prompt-books for shuochang (traditional Chinese storytelling).[9][10]

The genre of the martial or military romance also developed during the Tang dynasty. In the Ming dynasty, Luo Guanzhong and Shi Nai'an wrote Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin respectively, which were later ranked among the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. The former is a romanticised historical retelling of the events in the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, while the latter criticises the deplorable socio-economic status of the late Northern Song dynasty. Water Margin is often seen as the first full-length wuxia novel: the portrayal of the 108 heroes, and their code of honour and willingness to become outlaws rather than serve a corrupt government, played an influential role in the development ofjianghu culture in later centuries. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is also seen as a possible early antecedent, and contains classic close-combat descriptions that were later borrowed by wuxia writers in their works.[11][12]

In the Qing dynasty, further developments were the gong'an (公案; lit. "public case") and related detective novels, where xia and other heroes, working with a judge or magistrate, solved crimes and battled injustice. The Justice Bao stories from Sanxia Wuyi (三俠五義; later extended and renamed to Qixia Wuyi) and Xiaowuyi (小五義), incorporated much of social justice themes of later wuxia stories. Xiayi stories of chivalrous romance, which frequently featured female heroes and supernatural fighting abilities, also surfaced during the Qing dynasty. Novels such as Shi Gong'an Qiwen (施公案奇聞) and Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan (兒女英雄傳) have been cited as the clearest nascent wuxia novels.[13][14]

The term "wuxia" as a genre label itself first appeared at the end of the Qing dynasty, a calque of the Japanese "bukyō", a genre of oft-militaristic andbushido-influenced adventure fiction. The term was brought to China by writers and students who hoped that China would modernise its military and place emphasis on martial virtues, and it quickly became entrenched as the term used to refer to xiayi and other predecessors of wuxia proper, while in Japan itself, however, it faded into obscurity.[15][16]

Many wuxia works produced during the Ming and Qing dynasties were lost due to the governments' strong crackdown and banning of such works.[17] Wuxia works were deemed responsible for brewing anti-government sentiments, which led to rebellions during those eras.[citation needed] The departure from mainstream literature also meant that patronage of this genre was limited to the masses and not to the literati, which led to the stifling of the development of the wuxia genre. Nonetheless, the wuxia genre remained enormously popular with the common people.[18]

20th century[edit]

The modern wuxia genre rose to prominence in the early 20th century after the May Fourth Movement of 1919. A new literature evolved, calling for a break with Confucian values, and the xia emerged as a symbol of personal freedom, defiance to Confucian tradition, and rejection of the Chinese family system.[17]

The early 20th century and the period from the 1960s–80s were often regarded as the golden ages of the wuxia genre.[citation needed] Xiang Kairan (pen namePingjiang Buxiaosheng) became the first notable wuxia writer, his maiden work being The Peculiar Knights-Errant of the Jianghu (江湖奇侠传).[19][20] It was serialised from 1921 to 1928 and was adapted into the first wuxia film, The Burning of the Red Lotus Temple (1928).[21] Zhao Huanting (趙煥亭), who wroteChronicles of the Loyal Knights-Errant (奇俠精忠傳, serialised 1923–27), was another well-known wuxia writer who was based in Shanghai.[22] Starting from the 1930s, wuxia works proliferated and its centre shifted to Beijing and Tianjin in northern China. The most prolific writers there were collectively referred to as the Five Great Masters of the Northern School (北派五大家) — Huanzhu Louzhu (還珠樓主), who wrote The Swordspeople from Shu Mountains (蜀山剑侠传); Kenneth Lu (蘆葦草),[23] who wrote Tales of Terra Ocean (山海封神榜 前传);[24] Bai Yu, who wrote Twelve Coin Darts (十二钱镖); Wang Dulu, who wrote The Crane-Iron Pentalogy (鹤铁五部作); Zheng Zhengyin (郑证因), who wrote The King of Eagle Claws (鹰爪王); Zhu Zhenmu (朱贞木), who wrote The Seven-Killing Stele (七杀碑).[25][26]

Wuxia fiction was banned at various times during the Republican era and these restrictions stifled the growth of the genre.[17] In spite of this, wuxia writing prevailed in other Chinese-speaking regions, such as Taiwan and Hong Kong. Writers such as Liang Yusheng and Louis Cha (Jin Yong) spearheaded the founding of a "new school" of the wuxia genre that differed largely from its predecessors. They wrote serials for newspapers and magazines. They also incorporated several fictional themes such as mystery and romance from other cultures. In Taiwan, Wolong Sheng, Sima Ling, Zhuge Qingyun (诸葛青云), Xiao Yi (萧逸) and Gu Long became the region's most famous wuxia writers. After them, other writers such as Wen Rui'an and Huang Yi rose to prominence in a later period. Chen Yu-hui is a contemporary female wuxia novelist who made her debut with the novel The Tian-Guan Duo Heroes (天觀雙俠).[27]

There have also been works created after the 1980s which attempt to create a post-wuxia genre. Yu Hua, one of the more notable writers from this period, published a counter-genre short story titled Blood and Plum Blossoms, in which the protagonist goes on a quest to avenge his murdered father.

Themes, plots and settings[edit]
A 17th-century woodblock print of a scene from a play on the Kunlun Nu story.
Modern wuxia stories are largely set in ancient or premodern China. The historical setting can range from being quite specific and important to the story, to being vaguely-defined, anachronistic, or is only used as a backdrop for the action. Fantasy elements, ranging from fantastic martial arts to ghosts and monsters, are common elements of a wuxia story but not a prerequisite. However, the martial arts element is a definite part of a wuxia tale, as its characters must know some form of martial arts. Themes of romance are also strongly featured in some wuxia tales.

A typical wuxia story features a young male protagonist who experiences a tragedy, such as losing his loved ones, and goes on to undertake several trials and tribulations throughout his adventures in order to learn several forms of martial arts from various fighters. At the end of the story, the protagonist emerges as a powerful fighter whom few can equal. He uses his abilities to follow the code of xia and mends the ills of the jianghu. For instance, the opening chapters of some of Louis Cha's works follow a certain pattern: a tragic event occurs, usually one that costs the lives of the newly introduced characters, and then it sets events into motion that will culminate in the primary action of the story.[28]

Other stories use different structures. For instance, the protagonist is denied being accepted into a martial arts sect. He experiences hardships and trains secretly and waits until there is an opportunity for him to show off his skills and surprise those who initially looked down on him.[citation needed] Some stories feature a mature hero with powerful martial arts abilities confronting an equally powerful antagonist as his nemesis. The plot will gradually meander to a final dramatic showdown between the protagonist and his nemesis. These types of stories were prevalent during the era of anti-Qing revolutionaries.[citation needed]

Certain stories have unique plots, such as those by Gu Long and Huang Yi. Gu Long's works have an element of mystery and are written like detective stories. The protagonist, usually a formidable martial artist and intelligent problem-solver, embarks on a quest to solve a mystery such as a murder case. Huang Yi's stories are blended with science fiction.

Despite these genre-blending elements, wuxia is primarily a historical genre of fiction. Notwithstanding this, wuxia writers openly admit that they are unable to capture the entire history of a course of events and instead choose to structure their stories along the pattern of the protagonist's progression from childhood to adulthood instead.[citation needed] The progression may be symbolic rather than literal, as observed in Louis Cha's The Smiling, Proud Wanderer, where the young Linghu Chong progresses from childish concerns and dalliances into much more adult ones as his unwavering loyalty repeatedly thrusts him into the rocks of betrayal at the hands of his inhumane master.[28]

Code of xia[edit]

Eight common attributes of the xia are listed as benevolence, justice, individualism, loyalty, courage, truthfulness, disregard for wealth and desire for glory. Apart from individualism, these characteristics are similar to Confucian values such as ren (仁; "benevolence", "kindness"), zhong (忠; "loyalty"),yong (勇; "courage", "bravery") and yi (義; "righteousness").[17] The code of xia also emphasises the importance of repaying benefactors after having received deeds of en (恩; "grace", "favour") from others, as well as seeking chou (仇; "vengeance", "revenge") to bring villains to justice. However, the importance of vengeance is controversial, as a number of wuxia works stress Buddhist ideals, which include forgiveness, compassion and a prohibition on killing.

In the jianghu, martial artists are expected to be loyal to their master (sifu). This gives rise to the formation of several complex trees of master-apprentice relations as well as the various sects such as Shaolin and Wudang.[citation needed] If there are any disputes between fighters, they will choose the honourable way of settling their issues through fighting in duels.[citation needed]

Skills and abilities[edit]

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The martial arts in wuxia stories are based on wushu techniques and other real life Chinese martial arts. In wuxia tales, however, the mastery of such skills are highly exaggerated to superhuman levels of achievement and prowess.

The following is a list of skills and abilities a typical fighter or martial artist in a wuxia story possesses:

Martial arts (武功): Fighting techniques in a codified sequence called zhaoshi (招式), which are based on real life Chinese martial arts.

Weapons and objects: Combatants use a wide range of weapons in combat. The most commonly used ones are the dao (broadsword or saber), jian (sword), gun(staff), and qiang (spear). Everyday objects such as abaci, benches, fans, ink brushes, smoking pipes, sewing needles, or various musical instruments, are also used as weapons as well.

Qinggong: A form of real Chinese martial arts. In wuxia stories and films, however, its use is highly exaggerated to the point that characters can circumvent gravity to fly, cover tremendous distances in a single stride, glide across surfaces of water, scale high walls and mount trees.

Neili (内力; lit "internal force" or "internal strength") / Neigong (內功; lit. "internal skill" or "internal function"): The ability to build up and cultivate inner energy known as qi and utilise it for attack and defensive purposes. Characters use this energy to attain skills such as superhuman strength, speed, stamina, durability and healing as well as the ability to project energy beams and/or elemental forces from their bodies.

Dianxue (點穴; lit. "touching acupuncture points"): Characters use various acupuncture techniques to kill, paralyse, immobilise or control opponents by attacking their acupressure points with their bare hands or weapons. Such techniques can also be used for healing purposes, such as halting excessive bleeding. Real life martial artists do use such techniques to paralyse or stun their opponents, however, their effectiveness is highly exaggerated in wuxia stories.

In wuxia stories, characters attain the above skills and abilities by devoting themselves to years of diligent study and exercise, but can also have such power conferred upon them by a master who transfers his inner energy to them. The instructions to mastering these skills through training are found in secret manuals known as miji (秘笈). In some stories, specific skills can be learned by spending several years in seclusion with a master or training with a group of fighters.

Jianghu[edit]

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"Jianghu" redirects here. For other uses, see Jianghu (disambiguation).
The "jianghu" (江湖; lit. "rivers and lakes") refers to a community of martial artists. The term "wulin" (武林; lit. "martial forest") is another commonly used term which refers to this community. The jianghu is made up of several martial artists who are usually congregated in sects, clans, disciplines and various schools of martial arts. It is also inhabited by others such as youxia ("wandering martial artists"), nobles, thieves, beggars, priests, healers, merchants and craftsmen.

A common aspect of the jianghu is that the courts of law are dysfunctional and that all disputes and differences can only be resolved by use of force, predicating the need for the code of xia and acts of chivalry. Law and order within the jianghu are maintained by the various orthodox and righteous sects and heroes. Sometimes these sects may gather to form an alliance against a powerful evil organisation in the jianghu.

A leader, called the "wulin mengzhu" (武林盟主; lit. "master of the wulin alliance"), is elected from among the sects in order to lead them and ensure law and order within the jianghu. The leader is usually someone with a high level of mastery in martial arts and a great reputation for righteousness who is often involved in some conspiracy and/or killed. In some cases, the leader may not be the greatest martial artist in the jianghu while in others, the position of the leader is hereditary. The leader is an arbiter who presides and adjudicates over all inequities and disputes. The leader is a de jure chief justice of the affairs of the jianghu.

The term "jianghu" is linked to cultures other than those pertaining to martial arts in wuxia stories. It is also applied to anarchic societies. For instance, the triads and other Chinese secret societies use the term "jianghu" to describe their world of organised crime. Sometimes, the term "jianghu" may be replaced by the term "underworld", with reference to the "criminal underworld".

In modern terminology, "jianghu" may mean any circle of interest, ranging from the entertainment industry to sports. Colloquially, retirement is also referred to as "leaving the jianghu" (退出江湖). In wuxia stories, when a reputable fighter decides to retire from the jianghu, he will do so in a ceremony known as "washing hands in the golden basin" (金盆洗手). He washes his hands in a golden basin filled with water, signifying that he will no longer be involved in the affairs of the jianghu. When a reclusive fighter who has retired from the jianghu reappears, his return is described as "re-entering the jianghu" (重出江湖).

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顾盛锋 机数英语3班

Mahjong, also spelledmajiang,mah jongg, and numerous other variants, is agame that originated in China.The game is played with a set of 144 tiles based onChinese charactersandsymbols, although some regional variations use a different number of tiles. In most variations, each player begins by receiving 13 tiles. In turn players draw and discard tiles until they complete a legal hand using the 14th drawn tile to form four groups (melds) and a pair (head). There are fairly standard rules about how a piece is drawn, stolen from another player and thus melded, the use of simples (numbered tiles) and honours (winds and dragons), the kinds of melds, and the order of dealing and play. However there are many regional variations in the rules; in addition, the scoring system and the minimum hand necessary to win varies significantly based on the local rules being used.

One of the myths of the origin of mahjong suggests thatConfucius,[1]the Chinese philosopher, developed the game in about 500 BC. The three dragon (cardinal) tiles also agree with the three cardinal virtues bequeathed by Confucius.Hóng Zhōng(紅中, red middle),Fā Cái(發財, prosperity), andBái Bǎn"(白板, white board) representbenevolence,sincerity, andfilial piety, respectively.

The myth also claims that Confucius was fond of birds, which would explain the name "mahjong" (maque 麻雀 = sparrow).

Many historians believe it was based on a Chinesecard gamecalledMǎdiào(馬吊) (also known asMa Tiae, hanging horse; orYèzí[葉子], leaf) in the earlyMing dynasty.[2]This game was played with 40 paper cards similar in appearance to the cards used in the game Ya Pei. These 40 cards are numbered 1 to 9 in four different suits, along with four extra flower cards. This is quite similar to the numbering of mahjong tiles today, although mahjong only has three suits and, in effect, uses four packs of Ya Pei cards.

During the 18th century,there is a Chinese card game with principle of drawing and discarding with a view to melding and is in fact essence of mahjong.[3]

There is still some debate about who created the game. One theory is that Chinese army officers serving during theTaiping Rebellioncreated the game to pass the time. Another theory is that a nobleman living in theShanghaiarea created the game between 1870 and 1875. Others believe that two brothers fromNíngpōcreated mahjong around 1850, from the earlier game of Mǎdiào.

This game was banned by the government ofPeople's Republic of Chinawhen it took power in 1949.[4]The newCommunistgovernment forbade any gambling activities, which were regarded as symbols ofcapitalistcorruption. After theCultural Revolution, the game was revived, without gambling elements, and the prohibition was revoked in 1985.[5]Today, it is a favorite pastime in China and other Chinese-speaking communities.

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克高星 机数英语三班

The Shaolin temple has many legends and mysteries surround it. The origin of martial arts, the origin of kung fu surround the vague mysteries of the Shaolin Temple and the shaolin monks.

Shaolin Temple is probably the most famous temple in China, not only because of its long history and its role in Chinese Buddhism, but also because of its martial arts or Wushu Chan. Shaolin Temple is situated in the beautiful Songshan Mountains, which is only eight miles of Dengfeng and about 50 miles southwest of Zhengzhou, the capital of Henan Province.

Shaolin Temple was established in 495 during the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534). Batuo, an Indian monk, came toLuoyang, the ancient capital, for spreading Buddhism at that period. EmperorXiaowen was a believer of Buddhism so he decided to build the temple in the Songshan Mountains to house Batuo, who translated many Buddhist works and had a few hundred followers there.

There are many noted relics at Shaolin.There are over 300 ancient stone inscriptions, some of them by famous calligraphers. The large mural of 500 arhats in the Qianfo Hall was from the Ming Dynasty. There are 232 pagodas from different dynasties, known as the

forest of pagodas. The oldest one was from the Tang Dynasty. The pagodas are the tombs of the celebrated Shaolin monks. The Shaolin martial arts are an important part of the relics.

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周煜孝-2级机数英语三班

《A bite of China》 is the most popular TV program about Chinese dishes in China.

There are many TV programs on Chinese cuisines, but few are like 《A bite of China》.

The latest seven-part high-definition documentary offers insights into the geographical, historical and cultural dimensions of what Chinese eat.Filled with mouthwatering images of food ranging from haute cuisine to local delicacies, the docu captures the beautiful and refined process of food-making. The program is sure to attract both food buffs and ordinary audiences.

The bonus is, the show is not only about dishes. Every episode will highlight different people, who will tell stories about their adventures with food.

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机数英语三班 郭金花

The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn Period, which lasted up to 2000 years, with a total length of up to 50 million meters. Spring and Autumn Period, princes States to defend against the invasion of other countries, the construction of beacon towers, connected by walls to form the first Great Wall. It is us. However, today more than that referred to the Great Wall built in Ming Dynasty Great Wall, Jiayuguan in the west it is in western China's Gansu Province, east to the Yalu River in northeast China's Liaoning Province side, 6,350,000 meters long. It is like a vigorous dragon, more mountains, through cliffs, wearing prairie, across deserts, mountains and downs at the top of the Yellow and Bohai Sea shore.

All times, people who have been to the Great Wall are all amazed its majestic momentum, grand scale and challenging projects. The Great Wall is a miracle created by ancient working people a rare treasure, but also the extraordinary artistic heritage, it symbolizes the nation indestructible strength and will last forever, is the pride of the Chinese nation, but also the pride of the entire human race.

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                                                                                 Dragon

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                                                                                 Dragon

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二级机数英语三班 钱家豪

Dragon in real life we do not know whether there is , there are many myths about dragons .

Dragon is very important for our country , and we give it a good meaning, pray for him to bless .

Long seems to be made ​​up of different animals consisting of nine dragon in Chinese mythology and legend, is a miraculous animal , with nine unlike the image into one of nine animals . Which nine kinds of animals specifically disputed . According to legend, the dragon's body , " nine as nine unlike" head like a cow , horns like a deer, eyes like shrimp, like elephant ears , items like a snake , belly like a snake , like fish scales , claws like a phoenix , palm tiger . Another said that : "mouth like a horse , eyes like a crab, must be like sheep , horns like a deer , ears like a cow , mane like a lion , like carp scales , body like a snake , claws like an eagle ... " ; There is a saying : " head like a camel , eyes like a ghost , like the ears of cattle , horns like a deer, items like a snake , belly like a mirage , like carp scales , claws like eagles , palm like a tiger . " The dragon also has ancient tribes as their totem to faith , then there pray for good weather , peace and prosperity of .

Of course, the most well known is the dragon represents imperial power, it represents the height of imperial power , so there robes , dragon bed like that. But , after all, is an animal that people might think, there is no concrete existence we are not able to determine , because the rumors and stories about dragons too much, but no doubt that China's traditional culture, the dragon is an indispensable part of for our part is very important.

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汤娣  机数英语3班

Dunhuang was established as a frontier garrison outpost by the Han

Dynasty Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 BCE.It also

became an important gateway to the West,a centre of commerce along

the Silk Road, as well as a meeting place of various peopleand religions

such as Buddhism.During late nineteenth century and early twentieth

century,Western explorers began to show interest in the ancient Silk

Road and the lost cities of Central Asia, and those who passed through

Dunhuang noted the murals and artifacts such as the Stele of Sulaiman

at Mogao.The biggest discovery, however, came from a Chinese Taoist

named Wang Yuanlu,who appointed himself guardian of some of these

temples around the turn of the century.Some of the caves had by then

been blocked by sand, and Wang set about clearing away the sand and

made an attempt at repairing the site.In one such cave, on 25 June 1900,

Wang discovered a walled up area behind one side of a corridor leading

to a main cave.Behind the wall was a small cave stuffed with an enormous

hoard of manuscripts.In the next feconcerned,Dunhuang Caves w years,

Wang took some manuscriptsto show various officials who expressed

varying level of interest,but in1904 Wang re-sealed the cave following an

order by the governor of Gansu.As far as I am have diverse meaning and

can be treated as a symbol of Chinese culture.

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Dunhuang was established as a frontier garrison outpost by the Han Dynasty Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 BCE. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce along the Silk Road, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as Buddhism.During late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Western explorers began to show interest in the ancient Silk Road and the lost cities of Central Asia, and those who passed through Dunhuang noted the murals and artifacts such as the Stele of Sulaiman at Mogao. The biggest discovery, however, came from a Chinese Taoist named Wang Yuanlu who appointed himself guardian of some of these temples around the turn of the century.Some of the caves had by then been blocked by sand, and Wang set about clearing away the sand and made an attempt at repairing the site. In one such cave, on 25 June 1900, Wang discovered a walled up area behind one side of a corridor leading to a main cave.[8][9] Behind the wall was a small cave stuffed with an enormous hoard of manuscripts. In the next few years, Wang took some manuscripts to show to various officials who expressed varying level of interest, but in 1904 Wang re-sealed the cave following an order by the governor of Gansu.

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Dunhuang was established as a frontier garrison outpost by the Han Dynasty Emperor Wudi to protect against the Xiongnu in 111 BCE. It also became an important gateway to the West, a centre of commerce along the Silk Road, as well as a meeting place of various people and religions such as Buddhism.During late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, Western explorers began to show interest in the ancient Silk Road and the lost cities of Central Asia, and those who passed through Dunhuang noted the murals and artifacts such as the Stele of Sulaiman at Mogao. The biggest discovery, however, came from a Chinese Taoist named Wang Yuanlu who appointed himself guardian of some of these temples around the turn of the century.Some of the caves had by then been blocked by sand, and Wang set about clearing away the sand and made an attempt at repairing the site. In one such cave, on 25 June 1900, Wang discovered a walled up area behind one side of a corridor leading to a main cave.[8][9] Behind the wall was a small cave stuffed with an enormous hoard of manuscripts. In the next few years, Wang took some manuscripts to show to various officials who expressed varying level of interest, but in 1904 Wang re-sealed the cave following an order by the governor of Gansu.

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何如意——机数英语3班

In 221 BC, qin shi huang and put out the six governors, unified the world, over the conflict in the spring and autumn period and the warring states period, finished first in the history of Chinese feudal centralization of the great task of reunifying the country. In order to consolidate the unified empire of safety and production of Ann, defense powerful northern nomadic xiongnu slave owners, and repair the Great Wall. In addition to using the original yan, zhao, qin The basis of the north of the Great Wall, built to expand increase a lot of parts, "about the west, the east check liaodong, spanning more than ten thousand", from this has the title of the Great Wall. Built the Great Wall of China is the world the longest and biggest quantity of cold war era of national military defense project, together with the blood of our ancestors and wisdom, is the symbol and pride of the Chinese nation. Today, the Great Wall and Egypt's gold tower, the Roman Colosseum, the Leaning Tower of piza in Italy is known as the seven wonders of the world, is the Chinese nation ancient monuments and wisdom crystallization of culture, is a symbol of the blood patrimony and national spirit of the Chinese nation.

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周莹 机数英语三班

The Spring Festival is the most important festival for the Chinese people and is when all family members get together, just like Christmas in the West.It originated in the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600 BC-c. 1100 BC) from the people's sacrifice to gods and ancestors at the end of an old year and the beginning of a new one.

Many customs accompany the Spring Festival. Some are still followed today, but others have weakened.

Before the New Year comes, the people completely clean the indoors and outdoors of their homes as well as their clothes, bedclothes and all their utensils.Then people begin decorating their clean rooms featuring an atmosphere of rejoicing and festivity. All the door panels will be pasted with Spring Festival couplets, highlighting Chinese calligraphy with black characters on red paper. The content varies from house owners' wishes for a bright future to good luck for the New Year. Also, pictures of the god of doors and wealth will be posted on front doors to ward off evil spirits and welcome peace and abundance.

Waking up on New Year, everybody dresses up. First they extend greetings to their parents. Then each child will get money as a New Year gift, wrapped up in red paper. People in northern China will eat jiaozi, or dumplings, for breakfast, as they think "jiaozi" in sound means "bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new". Also, the shape of the dumpling is like gold ingot from ancient China. So people eat them and wish for money and treasure.

The Spring Festival lasts about 15 days long .People visit relatives and friends with the words “Have all your wishes ”. People enjoy the Spring Festival ,during this time they can have a good rest .

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Chinese drama, has a long history, has a distinctive national style, is that people love to see and hear the literary form. In many parts of the country have their own operas, is all flowers bloom together., colorful. The opera was produced in our nation's capital -- Beijing. Now, let us into the national culture treasure --" the quintessence of a country" the opera world, to feel it a broad connotation, to taste it long lasting appeal! Beijing opera has a history of over two hundred years, it is to learn widely from others' strong points, Chinese opera art treasures. It is in the Hui opera and drama in Han Dynasty on the basis of absorption of the Kunqu Opera, opera, such as the advantages and speciality gradually formation and evolution. Peking opera music plate cavity, mainly singing, xipi Erhuang two system, so the Peking Opera also known as "yellow skin". Peking opera singing and southern Bangzi, commonly used in four level, high pulling and blowing cavity.Peking Opera to be better than the performance of historical themes of political and military struggle, the story mostly come from historical dramas and novels in vernacular. Both the whole show, also has a large number of excerpts, and some even play. Peking Opera roles. Divide strict, early divided students, Dan, net, at the end, ugly, show, only seven lines, subsequent to the birth, Dan, net, ugly four lines. Peking opera drama is peaceful, calm and clear narration of the show is beautiful, it need not nervous, intense, exciting story to attract the audience; Peking opera music accompaniment is stable, in the long of Jinghu accompaniment, give a person a kind of a seamless heavenly robe safe feeling; Peking opera performance style is quiet, neither excessively high excitement, not deliberately one singing and three sighs, never stressed that violent and bloody.

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Chinese Calligraphy 

The Chinese Brush Calligraphy is one of the traditional four arts which was once an important critical standard for the Chinese literati in the imperial era and now prevails not only in China but also worldwide as a unique branch of art. 

Calligraphy is so abstract and sublime that in Chinese culture it is universally regarded to be the most revealing power of a person. While one has conformed to the defined structure of words, the expression can be displayed with great creativity by individuals. 

To become an artist or expert in calligraphy, one has to practice word by word and stroke by stroke until the spirit of the practice gets into one's mind. Just as Chinese Qi Gong, the Chinese brush calligraphy can temper a person into a state in which one can apply subconsciousness got from the daily practice to control the concentration of ink and the compatibility of font and size of each piece or word. 

In contrast to the Western calligraphy, diffusing ink blots and dry brush strokes are viewed as a natural and free impromptu expression. All the varieties of the operation depend on the mental exercise that coordinates the mind and the body to perform the proper sense to choose the proper way in expressing the content of the passage. 

Calligraphy is considered as an active way of keeping one fit and health for the practice is either relaxing or self-entertaining. Historically, many calligraphy artists both in China and Japan were well known for their longevity.

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Chinese Calligraphy 

The Chinese Brush Calligraphy is one of the traditional four arts which was once an important critical standard for the Chinese literati in the imperial era and now prevails not only in China but also worldwide as a unique branch of art. 

Calligraphy is so abstract and sublime that in Chinese culture it is universally regarded to be the most revealing power of a person. While one has conformed to the defined structure of words, the expression can be displayed with great creativity by individuals. 

To become an artist or expert in calligraphy, one has to practice word by word and stroke by stroke until the spirit of the practice gets into one's mind. Just as Chinese Qi Gong, the Chinese brush calligraphy can temper a person into a state in which one can apply subconsciousness got from the daily practice to control the concentration of ink and the compatibility of font and size of each piece or word. 

In contrast to the Western calligraphy, diffusing ink blots and dry brush strokes are viewed as a natural and free impromptu expression. All the varieties of the operation depend on the mental exercise that coordinates the mind and the body to perform the proper sense to choose the proper way in expressing the content of the passage. 

Calligraphy is considered as an active way of keeping one fit and health for the practice is either relaxing or self-entertaining. Historically, many calligraphy artists both in China and Japan were well known for their longevity.

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One of the most famous symbols of Chinese culture is dragon,which the western people called loong.There are eight thousand years history of the dragon totem at least.

Legend has it that the Chinese dragon has snake’body,deer’horn,fish’scale and tiger’s claw.Ancient Chinese people believed dragon can in charge of astronomical phenomena ,so they regard the dragon with reverence.Because of this ,in Chinese feudal society,emperors called themselves “the Real Dragons”. Only the imperial dress can have dragon patterns.

Tody ,Chinese dragon has become more approachable.People now regard it as our mascot.Many cute dragon characters have deep in our life. They symbolizes lucky,happiness,rich and honor.

In the end,don’t forget the fact that we are the sons of dragon.We should be proud for this.

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The Great Wall was built in the Spring and Autumn period, which lasted up to more than 2,000 years, with a total length of more than 10,000,000 m .

Today, we referred to the Great Wall, referring to the construction of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall. It west China's Gansu Province, Jiayuguan in the western East, Northeast China Liaoning Province of the Yalu River, while 6,350,000 meters long as it is a powerful dragon through steep mountains and the more cross-desert grasslands through ups and downs in the top of mountains on the other side of the Yellow Sea and Bohai all times and in all who have visited the Great Wall were all amazed that it's Bang Bo Momentum of the grand scale and difficulty of the project is a rare treasure of the Great Wall is an extraordinary artistic heritage symbolizes the Chinese nation in the world forever indestructible strength and the will of the Chinese nation is proud of is the pride of humanity as a whole.

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王娟娟 机数英语3班

Chinese Music dates back to the dawn of Chinese civilization with documents and artifacts providing evidence of a well-developed musical culture as early as the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC – 256 BC). Today, the music continues a rich traditional heritage in one aspect, while emerging into a more contemporary form at the same time.

According to Mencius, a powerful ruler once asked him whether it was moral if he preferred popular music to the classics. The answer was that it only mattered that the ruler love his subjects. The Imperial Music Bureau, first established in the Qin Dynasty (221–07 BC), was greatly expanded under the Emperor Han Wu Di (140–87 BC) and charged with supervising court music and military music and determining what folk music would be officially recognized. In subsequent dynasties, the development of Chinese music was strongly influenced by foreign music, especially Central Asia.

The oldest known written music is Youlan or the Solitary Orchid, attributed to Confucius (see guqin article for a sample of tablature). The first major well-documented flowering of Chinese music was for the qin during the Tang Dynasty, though the qin is known to have been played since before the Han Dynasty.

In ancient China the position of musicians was much lower than that of painters, though music was seen as central to the harmony and longevity of the state. Almost every emperor took folk songs seriously, sending officers to collect songs to inspect the popular will. One of the Confucianist Classics, Shi Jing (The Classic of Poetry), contained many folk songs dating from 800 BC to about 400 BC.

The first European to reach China with a musical instrument was Jesuit priest Matteo Ricci who presented a Harpsichord to the Lee imperial court in 1601, and trained four eunuchs to play it.

Dragon Dance
The famous dragon dance with music is also a remembered tradition. It is seen on Chinese New Year across the world by millions. It is not known when the tradition started, but it is believed to be thousands of years ago, as entertainment of former emperors, royals and nobles.

Traditional music in China is played on solo instruments or in small ensembles of plucked and bowed stringed instruments, flutes, and various cymbals, gongs, and drums. The scale is pentatonic. Bamboo pipes and qin are among the oldest known musical instruments from China; instruments are traditionally divided into categories based on their material of composition: animal skins, gourd, bamboo, wood, silk, earth/clay, metal and stone. Chinese orchestras traditionally consist of bowed strings, woodwinds, plucked strings and percussion.

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The Forbidden City                                        二级食理英语三班 1010313819 张雪    GuGong formerly known as the Forbidden City. Built in the Ming Yongle eighteen years (1420), the Ming and Qing dynasties of the palace, two generations of 24 emperors in this process and the daily life of the local government. It is the essence of the Han palace, the incomparable masterpiece of ancient architecture, the world's largest, most complete wooden structure of ancient buildings. All buildings from the Forbidden City "former" and "inner court" composed of two parts, surrounded by a wall around. Surrounded on all sides by the river cheese. City quadrangular turret. Surrounded each one, is just south of the Meridian Gate, the main entrance to the Forbidden City. The first is known as the world's five Palace (Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace, the White House and the Kremlin in Russia).    Forbidden City palace building, is China's largest, most complete ancient buildings. The palace is arranged along a north-south axis, symmetrical, South Yongding Gate, north to the Drum Tower, Bell Tower, throughout the Forbidden City. Thorough planning, boldness of vision, very spectacular. Both in layout, three-dimensional effects, and a formal grand, grand, solemn and harmonious, are of unparalleled masterpiece. It marks our ancient cultural traditions, showing more than 500 years ago, our excellence in the art of architecture.

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The Forbidden City                                        二级食理英语三班 1010313819 张雪    GuGong formerly known as the Forbidden City. Built in the Ming Yongle eighteen years (1420), the Ming and Qing dynasties of the palace, two generations of 24 emperors in this process and the daily life of the local government. It is the essence of the Han palace, the incomparable masterpiece of ancient architecture, the world's largest, most complete wooden structure of ancient buildings. All buildings from the Forbidden City "former" and "inner court" composed of two parts, surrounded by a wall around. Surrounded on all sides by the river cheese. City quadrangular turret. Surrounded each one, is just south of the Meridian Gate, the main entrance to the Forbidden City. The first is known as the world's five Palace (Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace, the White House and the Kremlin in Russia).    Forbidden City palace building, is China's largest, most complete ancient buildings. The palace is arranged along a north-south axis, symmetrical, South Yongding Gate, north to the Drum Tower, Bell Tower, throughout the Forbidden City. Thorough planning, boldness of vision, very spectacular. Both in layout, three-dimensional effects, and a formal grand, grand, solemn and harmonious, are of unparalleled masterpiece. It marks our ancient cultural traditions, showing more than 500 years ago, our excellence in the art of architecture.

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The Forbidden City                                        二级食理英语三班 1010313819 张雪    GuGong formerly known as the Forbidden City. Built in the Ming Yongle eighteen years (1420), the Ming and Qing dynasties of the palace, two generations of 24 emperors in this process and the daily life of the local government. It is the essence of the Han palace, the incomparable masterpiece of ancient architecture, the world's largest, most complete wooden structure of ancient buildings. All buildings from the Forbidden City "former" and "inner court" composed of two parts, surrounded by a wall around. Surrounded on all sides by the river cheese. City quadrangular turret. Surrounded each one, is just south of the Meridian Gate, the main entrance to the Forbidden City. The first is known as the world's five Palace (Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace, the White House and the Kremlin in Russia).    Forbidden City palace building, is China's largest, most complete ancient buildings. The palace is arranged along a north-south axis, symmetrical, South Yongding Gate, north to the Drum Tower, Bell Tower, throughout the Forbidden City. Thorough planning, boldness of vision, very spectacular. Both in layout, three-dimensional effects, and a formal grand, grand, solemn and harmonious, are of unparalleled masterpiece. It marks our ancient cultural traditions, showing more than 500 years ago, our excellence in the art of architecture.

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The Forbidden City                                        二级食理英语三班 1010313819 张雪    GuGong formerly known as the Forbidden City. Built in the Ming Yongle eighteen years (1420), the Ming and Qing dynasties of the palace, two generations of 24 emperors in this process and the daily life of the local government. It is the essence of the Han palace, the incomparable masterpiece of ancient architecture, the world's largest, most complete wooden structure of ancient buildings. All buildings from the Forbidden City "former" and "inner court" composed of two parts, surrounded by a wall around. Surrounded on all sides by the river cheese. City quadrangular turret. Surrounded each one, is just south of the Meridian Gate, the main entrance to the Forbidden City. The first is known as the world's five Palace (Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace, the White House and the Kremlin in Russia).    Forbidden City palace building, is China's largest, most complete ancient buildings. The palace is arranged along a north-south axis, symmetrical, South Yongding Gate, north to the Drum Tower, Bell Tower, throughout the Forbidden City. Thorough planning, boldness of vision, very spectacular. Both in layout, three-dimensional effects, and a formal grand, grand, solemn and harmonious, are of unparalleled masterpiece. It marks our ancient cultural traditions, showing more than 500 years ago, our excellence in the art of architecture.

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The Forbidden City   GuGong formerly known as the Forbidden City. Built in the Ming Yongle eighteen years (1420), the Ming and Qing dynasties of the palace, two generations of 24 emperors in this process and the daily life of the local government. It is the essence of the Han palace, the incomparable masterpiece of ancient architecture, the world's largest, most complete wooden structure of ancient buildings. All buildings from the Forbidden City "former" and "inner court" composed of two parts, surrounded by a wall around. Surrounded on all sides by the river cheese. City quadrangular turret. Surrounded each one, is just south of the Meridian Gate, the main entrance to the Forbidden City. The first is known as the world's five Palace (Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace, the White House and the Kremlin in Russia).    Forbidden City palace building, is China's largest, most complete ancient buildings. The palace is arranged along a north-south axis, symmetrical, South Yongding Gate, north to the Drum Tower, Bell Tower, throughout the Forbidden City. Thorough planning, boldness of vision, very spectacular. Both in layout, three-dimensional effects, and a formal grand, grand, solemn and harmonious, are of unparalleled masterpiece. It marks our ancient cultural traditions, showing more than 500 years ago, our excellence in the art of architecture.

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The Forbidden City   GuGong formerly known as the Forbidden City. Built in the Ming Yongle eighteen years (1420), the Ming and Qing dynasties of the palace, two generations of 24 emperors in this process and the daily life of the local government. It is the essence of the Han palace, the incomparable masterpiece of ancient architecture, the world's largest, most complete wooden structure of ancient buildings. All buildings from the Forbidden City "former" and "inner court" composed of two parts, surrounded by a wall around. Surrounded on all sides by the river cheese. City quadrangular turret. Surrounded each one, is just south of the Meridian Gate, the main entrance to the Forbidden City. The first is known as the world's five Palace (Forbidden City in Beijing, the Palace of Versailles in France, Buckingham Palace, the White House and the Kremlin in Russia).    Forbidden City palace building, is China's largest, most complete ancient buildings. The palace is arranged along a north-south axis, symmetrical, South Yongding Gate, north to the Drum Tower, Bell Tower, throughout the Forbidden City. Thorough planning, boldness of vision, very spectacular. Both in layout, three-dimensional effects, and a formal grand, grand, solemn and harmonious, are of unparalleled masterpiece. It marks our ancient cultural traditions, showing more than 500 years ago, our excellence in the art of architecture.

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汪刚--食理英语3班

China is the hometown of china and the invention of china is a great contribution to word civilization.In English,china means porcelain.

The history of ceramics is an important part of China in the history of Chinese civilization , as one of the four ancient civilizations, China has made outstanding contributions to human development and social progress , including the invention and the development of ceramics. By the Sui (about 580 AD) and Tang (about 620 AD) dynasties, porcelain had become widely produced. Eventually, porcelain and the expertise required to create it began to spread into other areas; by the seventeenth century, it was being exported to Europe. Of course, Korean and Japanese porcelain also have long histories and distinct artistic traditions. But China is the earliest country with porcelain with its usefulness and artistry has been the word’s praise and respect.

In china,there are four traditional porcelain,such as, Blue and white porcelain, Color glaze porcelain, Famille Rose porcelain and Glowing porcelain. Among of these porcelains, the Blue and white porcelain is especially famous. Blue and white porcelain is elegant, noble and pure, such as the Millennium basket, with its strong vitality and ceramic art, become the perfect combination of modern and traditional.

In conclusion, the porcelain has become an symbol of China.People can learn the culture of China well by the porcelain from all over the world.

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机械1304 张志洁

The word calligraphy literally means beautiful writing. Before the invention of the printing press some 500 years ago, it was the way books were made. Each copy was handwritten out by a scribe working in a scriptorium. The hand writing was done with quill and ink onto materials like vellum or parchment. The lettering style applied was one of the period bookhands like rustic, carolingian, blackletter, etc.
There are many famous Calligraphers in history,lsuch as Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan.They have made grate contribution to the Chinese calligraphers
The effect of calligraphy in the world have a great impact on the world's culture . A lot of people try to learn chinese calligraphy.Chinese is the mother tongue, it’s our duty to learn and write it well though not everyone can be calligrapher.
Finanlly,I am a calligrapher,too.

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机数英语3班 于浩      

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机数英语3班 于浩      

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About the origin of "Spring Festival", have a kind of legend is: ancient China has a kind of call "years" the beast. "Year", head long feelers, fierce abnormalities. "Year" in the seabed, each elder deep to specific day (New Year's eve) is now just climbed out, swallowed cattle damage lives. Therefore, every day, New Year's eve CunCunZhaiZhai people FuLaoXieYou fled to the mountains, to avoid "nian" damage. A NianChuXi, from the village outside a begging the old man. Village a hurried panic scene, nobody answered him, only village as an old woman gave the old man some food, and urged him quickly up the hill avoid "year", the old man beard pulls up say with smile: "mother-in-law if let me stay at home all night, and I'll get 'years' away." The old woman continue to persuasion, begging the old man smiling without a word. At midnight, "year" rush into village. It found the village atmosphere is different from the village as the family's home, wife: DaGongZhi room door post candle lit. "Nian" was a shake, call loudly. Nearly the door, hospital suddenly spread produced crackling sound, Fried "year" shuddered, again dare not go up. Originally, "nian" most afraid of red, the light of fire, and exploding. At this time, her mother-in-law's door open, see an old man in red's court in laughing. "Nian" was surprised and distressed. Escape flied The second day is the first month, seek refuge back people see the village safe, very surprised. At this time, the old woman is suddenly enlighted, quickly to the villagers told begging the old man's promise. It quickly spread around the village, people know driven "nian" way. Since then, every year New Year's eve put up red couplets, firecrackers, Family candle lit, ShouGeng for years. Kicks in early morning, still walk a friend congratulate. This custom widely spreads, has become China's folk ceremonious traditional festival.

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朱园园 2级食理3班

The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the

Ming dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty. It is located in the

center of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum.

For almost 500 years, it served as the home of emperors and

their households, as well as the ceremonial and political center

of Chinese government.

Built in 1406 to 1420, the palace complex exemplifies traditional

Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural

and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The

Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987,and is

listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient

wooden structures in the world.

Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the

Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and

artifacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and

Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now

located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums

descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese

Civil War.The common English name, "the Forbidden City", is a

translation of the Chinese name Zijin Cheng (Chinese: 紫禁城;

pinyin: Zǐjinchéng; literally: "Purple Forbidden City"). Another English

name of similar origin is "Forbidden Palace".

Now,the Forbidden City has become a symbol of China and become

increasingly popular.

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THE DRAGON

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Dumplings are a traditional specialty food loved by the Chinese Han people, the Spring Festival is the annual New Year will eat the food. Legend has it that Chinese Han Nanyang "medical saint" ZhangZhongJing first invented, in many Chinese provinces also have the habit of eating dumplings winter solstice. There is also widespread in southern China dumplings this food. History dumplings evolution through a long and gradual process, the Ming Dynasty Zhang Zilie made a good explanation: "dumplings ear, that segment into a type of food, soup prison pill, or that the powder horn, northerners reading angle Jiao, because Call dumplings bait, pseudo as dumplings children. "dumplings in its long development process, under various names, in ancient times the" prison pill "," Bian Shi "," dumpling bait "" powder horn "and other names. Three Kingdoms period known as the "crescent ravioli," said the Northern and Southern Dynasties, "ravioli" Tang said the dumplings as "crescent moon-shaped ravioli" Song is called "slot", Yuan called "Bian Shi"; Qing Dynasty is called "dumplings." Dumplings originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty, as Zhang Zhongjing first. At that time the dumplings are medicinal, ZhangZhongJing bag with the face of some relieving medicine to treat (lamb, pepper, etc.) to avoid frostbite on the patient's ear. Three Kingdoms period, dumplings have become a food, called "crescent ravioli." Wei Zhang Yi book "Guang Ya," a book, you mention this food. According to San Guowei Zhang Yi of the "Guang Ya" records, such as cooking methods and that was visible crescent known as the "ravioli" foods, like dumplings and dumplings basic shape, mainly boiled, steamed, baked, fried, fried, roasted . [And] multi-boiled side surface. I dumpling skin and face the same method. [Do] filling the water dish can be bigger. Unsuitable for dumplings stuffed vegetables such as zucchini, as steamed stuffing. [Steam] 20 minutes after taking atmospheric pan. When the dumplings too because while one can not eat, keep the next meal to eat when you can use fried way, its taste is also very good. Traditionally people would use cooking oil to fry the dumplings hot. However, the trend of advocating a healthy diet, oily foods less popular. In fact, just across the water to cook, or spend instead of cooking oil to fry dumpling soup, taste is also very good. Also known as fried dumpling.撤消修改

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Dumplings are a traditional specialty food loved by the Chinese Han people, the Spring Festival is the annual New Year will eat the food. Legend has it that Chinese Han Nanyang "medical saint" ZhangZhongJing first invented, in many Chinese provinces also have the habit of eating dumplings winter solstice. There is also widespread in southern China dumplings this food. History dumplings evolution through a long and gradual process, the Ming Dynasty Zhang Zilie made a good explanation: "dumplings ear, that segment into a type of food, soup prison pill, or that the powder horn, northerners reading angle Jiao, because Call dumplings bait, pseudo as dumplings children. "dumplings in its long development process, under various names, in ancient times the" prison pill "," Bian Shi "," dumpling bait "" powder horn "and other names. Three Kingdoms period known as the "crescent ravioli," said the Northern and Southern Dynasties, "ravioli" Tang said the dumplings as "crescent moon-shaped ravioli" Song is called "slot", Yuan called "Bian Shi"; Qing Dynasty is called "dumplings." Dumplings originated in the Eastern Han Dynasty, as Zhang Zhongjing first. At that time the dumplings are medicinal, ZhangZhongJing bag with the face of some relieving medicine to treat (lamb, pepper, etc.) to avoid frostbite on the patient's ear. Three Kingdoms period, dumplings have become a food, called "crescent ravioli." Wei Zhang Yi book "Guang Ya," a book, you mention this food. According to San Guowei Zhang Yi of the "Guang Ya" records, such as cooking methods and that was visible crescent known as the "ravioli" foods, like dumplings and dumplings basic shape, mainly boiled, steamed, baked, fried, fried, roasted . [And] multi-boiled side surface. I dumpling skin and face the same method. [Do] filling the water dish can be bigger. Unsuitable for dumplings stuffed vegetables such as zucchini, as steamed stuffing. [Steam] 20 minutes after taking atmospheric pan. When the dumplings too because while one can not eat, keep the next meal to eat when you can use fried way, its taste is also very good. Traditionally people would use cooking oil to fry the dumplings hot. However, the trend of advocating a healthy diet, oily foods less popular. In fact, just across the water to cook, or spend instead of cooking oil to fry dumpling soup, taste is also very good. Also known as fried dumpling.撤消修改

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China is the homeland of tea. It is believed that china has tea plants as early as five to six thousand years ago, and human cultivation of tea plants can date back two thousand years. Tea from china,along with her silk and porcelain,began to be known the world over more than a thousand years ago and has since always been an important Chinese export. At present more than forty countries in the world grow tea with Asian countries producing 90% of the world's total output. ALL tea trees in other countries have their origin directly or indirectly in China.

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朱永进-2级机数英语3班

China fan culture, an essential part of the national culture, has a profound cultural background.

The fan originated in China, has 3000 years history in China. It first appeared in the Yin dynasty ,

which was made of colorful feathers. Because of that, the fan was known as "disabled". At that time,

the fan was not used to enjoy the cool, but was taken to keep out the sun and the sand when the king

traveled outside.

When the eastern han dynasty, the fan, as silk and cloth,mostly was employed to ornament the embroidery paintings.

In the Qing dynasty, the fan presented a variety of styles and outstanding characteristic of these fans is symmetry

strong light interference, and of creativity.

In The Three Kingdoms period, some characters and pictures began appearing on the fan. Meanwhile, the fan also gradually

became a symbol of a gentleman in the ancient time. Adding characters and pictures into the fan can often make people pleased.

These characters and pictures are worth carefully savoring, which contain artistic atmosphere. People always presented it to their

great friends as a symbol of great friendship. Starting from the Ming dynasty, the masterly craft was introduced into Europe , and

has always enjoyed great popularity in the world so far.

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邵雨琪------机数英语3班

Foot binding was an old Chinese custom,which is called Three-inch Golden Lotus , in which young girls' feet were tightly bound to restrict and alter their growth. Although it was banned nearly
a century ago by the Chinese government and is now seen as barbaric, the practice took years to die out, and a few of its victims -- most far older than 70 -- can still be found today.

Foot binding is thought to have originated in imperial China in the 10th or 11th century, probably as a fashionable practice among wealthy women. Although its first adherents used it as a status symbol to indicate their high social rank, foot binding gradually spread throughout the culture.

When a girl was about three years of age, most of her toes would be fractured and her feet bound tightly with linen strips to impede their growth. The ideal was to create a 3-inch "lotus foot" by limiting growth to just a few inches. The binding forced a girl's toes down toward the soles of her feet to form a concave shape.

The physical consequences of this process extended far beyond the feet themselves. Women with bound feet had difficulty walking, squatting and working in the fields.

Foot binding is no longer practiced today, but its effects can still be seen in China. In the 1997 UCSF study, researchers who examined a randomly selected sample of women ages 70 and older in Beijing found dozens with deformities resulting from the foot binding they experienced after the tradition was banned.

Only a profound rethinking of this pathological culture of the feudal ethics to look at rational, we can overcome ignorance. follow in the footsteps of history continue to move forward.

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金振阳  机数英语3班

A tangzhuang is a Chinese jacket that originated at the end of the QingDynasty (1644–1911). The Tangzhuang evolved from the Magua,a Manchurian piece of clothing, which the Han Chinese were forced to wear it during the Qing Dynasty. In modern times it has been adopted by common people. They are often worn by men, although women wear them as well.

In Chinese communities, the Mao suit, the western suit, and the Tang suit are the main forms of formal dress for men on many occasions. Tangzhuang are made in different colors, most commonly red, navy, gold, black and green. One common design is the usage of Chinese characters  as monogram such as Fu, Shou  to spread good luck and wishes. At the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit in Shaihai in November 2001, the host presented silk-embroided tangzhuang jackets as the Chinese traditional national costume.

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乔茜-机数英语3班

The Chinese zodiac signs are determined by the lunar year in which you were born. The Chinese believe the animal ruling one's birth year has a profoundinfluence on personality, and destiny. The saying is: "This animal hides in your heart."

Unlike Western astrology, it does not look the heavenly constellations or planets to predict one's destiny. Rather, Chinese astrology deals with divining sciences of wuxing or the five elements (earth, fire, water, metal, wood), Yin and Yang, Chi, and the cycles of time.

Legend has it that inception of the Chinese zodiac signs began when the Buddha beckoned all the animals to bid him farewell before his departure from the Earth. Only twelve arrived at his summoning, and so those were given a place of honor in a year being named after each.

Rat:
Element: Water
Partners well with: Dragon and Monkey
Characteristics: Intelligent, adaptable, quick-witted, charming, artistic, sociable.
Ox:
Element: Earth
Partners well with: Snake and Rooster
Characteristics: Loyal, reliable, thorough, strong, reasonable, steady, determined

Tiger:
Element: Wood Partners well with:Horse and Dog
Characteristics: Enthusiastic, courageous, ambitious, leadership, confidence, charismatic
Dragon:
Element: Earth
Partners well with: Rat and Monkey
Characteristics: Lucky, flexible, eccentric, imaginative, artistic, spiritual, charismatic Snake:
Element: Fire
Partners well with: Rooster and Ox
Characteristics: Philosophical, organized, intelligent, intuitive, elegant, attentive, decisive Horse:
Element: Fire
Partners well with: Dog and Tiger
Characteristics: Adaptable, loyal, courageous, ambitious, intelligent, adventurous, strong  Sheep:
Element: Earth
Partners well with: Boar and Rabbit
Characteristics: Tasteful, crafty, warm, elegant, charming, intuitive, sensitive, calm  Monkey:
Element: Metal
Partners well with: Dragon and Rat
Characteristics: Quick-witted, charming, lucky, adaptable, bright, versatile, lively, smart.
Rooster:
Element: Metal
Partners well with: Snake and Ox
Characteristics: Honest, energetic, intelligent, flamboyant, flexible, diverse, confident.
Dog:
Element: Earth
Partners well with: Tiger and Horse
Characteristics: Loyal, sociable, courageous, diligent, steady, lively, Boar:
Element: Water
Partners well with: Sheep and Rabbit
Characteristics: Honorable, philanthropic, determined, optimistic, sincere, sociable  adaptable, smart

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                                                                                     Panda

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                                                                                     Panda

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林钞--食理英语3班

The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) ("black-and-white cat-foot") is a mammal classified in the bear family, Ursidae, native to central-western and southwestern China. It is easily recognized by its large, distinctive black patches around the eyes, ears and on its rotund body. Though technically a carnivore, the panda has a diet which is 98% bamboo. However, they may eat other foods such as honey, eggs, fish, and yams.

The Giant Panda is an endangered animal; an estimated 3,000 pandas live in the wild[2][3] and over 180 were reported to live in captivity by August 2006 in mainland China[3] (another source by the end of 2006 put the figure for China at 221[4]), with twenty pandas living outside of China.[citation needed] However, reports show that the numbers of wild panda are on the rise.[5][6]

The giant panda has long been a favorite of the public, at least partly on account of the fact that the species has an appealing baby-like cuteness that makes it seem to resemble a living teddy bear. The fact that it is usually depicted reclining peacefully eating bamboo, as opposed to hunting, also adds to its image of innocence. Though the giant panda is often assumed docile because of their cuteness, they have been known to attack humans, usually assumed to be out of irritation rather than predatory behavior.

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    The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, [tuʁ ɛfɛl], nickname La dame de fer, the iron lady) is an 1889 iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris that has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tallest building in Paris,[10] it is the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building. Upon its completion, it usurped the Washington Monument to assume the title of tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France after the 2004 Millau Viaduct.

The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift, to the first and second levels. The walk to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by elevator. Both the first and second levels feature restaurants.                                         The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.

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    The Eiffel Tower (French: La Tour Eiffel, [tuʁ ɛfɛl], nickname La dame de fer, the iron lady) is an 1889 iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris that has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tallest building in Paris,[10] it is the most-visited paid monument in the world; millions of people ascend it every year. Named for its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the tower was built as the entrance arch to the 1889 World's Fair.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        The tower stands 324 metres (1,063 ft) tall, about the same height as an 81-storey building. Upon its completion, it usurped the Washington Monument to assume the title of tallest man-made structure in the world, a title it held for 41 years, until the Chrysler Building in New York City was built in 1930. Not including broadcast antennas, it is the second-tallest structure in France after the 2004 Millau Viaduct.

The tower has three levels for visitors. Tickets can be purchased to ascend, by stairs or lift, to the first and second levels. The walk to the first level is over 300 steps, as is the walk from the first to the second level. The third and highest level is accessible only by elevator. Both the first and second levels feature restaurants.                                         The tower has become the most prominent symbol of both Paris and France, often in the establishing shot of films set in the city.

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陈佳俊 二级机数英语3班

Qin Shi Huang ,personal name Ying Zheng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (during the Warring States Period). He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BCE. He ruled until his death in 210 BCE, calling himself the First Emperor . He was known for the introduction of Legalism and also for unifying China.

Qin Shi Huang remains a controversial figure in Chinese history. After unifying China, he and his chief adviser Li Si passed a series of major reforms meant to preserve unification. Together, they undertook gigantic projects, including the first version of the current Great Wall of China, the now famous city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta Army, and a massive national road system, all at the expense of many lives. To ensure stability, Qin Shi Huang outlawed Confucianism and is reported to have buried alive many of its scholars. All books other than those officially decreed were banned and burned.

Despite the tyranny of his autocratic rule, Qin Shi Huang is regarded as a pivotal figure in Chinese history whose unification of China has endured for more than two thousand years.

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雷庆子—生化英语4班

Sun Wukong, also known as the Monkey King, is a main character in the Chineseclassical novel Journey to the West. The famous book was written ｏｎthe Ming Dynasty　ｂｙ Wu Cheng-en. Journey tothe west is a combination of myth parable and comedy.

Sun Wukong is also found in many later stories and adaptations. In the novel, he is a monkey born from a stone who acquires supernatural powers through Taoist practices. After rebelling against heaven and being imprisoned under a mountain by the Buddha, he later accompanies the monk Xuanzang on a journey to retrieve Buddhist sutras from India.

Sun Wukong possesses an immense amount of strength; he is able to lift his 13,500 jīn staff with ease. He is also extremely fast, able to travel 108,000 li in one somersault. Sun knows 72 transformations, which allow him to transform into various animals and objects; however, he is troubled in transforming into other forms, due to the accompanying incomplete transformation of his tail. Sun Wukong is a skilled fighter, capable of holding his own against the best warriors of heaven. Also, each of his hairs possess magical properties, capable of being transformed into clones of the Monkey King himself, or into various weapons, animals, and other objects. He also knows spells that can command wind, part water, conjure protective circles against demons, and freeze humans, demons, and gods alike.

One of the most enduring Chinese literary characters, Sun Wukong has a varied background and colorful cultural history. The Monkey King is a magic hero. Detest evil, he intelligent, loyal, has a strong persistence, perseverance heroism. He is an idol in the hearts and minds of Chinese people,affecting generation after generation, inspire us forward constantly.

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Chopsticks are small tapered sticks used in pairs of equal length as the traditional eating utensils of Greater China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Generally believed to have originated in ancient China .

Chopsticks are most commonly made of bamboo or plastic, but are also made of metal, bone, ivory, and various types of wood. The pair of sticks is maneuvered in one hand, between the thumb and fingers, and used to pick up pieces of food.

Chinese have been useing chopsticks for at least 3000years.There is a saying that chopsticks saved the life of jiangziya with its ability to identity poison food .If the meal is poison ,then the chopsticks will change into dark.

Chopsticks are used to eat most kinds of Chinese foods, with some exceptions. Some of the most important rules to remember when dining with chopsticks are as follows:
Hold your chopsticks towards their end, not in the middle or the front third. When you are not using your chopsticks, or have finished eating, lay them down in front of you with the tips to left. Do not stick chopsticks into your food, especially not into rice. This is only done at funerals with rice that is put onto the altar. Do not pass food directly from your set of chopsticks to another's. Again, this is a funeral tradition that involves the bones of a cremated body. Do not spear food with your chopsticks. Do not point with your chopsticks. Do not wave your chopsticks around in the air or play with them. Do not move plates or bowls around with your chopsticks. To separate a piece of food in two, exert controlled pressure on the chopsticks while moving them apart from each other in order to tear the food. This takes some practice. With larger pieces of food such as tempura, it is also acceptable to pick up the entire piece with your chopsticks, and take a bite. It is also a importment part of chinese culture.

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陆灿杰 生化英语4班

"Blue and white wares" (in Chinese 青花 qīng-huā) designate white pottery and porcelain decorated under the glaze with a blue pigment, generally cobalt oxide. The decoration is commonly applied by hand, by stencilling or by transfer-printing, though other methods of application have also been used.

The first blue and white wares were as early as the ninth century in Henan province, China. Blue and white porcelain made at Jingdezhen probably reached the height of its technical excellence during the reign of the Kangxi emperor of the Qing Dynasty (reigned 1661 to 1722).

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The Palace Museum

薛亚娟---生化英语4班

The Palace Museum is housed in the Forbidden City.The third Ming emperor constructed it from 1406 to 1420, as he moved his capital from Nanjing to Beijing.For almost five centuries, it served as the home of the Emperor and his household, and the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government.  Twenty-four successive Ming and Qing emperors ruled from the palace until 1911 when the Qing dynasty fell.Located in the center of Beijing, the Palace Museum, historically and artistically one of the most comprehensive museum in China.

The complex consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,707 bays of rooms and covers 720,000 square meters palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere.After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, some damage was done to the Forbidden City as the country was swept up in revolutionary zeal.During the Cultural Revolution, however, further destruction was prevented when Premier Zhou Enlai sent an army battalion to guard the city. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.

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chinese characters

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杨上——生化英语四班

Different form the Phoenician alphabet, the Chinese characters,

which could date back to 1300 BC, the Shang dynasty in Chinese

history, can't be more typical to represent Chinese culture.

Legend has it that a dragon from the Yellow River brought to the

Chinese the strokes from which the Chinese characters developed.

But the most of people today believe that CangJie，a courtier of

the Yellow Emperor，invented the Chinese characters.

The main feature of Chinese characters is Square --the pipeline

should be horizo​​ntal and vertical，but sometimes it also has

round parts，seems like hook or something. And the most important

is，the Chinese characters are always symmetrical. This is reflected

one of the most important ideas of the Chinese nation-- the golden

mean，called Zhongyong by Chinese. Zhongyong means balance，

which requires people to find the very right place—not too big nor

too small，not too long nor too short，not too far nor too close，

just right and balance.

Chinese characters have gone through many transformations，the

transformations that，is by all means reflected the Chinese history，

especially the dynasties changing and culture changes.

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汉字 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书

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范鸥洋--生化英语4班

X īnwén Liánbō, literally "News Simulcast") is a daily news programme produced by China Central Television (CCTV). It is shown simultaneously by most terrestrial television channels in mainland China, making it one of the world's most-watched programmes. It has been broadcast since on 1 January 1978.

This program is used as a medium for the state to announce government announcements and meetings, commentaries on major economic and policy issues, and the activities of national leaders. The program reflects official positions of the Chinese government on a wide range of matters. Some accuse the program as serving more as a means for the state to divulge its political agenda rather than to examine the day's important news events. It has been criticized both within China and internationally for its lack of neutrality. Despite declining popularity, it remains a widely watched program.

Effectively, Xinwen Lianbo is a mouthpiece for the party and the state. As with all news broadcasts in mainland China, the running order is dictated by the socio-political importance of the individual or group concerned (rather than other news values). the camera will carefully pan across the Politburo Standing Committee.

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History of Chinese Tea

Chinese tea consists of tea leaves which have been processed using methods inherited from China.

According to popular legend, tea was discovered by Chinese Emperor Shennong (Shen Nung, Shen Nong, The Yan Emperor, The Emperor of the five grains) in 2737 BC when a leaf from a Camilla sinensis tree fell into water the emperor was boiling. Not everyone agrees on the origin, but no one disputes that tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China. The beverage is considered one of the seven necessities of Chinese life, along with firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce and vinegar.

Some writers classify tea into four categories, green, white, black and oolong. Others add categories for red, scented and compressed teas. All of these come from varieties of the Camilla sinensis plant. Chinese flower tea (花茶), while popular, is not a true tea. Most Chinese tea is consumed in China and is not exported. Green tea is the most popular type of tea used in China.

Within these main categories of tea are vast varieties of individual beverages. Some researchers have counted more than 700. Others put the number at more than 1,000. Some of the variations are due to different strains of the Camilla plant. The popular Tie Guan Yin 铁观音, for example, is traced back to a single plant discovered in Anxi 安溪 in the Fujian province. Other teas draw some of their characteristics from local growing conditions. The largest factor in the wide variations comes from differences in processing after the tea is harvested. White and green teas are cooked soon after picking to prevent oxidization, often called fermentation, caused by natural enzymes in the leaves. Oolong teas are partially oxidized. Black and red teas are fully oxidized. Other differences come from variations in the processing steps.

Chinese Tea History

Tea (Camellia sinensis) is native to China. The ancient Chinese used them for medical purposes, then developed the infusion we know as tea; to this day tea is said to purge the digestive system of 'toxins'. Later the Chinese learned to grow tea plants and use their leaves to make various types of tea.

Many different types of tea were grown during each of the dynasties in China

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吉晓梅-生化英语4班

Beijing Opera is the quintessence（国粹） of China. As the largest Chinese opera form, it is admired as 'Oriental（东方的） Opera'. Having a history of 160 years, it has created many 'firsts' in Chinese dramas: the abundance of repertoires, the number of artists, opera troupes and spectators.

The costumes in Beijing Opera are graceful, magnificent, elegant and brilliant, and mostly are made in handicraft embroidery. As the traditional Chinese pattern are adopted, the costumes are of a high aesthetic（美学的） value.The types of facial make-ups in Beijing Opera are rich and various, describing different characters and remarkable images, therefore they are highly appreciated. Moreover there are numerous fixed editions of facial make-up.

The play book of Beijing opera developed quickly as well; more than five thousand are still extant.

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Chinese martial arts, colloquially referred to as kung fu or gung fu (Chinese: 功夫; pinyin: gōngfu) and wushu (simplified Chinese: 武术; traditional Chinese: 武術; pinyin: wǔshù), are a number of fighting styles that have developed over the centuries in China. These fighting styles are often classified according to common traits, identified as "families" , "sects" (派; pài) or "schools" (門, mén) of martial arts. Examples of such traits include physical exercises involving animal mimicry, or training methods inspired by Chinese philosophies, religions and legends. Styles that focus on qi manipulation are called internal (内家拳; nèijiāquán), while others that concentrate on improving muscle and cardiovascular fitness are called "external" (外家拳; wàijiāquán). Geographical association, as in northern (北拳;

běiquán) and "southern" (南拳; nánquán), is another popular classification method.

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李佳炜-生化英语4班

Chinese knot is a symbol of beauty and wisdom of the Chinese ancient civilization and it embodies Chinese traditional custom decoration and aesthetic concepts. It comes from Paleolithic knot, and then turned into the notes of manners in Han Dynasty, developed in Tang and Song Dynasty, It is inherited and became today's decorative skills years later.Because having no access to characters or papers,our ancestors first tied knots to record historical events.In contemporary society, Chinese knots are used as gifts given among friends and relatives and for personal portable attachments.

With a long process of evolution, Chinese knot was given a variety of emotional meanings by people.Such as‘healthy’ and ‘well-being’, ‘rich in property’, ‘happiness and joys’and some other optimistic meanings.It plays anindispensible role in Chinese traditional culture.

But owning to its complicated weaving steps and unpractical use, many people do not undertake the knot weavingjob at all.Consequently, we should take measures immediately to inherit and protect them. Only in this way, can we preserve our precious Chinese traditional culture and resplendent civilization.

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黄荻萱-生化英语4班

If we have to choose one dress that can best show the beauty of Chinese women，it should definitely be QiPao.The QiPao also known as the cheongsam.It came from the Manchus.When the early Manchu rulers came to China proper in the early 17th century, they set up Eight Banner System and organized certain people, mainly Manchus, into " banners " (qi) and called them "banner people" (qi ren),which then became loosely the name of all Manchus. The Manchu women wore normally a one-piece dress which, like-wise, came to be called "qi pao" or "banner dress".The QIPao became popular among ladies of the royal family in the Qing Dynasty. Although the 1911 Revolution toppled the rule of the Qing(Manchu)Dynasty, the female dress survived the political change, and with later improvements, has become the traditional dress for Chinese women.It can be made of different materials and to varying lengths, be worn either on casual or formal occasions.It creates an impression of simple and quiet charm, elegance and neatness. No wonder it is so much liked by women not only of China but of foreign countires as well.

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Chinese tea consists of tea leaves which have been processed using methods inherited from China.According to popular legend, tea was discovered by Chinese Emperor Shennong (Shen Nung, Shen Nong, The Yan Emperor, The Emperor of the five grains) in 2737 BC when a leaf from a Camilla sinensis tree fell into water the emperor was boiling. Not everyone agrees on the origin, but no one disputes that tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China. The beverage is considered one of the seven necessities of Chinese life, along with firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce and vinegar.Some writers classify tea into four categories, green, white, black and oolong. Others add categories for red, scented and compressed teas. All of these come from varieties of the Camilla sinensis plant. Chinese flower tea (花茶), while popular, is not a true tea. Most Chinese tea is consumed in China and is not exported. Green tea is the most popular type of tea used in China.Within these main categories of tea are vast varieties of individual beverages. Some researchers have counted more than 700. Others put the number at more than 1,000. Some of the variations are due to different strains of the Camilla plant. The popular Tie Guan Yin , for example, is traced back to a single plant discovered in Anxi in the Fujian province. Other teas draw some of their characteristics from local growing conditions. The largest factor in the wide variations comes from differences in processing after the tea is harvested. White and green teas are cooked soon after picking to prevent oxidization, often called fermentation, caused by natural enzymes in the leaves. Oolong teas are partially oxidized. Black and red teas are fully oxidized. Other differences come from variations in the processing steps.

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周昌洋-二级生化英语4班

The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of "savoring." "Savoring tea" is not only a way to discern good tea from mediocre tea, but also how people take delight in their

reverie and in tea-drinking itself. Snatching a bit of leisure from a busy schedule, making a kettle of strong tea, securing a serene space, and serving and drinking tea by yourself can help banish fatigue and

frustration, improve your thinking ability and inspire you with enthusiasm. You may also imbibe it slowly in small sips to appreciate the subtle allure of tea-drinking, until your spirits soar up and up into a sublime aesthetic realm. Buildings, gardens, ornaments and tea sets are the elements that form the ambience for savoring tea. A tranquil, refreshing,

comfortable and neat locale is certainly desirable for drinking tea. Chinese gardens are well known in the world and beautiful Chinese landscapes are too numerous to count. Teahouses tucked away in

gardens and nestled beside the natural beauty of mountains and rivers are enchanting places of repose for people to rest and recreate themselves.

China is a country with a time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum. Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them. Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind

of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups. In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water is remaining in the cups and in the kettle.

Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after half of the cup has been consumed; and thus the cup is kept filled so that the tea retains the same bouquet and re

mains

pleasantly warm throughout the entire course of tea-drinking. Snacks, sweets and other dishes may be served at tea time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay one's hunger.

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陈俊宇-二级生化英语4班

I think the most can represent the Chinese culture of "Confucian culture".Since "the spring and autumn period and the warring states period" of more than 2000 years, Confucianism, with its extensive and profound culture affects the generation after generation of Chinese.

So what is the” Confucian culture”? Confucian culture guided by the Confucianism culture of schools. Advocating CunYang kin ethics, secular his undertaking, cultivate one's morality, moral reason, its central idea is filial piety, brother, sincerity, truthfulness, courtesy, righteousness, inexpensive, shame, its core is "benevolence".The masterpiece of Confucian culture is the “four books and five classics”. "Four books" refers to "the analects", "mencius", "university" and "the doctrine of the mean"."Five classics" refers to the "book of songs", "history", "rites", “the book of changes” and “the spring and autumn annals”.

So Why the Confucian culture will be such a big influence on the Chinese. The Confucian culture has a huge impact on the Chinese. For thousands of years of feudal society, the sense of responsibility of the Chinese traditional thought, temperance thought and filial piety thoughts is the result of it is combined with feudal rule.Therefore, Confucianism is together with our contemporary mainstream ideology. Confucianism exist for thousands of years in China, for China's many aspects, such as politics, economy, there is still a great potential impact.

Confucian culture is the Chinese traditional culture, but also the representative of Chinese culture

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Confuciushas proved to be the greatest influence over the Chinese character.

Besides being a great educationist, thinker and unsuccessful politician, he was first of all an intellect with a noble moral.

He pursued truth, kindness and perfection throughout his life and his success and failure were largely due to his character, which had an everlasting impact on Chinese intellect.

He was a living example of the concepts he promoted and this had a deep and lasting influence upon his disciples.

His private life was a model of his doctrines.

The Analects of Confucius provide a vivid record of his teachings but although he wrote nothing personally, his words were collected and recorded for posterity by his disciples.

The accumulated words of wisdom have come down to us as "The Analects", one of the most important of all the Chinese classics.

Confucianism is succinct as well as intensive.

Strictly speaking, it is not a religion but more a doctrine than belief, while the meaning behind the beautiful words renders wordy post-modernism pale and dull.It is part of world cultural heritage and an integral part of Chinese life.

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The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of "savoring." "Savoring tea" is not only a way to discern good tea from mediocre tea, but also how people take delight in their

reverie and in tea-drinking itself. Snatching a bit of leisure from a busy schedule, making a kettle of strong tea, securing a serene space, and serving and drinking tea by yourself can help banish fatigue and

frustration, improve your thinking ability and inspire you with enthusiasm. You may also imbibe it slowly in small sips to appreciate the subtle allure of tea-drinking, until your spirits soar up and up into a sublime aesthetic realm. Buildings, gardens, ornaments and tea sets are the elements that form the ambience for savoring tea. A tranquil, refreshing,

comfortable and neat locale is certainly desirable for drinking tea. Chinese gardens are well known in the world and beautiful Chinese landscapes are too numerous to count. Teahouses tucked away in

gardens and nestled beside the natural beauty of mountains and rivers are enchanting places of repose for people to rest and recreate themselves.

China is a country with a time-honored civilization and a land of ceremony and decorum. Whenever guests visit, it is necessary to make and serve tea to them. Before serving tea, you may ask them for their preferences as to what kind

of tea they fancy and serve them the tea in the most appropriate teacups. In the course of serving tea, the host should take careful note of how much water is remaining in the cups and in the kettle.

Usually, if the tea is made in a teacup, boiling water should be added after half of the cup has been consumed; and thus the cup is kept filled so that the tea retains the same bouquet and remains

pleasantly warm throughout the entire course of tea-drinking. Snacks, sweets and other dishes may be served at tea time to complement the fragrance of the tea and to allay one's hunger.

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陈俊宇-二级生化英语四班

I think the most can represent the Chinese culture of "Confucian culture".Since "the spring and autumn period and the warring states period" of more than 2000 years, Confucianism, with its extensive and profound culture affects the generation after generation of Chinese.

So what is the” Confucian culture”? Confucian culture guided by the Confucianism culture of schools. Advocating CunYang kin ethics, secular his undertaking, cultivate one's morality, moral reason, its central idea is filial piety, brother, sincerity, truthfulness, courtesy, righteousness, inexpensive, shame, its core is "benevolence".The masterpiece of Confucian culture is the “four books and five classics”. "Four books" refers to "the analects", "mencius", "university" and "the doctrine of the mean"."Five classics" refers to the "book of songs", "history", "rites", “the book of changes” and “the spring and autumn annals”.

So Why the Confucian culture will be such a big influence on the Chinese. The Confucian culture has a huge impact on the Chinese. For thousands of years of feudal society, the sense of responsibility of the Chinese traditional thought, temperance thought and filial piety thoughts is the result of it is combined with feudal rule.Therefore, Confucianism is together with our contemporary mainstream ideology. Confucianism exist for thousands of years in China, for China's many aspects, such as politics, economy, there is still a great potential impact.

Confucian culture is the Chinese traditional culture, but also the representative of Chinese culture

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Confuciushas proved to be the greatest influence over the Chinese character.Besides being a great educationist, thinker and unsuccessful politician, he was first of all an intellect with a noble moral.He pursued truth, kindness and perfection throughout his life and his success and failure were largely due to his character, which had an everlasting impact on Chinese intellect.

he was a living example of the concepts he promoted and this had a deep and lasting influence upon his disciples.His private life was a model of his doctrines.The Analects of Confucius provide a vivid record of his teachings but although he wrote nothing personally, his words were collected and recorded for posterity by his disciples.The accumulated words of wisdom have come down to us as "The Analects", one of the most important of all the Chinese classics.

Confucianism is succinct as well as intensive.Strictly speaking, it is not a religion but more a doctrine than belief, while the meaning behind the beautiful words renders wordy post-modernism pale and dull.It is part of world cultural heritage and an integral part of Chinese life.

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冯佳婷-生化英语4班

Mahjong is a game that originated in China, commonly played by four players (with some three-player variations found in Korea and Japan).

Similar to the Western card game rummy, mahjong is a game of skill, strategy and calculation and involves a certain degree of chance. The

game is played with a set of 136 tiles based on Chinese characters and symbols, although some regional variationsuse a different number

of tiles .

The game 's name now is mahjong ,while The game was calledmá quâ, meaning sparrow in Chinese, which is still the name most commonly

used in some southern Chinese languages such as Cantonese and Min Nan, as well as in Japanese.Different areas has its different name .

What's more ,in china each place has their own way,so mahjong can always promote feelings with people all over the word.

One of the myths of the origin of mahjong suggests that Confucius, the Chinese philosopher, developed the game in about 500 BC. The three

dragon (cardinal) tiles also agree with the three cardinal virtues bequeathed by Confucius. Hóng Zhōng (红中 , red middle), Fā Cái (发财  prosperity),

and Bái Bǎn"' (白板 , white board) represent benevolence, sincerity, and filial piety, respectively. The myth also claims that Confucius was fond of

birds, which would explain the name "mahjong".
In conclusionWhere there is Chinese , there is Majiang

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2级生化英语4班 李雅婷

"Ceramic" is a generic term, "Tao" and "Porcelain" in texture, the physical properties there are very differen.

China was among the first to create one of the countries of pottery, porcelain was one of the first invention.

The emergence of pottery dating back about 1 million years or so, China has entered the New Stone Age,

began to settle in life, water, with objects of daily life, such as the need to promote the invention of pottery.

The history of ceramics is the history of Chinese civilization is an important part of China, as one of the four

ancient civilizations, human development and social progress made outstanding contributions, including the

invention of ceramics and the development of a more unique significance , The history of China-North Korea

on behalf of all the different artistic styles and different technical characteristics. English of "china" China not

only mean, ceramics and mean, clearly demonstrates China is the "hometown of pottery."

As early as the Europeans have porcelain manufacturing technology over 1000 years ago, Chinese people

have created a very fine ceramics. China is the world's first application of one of the countries pottery, and

porcelain from China for its high artistic quality and relevance of the world have attracted much praise.

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Flag of China

The flag of the People's Republic of China is

1. golden stars. The design features one large star, with four smaller stars in a

a red field charged in the canton (upper corner nearest the flagpole) with five semicircle set off towards the fly (the side farthest from the flag pole).Sometimes, the flag is referred to as the "Five-star Red Flag"
The flag was designed by Zeng Liansong, a citizen from Rui'an, Zhejiang. He designed it in response to a circular distributed by the Preparatory Committee of the New Political Consultative Conference (新政治協商會議籌備會)in July 1949, shortly after they came to power following the Chinese Civil War. The design competition received 2,992entries, and Zeng's design was put into a pool of 38 finalists. After several meetings and slight modifications, Zeng's design was chosen as the national flag.

According to the current government interpretation of the flag, the red background symbolizes the revolution and the golden colors were used to "radiate" on the red background. The five stars and their relationship represents the unity of Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. The orientation of the stars shows that the unity should go around a center.

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吴梦凡—生化英语四班

In the long river of history, culture and civilization of the carrier plays a vital role in "four treasures" as. This "four treasures" is the "pen, inkPaper and ink stone. "Is a straight brush, ink is black material for the painting, and paper is an important writing material, Yan is an indispensable tool.

Ages literati, all emphasis room appliances. In many of the text of the appliances,  Four Treasures valuable cultural heritage is not only the history of Chinese civilization, Meanwhile, the Chinese literati help it create a gorgeous scene of cultural products, such as calligraphy, paintings, books and other album.Due to the development of the times, Chinese four treasures of cultural goods from a change for the collection, which is any modern writing instruments unmatchedPart of Chinese traditional culture characteristics,

Four treasures from ancient legacy to the present, has a rich cultural heritage, on behalf of the Chinese traditional culture and ideology, has great value.ents Shangjian, to vividly reproduce the image.So the four treasures of great significance for us Chinese people.

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, September 12, 1980 Born in , is a symbol and pride of the Chinese basketball. Serving the Chinese national basketball team. He has played for the Shanghai Sharks basketball club, he is the effectiveness of NBA's Houston Rockets.

Yao Ming of the brilliant achievements ：

l         1998 the Chinese basketball star team selected

l         2000 All-Star Team, selected Asian

l         2002 CBA championship main members of the team

l         June 2002 to join the as champion Houston Rockets, NBA history is a

foreign draft pick

l         2003 to 2009, elected into the NBA for 7 years, Western Star team (07 years due to

injury was unable to attend)

When he arrived in . His strength and conditioning coach Falsone said to him, "How do you treat your body. Your body on how to treat you," Yao Ming this phrase as a Yao Ming is so great that his retirement on July 20,2011,sparked more than 1.2 million comments on the Chinese social-networking site Sina Weibo.After entering the nba ,Yao has not only become a hero in China ,but also been a sysmbol of China in United States.

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徐倩-2级食理三班

Also known as Peking opera in Taiwan, also known as Peking opera, Chinese opera, Chinese opera song is one species. Distribution in Beijing as the center, across the country. Opera in the mid-nineteenth century, a blend of drama and Han Ju emblem and absorbed the advantages of opera, opera, operas, Yiyang and other art form in Beijing. After the opera formed in the Qing court was unprecedented prosperity. Opera tone to Sipi and two yellow, mainly with violin and percussion accompaniment, etc. are considered Chinese quintessence.

Opera once was devastated during the period of the Cultural Revolution, when Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution promoters banner of "Four Olds, Four New" banner in order to eradicate the name of the old culture of the persecution of the Peking Opera performing arts workers, the Red Guards to opera performing workers labeled "reactionaries" label and the criticism; at the end of the Mao era, survived the Cultural Revolution in Peking Opera performing in workers got a chance to breathe, to rebuild the opera culture.

Quintessence is a traditional Chinese culture, the most representative of the "unique content" and the enduring cultural heritage. Opera was designated as the quintessence have always controversial, because Manchu emperor Qianlong opera preferences birth, when the prestigious Beijing opera four emblem class performances, favored by the Emperor Qianlong in continuous transformation Manchu director, a from the southern Manchuria minor mixed drama and opera was born.

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张晓伟-生化英语4班/葫芦兄弟

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张晓伟-生化英语4班/葫芦兄弟

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Until the early eighties of last century,domestic art animation is short,international representative of the cartoon in Japan are film series. By the end of 1983,Chinese MPAA, popular cinema magazine, Shanghai shadow factory held art film conference in Beijing, the meeting called for making China art film series. 1984 March-May,director Hu Jinqing transform "seven brothers" into seven gourd dolls,differ only in color,and draw the first three sets of "Gourd Brothers" movie.《Calabash Brothers》mainly tells the story of seven brothers make concerted efforts against the goblin. Calabash Brothers animation is China's major turning point on its formation of art film in history,and has an indelible sense.

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Ruins of ancient inn on the Silk Road. Tang Dynasty jagged ruins of the Silk Road must pass through. Historic Silk Road is not only something commercial trade routes, and between China and the Asian and European countries is political exchanges, cultural exchanges channel. Western music, dance, painting, sculpture, architecture and other arts, astronomy, calendar, medicine and other scientific and technological knowledge, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Nestorianism, Islam and other religions, came through this way has China and in China had a significant impact. China's textile, paper, printing, gunpowder, the compass, porcelain and other technology, painting and other artistic techniques, Confucianism, Taoism, also pass through this road to the West, had an impact. Silk is a symbol of friendship stuff exchanges. Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang frescoes in the caravan diagram depicting the Silk Road in the Tang Dynasty Chinese and foreign businessmen scene.

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李中杰-机数英语3班

Beijing opera is our nation opera.It came into being after 1790

and has about 200 years of history.There are four main roles in

Beijing opera Sheng,Dan,Jing,Chou.Its music and singing come

Four XiPi and Erhuang In Anhui and fighting.It is an important part of Chinese culture.Beijing Opera used to be popular with old people,even some foreigners,are becoming interested in it nowadays.

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生化英语四班-黄艳艳

With a history of more than 3,000 years, Su embroidery is the general name for embroidery products in areas around Province. The craft, which dates back to the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280), became a sideline of people in the area during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). Well known for its smoothness and delicateness, Su embroidery won the title City of in the Qing Dynasty.

In the mid and late Qing, Su embroidery experienced further developments involving works of double-sided embroidering. There were 65 embroidery stores in . During the Republic of China period (1912-1949), the Su embroidery industry was in decline due to frequent wars and it was restored and regenerated after the founding of new . In 1950, the central government set up research centers for Su embroidery and launched training courses for the study of embroidery. Weaving methods have climbed from 18 to the present 40.

Su embroidery features a strong, folk flavor and its weaving techniques are characterized by the following: the product surface must be flat, the rim must be neat, the needle must be thin, the lines must be dense, the color must be harmonious and bright and the picture must be even. Su embroidery products fall into three major categories: costumes, decorations for halls and crafts for daily use, which integrate decorative and practical values. Double-sided embroidery is an excellent representative of Su embroidery.

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生化英语四班-黄雯雯

Traditional Chinese decorative knots, also known as Chinese knots, are typical local arts of . They are a distinctive and traditional Chinese folk handicraft woven separately from one piece of thread and named according to its shape and meaning. In Chinese, "knot" means reunion, friendliness, peace, warmth, marriage, love, etc. Chinese knots are often used to express good wishes, including happiness, prosperity, love and the absence of evil.

The Chinese knot is based on over a dozen basic knots named according to their distinctive shapes, usages, or origins. The Two-Coins Knot, for example, is shaped like two overlapping coins once used in ancient . The Button Knot functions as a button, and the Reversed Swastika Knot was derived from the Buddhist symbol commonly seen on the streamers hanging down from the waistband of the Buddhist Goddess of Mercy。

Crafting the Chinese knot is a three-step process which involves tying knots, tightening them and adding the finishing touches. Knot-tying methods are fixed, but the tightening can determine the degree of tension in a knot, the length of loops (ears) and the smoothness and orderliness of the lines. Thus, how well a Chinese knot has been tightened can demonstrate the skill and artistic merit of a knot artist. Finishing a knot means inlaying pearls or other precious stones, starching the knot into certain patterns, or adding any other final touches.

The Chinese knot, with its classic elegance and ever-changing variations, is both practical and ornamental, fully reflecting the grace and depth of Chinese culture.

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Acupuncture is part of the heritage of Chinese medicine, but also a nation of unique medical approach. According to legend, the ancestor Fuxi Chinese civilization is the inventor of acupuncture. Fuxi gossip not only painting, tie knots as nets, hunting Christians, and "taste made ​​nine hundred drugs and needles."

According to ancient texts, "Shan Hai Jing" and "via" useful "Shi Qian" pierce carbuncles records, and "Mencius": "disease seven years, seeking three years of Ai," saying, according to recent years in our country historical relics excavated around to research the origin of "acupuncture" and may be in the Stone Age.

Acupuncture originated in China, is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine, as well as outstanding representatives of Chinese national culture, declare the success of this project is the recognition of traditional Chinese medicine culture. This further promote heritage, protection and development "acupuncture" this precious heritage; enhance the international community's attention to the fine traditional Chinese culture and awareness; highlight the country's soft power, the Chinese traditional culture to promote dialogue with other cultures and worlds exchange, protection of cultural diversity has far-reaching significance.

Acupuncture is the ancient Chinese in particular natural and social environments grow up scientific and cultural knowledge, contains the unique spirit of the Chinese nation, thinking and culture, Han satisfied with a lot of practice observation, knowledge systems and technical skills, cohesion of the Chinese nation great vitality and creativity, the wisdom of the Chinese nation, but also a treasure of mankind civilization, should be better protected and utilized.

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余书玥——生化英语4班

Traditional Chinese medicine is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture(针灸）, massage （按摩）, exercise , and dietary therapy（治疗，疗法）.

The doctrines of Chinese medicine are rooted in books such as the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon and the Treatise on Cold Damage, as well as in cosmological（宇宙论的） notions（概念，见解） such as yin-yang and the five phases. Starting in the 1950s, these precepts were standardized in the People's Republic of China, including attempts to integrate them with modern notions ofanatomy and pathology. Nonetheless, the bulk of these precepts, including the model of the body, or concept of disease, are not supported by science or evidence-based medicine. TCM is not based upon the current body of knowledge related to health care in accordance with the scientific community.

TCM's view of the body places little emphasis on anatomical （解剖学的）structures, but is mainly concerned with the identification of functional entities (which regulate digestion, breathing, aging etc.). While health is perceived as harmonious interaction of these entities and the outside world, disease is interpreted as a disharmony in interaction. TCM diagnosis aims to trace symptoms to patterns of an underlying disharmony, by measuring the pulse, inspecting the tongue, skin, and eyes, and looking at the eating and sleeping habits of the person as well as many other things.

In traditional Chinese herbal medicine, plant elements are by far the most commonly, but not solely, used substances; animal, human, and mineral products are also utilized. The effectiveness of Chinese herbal medicine remains poorly documented. There are concerns over a number of potentially toxic（有毒的） Chinese medicinals that consist of plants, animal parts, and minerals.There is a lack of existing cost-effectiveness research for TCM. Although some TCM textbooks recommend preparations containing animal substances, little research to justify the claimed clinical efficacy of many TCM animal products have been done. Poachers hunt restricted or endangered species animals to supply the black market with TCM products.With an eye to the Chinese market, pharmaceutical（制药的） companies have explored the potential for creating new drugs from traditional remedies. Successful results have however been scarce: artemisinin, for example, which is an effective treatment for malaria, was fished out of a herb traditionally used to treat fever. Although advocates have argued that research had missed some key features of TCM, such as the subtle interrelationships between ingredients, it is largely pseudoscience, with no valid mechanism of action for the majority of its treatments.

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苑畅-酿酒1301

Round sweet balls are eaten for happiness on the Lantern Festival. The Chinese call these balls Yuanxiao or Tangyuan. Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself. It is said that the custom of eating Yuanxiao originated during the Eastern Jin Dynasty in the fourth century, then became popular during the Tang and Song periods.

The fillings inside the dumplings or Yuanxiao are either sweet or salty. Sweet fillings are made of sugar, Walnuts, sesame, osmanthus, rose petals, sweetened tangerine peel, bean paste, or jujube paste. A single ingredient or any combination can be used as the filling . The salty variety is filled with minced meat, vegetables or a mixture.

The way to make Yuanxiao also varies between northern and southern China. The usual method followed in southern provinces is to shape the dough of rice flour into balls, make a hole, insert the filling, then close the hole and smooth out the dumpling by rolling it between your hands. In North China, sweet or nonmeat stuffing is the usual ingredient. The fillings are pressed into hardened cores, dipped lightly in water and rolled in a flat basket containing dry glutinous rice flour. A layer of the flour sticks to the filling, which is then again dipped in water and rolled a second time in the rice flour. And so it goes, like rolling a snowball, until the dumpling is the desired size.

The custom of eating Yuanxiao dumplings remains. This tradition encourages both old and new stores to promote their Yuanxiao products. They all try their best to improve the taste and quality of the dumplings to attract more customers.

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2级英语机数3班-姚陆吉

The dragon is commonly called Lóng in China. As a primitive totem of the Chinese people it can date back to the Neolithic period. This sacred animal in the ancient Chinese legend, it is referred to as the divine mythical creature that brings with it ultimate abundance, prosperity and good fortune. Its benevolence signifies greatness, goodness and blessing; it symbolizes excellence, valiancy and boldness, heroism, perseverance, nobility and divinity.

In China, the dragon permeates through the great Chinese civilization because the people have special worship to the dragon. In the old dynasties, the dragon was the emblem of the emperor and the imperial power. It was referred to something about the emperor, such as, the royal court was called dragon court, the imperial robe was called dragon robe, the son of the emperor was call dragon son, the face of the emperor was called dragon face, emperor’s head was called dragon head…very interesting. Some Chinese people even take the character of dragon (Lóng) as their family name; nearly all the Chinese parents hope their sons become dragons (means become a useful person) when they grow up and possess the energetic, decisive, optimistic, intelligent and ambitious like the dragon.

Dragon has been comparable as the symbol of the Chinese nationality itself from time immemorial. Currently, the Chinese people around the world proudly proclaim themselves the “Descendents of the Dragon”. But now when people mention the Chinese dragon it is usually associated with China and the Chinese culture.

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                                              A Chinese holiday is gaining worldwide popularity 　　                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               戴玥-生化英语4班                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     S ome holidays are so much fun that they catch on outside of their culture. The most obvious example is probably Christmas, which is celebrated around the world by people who aren’t even Christian. Similarly, in recent years, the Dragon Boat Festival has moved beyond China to become an international holiday celebrated by people who may know little about the holiday’s origins.　　　　The Dragon Boat Festival is one of three major Chinese holidays, along with the Spring and Moon Festivals. Of the three, it is possibly the oldest, dating back to the Warring States Period in 227 B.C. The festival commemorates Qu Yuan, a minister in the service of the Chu Emperor. Despairing over corruption at court, Qu threw himself into a river. Townspeople jumped into their boats and tried in vain to save him. Then, hoping to distract hungry fish from his body, the people scattered rice on the water.　　　　Over the years, the story of Qu’s demise transformed into the traditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi – a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves. The races have certainly captured the imagination of people from all over the world. Every spring there are nearly 60 dragon boat races held outside of China in cities from Vancouver to Sydney, from Gdańsk, Poland to Cape Town, South Africa. Canada alone has nearly 50 dragon boat teams and Germany has nearly 30.　　　　So what is it about the Dragon Boat Festival that appeals to foreigners? “It’s an unusual sport,” says one racer from Germany. “It’s not like everybody’s doing it. That’s one of the reasons that there’s such great team spirit in a dragon boat team – everybody feels like we’re doing something special.” And what about the zongzi? “Ehhh, they’re not bad, I guess,” he says. “Something of an acquired taste. I just haven’t really acquired it yet.” 

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                                              A Chinese holiday is gaining worldwide popularity 　　                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               戴玥-生化英语4班                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     S ome holidays are so much fun that they catch on outside of their culture. The most obvious example is probably Christmas, which is celebrated around the world by people who aren’t even Christian. Similarly, in recent years, the Dragon Boat Festival has moved beyond China to become an international holiday celebrated by people who may know little about the holiday’s origins.　　　　The Dragon Boat Festival is one of three major Chinese holidays, along with the Spring and Moon Festivals. Of the three, it is possibly the oldest, dating back to the Warring States Period in 227 B.C. The festival commemorates Qu Yuan, a minister in the service of the Chu Emperor. Despairing over corruption at court, Qu threw himself into a river. Townspeople jumped into their boats and tried in vain to save him. Then, hoping to distract hungry fish from his body, the people scattered rice on the water.　　　　Over the years, the story of Qu’s demise transformed into the traditions of racing dragon boats and eating zongzi – a kind of rice wrapped in bamboo leaves. The races have certainly captured the imagination of people from all over the world. Every spring there are nearly 60 dragon boat races held outside of China in cities from Vancouver to Sydney, from Gdańsk, Poland to Cape Town, South Africa. Canada alone has nearly 50 dragon boat teams and Germany has nearly 30.　　　　So what is it about the Dragon Boat Festival that appeals to foreigners? “It’s an unusual sport,” says one racer from Germany. “It’s not like everybody’s doing it. That’s one of the reasons that there’s such great team spirit in a dragon boat team – everybody feels like we’re doing something special.” And what about the zongzi? “Ehhh, they’re not bad, I guess,” he says. “Something of an acquired taste. I just haven’t really acquired it yet.” 

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吴慧中-机数英语3

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Chinese Calligraphy 李静-生化英语四班

Few nations in the world have calligraphy as a form of art. In China, calligraphy has maintained a close rapport with the country's cultural development. Calligraphy, or shufa, is one of the four basic skills and disciplines of the Chinese literati, together with painting (hua), stringed musical instruments (qin) and board games (qi ).

Chinese calligraphy is the art of turning square Chinese characters into expressive images by the responsiveness of rice paper and speed and pressure of a pointed Chinese brush.

Calligraphy is an expressive art. According to an old Chinese saying, "the way characters are written is a portrait of the person who writes them." Expressing the abstract beauty of lines and rhythms, calligraphy is thud a reflection of a person's emotions, moral integrity, character, educational level, accomplishments in self-cultivation, intellectual tastes and approach to life.

Chinese characters, which convey ideas, are regarded as the most abstract and sublime art form.

Calligraphy manifests the basic characteristics of all Chinese arts.

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数字媒体 刘逸虹

Tea

Tea is the Tenation's national drink. It first appears in Shennong period, now has become fashionable in the world's three major non-alcoholic drinks (tea , coffee and cocoa), and will be the king of the beverage of the 21st century.

The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on the act of "savoring." "Savoring tea" is not only a way to discern good tea from mediocre tea, but also how people take delight in their reverie and in tea-drinkimng itself. Snatching a bit of leisure from busy schedule,   making a kettle of strong tea, securing a serene space, and serving  and drinking tea by yourself can help banish fatigue and frustration, improve your thinking ability and inspire you with enthusiasm. You may also imbibe it slowly in small sips to appreciate the subtle allure of tea-drinking, until your spirits soar up and up into a sublime aesthetic realm. Buildings, gardens, ornaments and tea sets are the elements that form the ambience for savoring tea. A tranquil, refreshing, comfortable and neat locale is certainly desirable for drinking tea. China is the birthplace of tea, known as "tea of the  motherland."

Tea is the pride of the Chinese nation!

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数字媒体技术专业-李贝贝

Chinese Chun Lian：Spring Couplets

chunlian is a special type of duilian, or couplet. it is used only during the
chinese new year as part of its celebration. while duilian is permanent,
chunlian is a temporary decoration to be placed on the entrance of the house,
somewhat akin to halloween and christmas decorations. duilian comprises of a
couplet written on vertical strips of red paper in the best calligraphic style
one can muster.

the first (called upper) line is posted on the right side of the front door.the
second (called lower) line is posted on the left side of the front door. in
addition, a third horizontal piece may be posted across and on top the
door.typically, the chun lian writes an happy, hopeful, uplifting message about
a better new year to come, like this one:

word-for-word translation of above:

top (horizontal across)  : whole earth  returns  spring

left (vertical) line  : winter gone mountain clear water sparkles

right (vertical) line: spring comes  bird sings flower fragrant

note that word for word, the upper and
lower lines are antithetical, yet the meanings are complementary and content of
the message is hopeful and uplifting. the words in the horizontal are written
from left to right.

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数字媒体 刘逸虹

Tea

Tea is the Tenation's national drink. It first appears in Shennong
period, now has become fashionable in the world's three major non-alcoholic
drinks (tea, coffee and cocoa), and will be the king of the beverage of the
21st century.

The Chinese people, in their drinking of tea, place much significance on
the act of "savoring." "Savoring tea" is not only a way to
discern good tea from mediocre tea, but also how people take delight in their
reverie and in tea-drinking itself. Snatching a bit of leisure from a busy
schedule, making a kettle of strong tea, securing a serene space, and serving
and drinking tea by yourself can help banish fatigue and frustration, improve
your thinking ability and inspire you with enthusiasm. You may also imbibe it
slowly in small sips to appreciate the subtle allure of tea-drinking, until
your spirits soar up and up into a sublime aesthetic realm. Buildings, gardens,
ornaments and tea sets are the elements that form the ambience for savoring
tea. A tranquil, refreshing, comfortable and neat locale is certainly desirable
for drinking tea. China is the birthplace of tea, known as "tea of the
motherland."

Tea is the pride of the Chinese nation!

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The Yellow River

The Yellow River is the symbol of Chinese culture. The cradle of Chinese civilization and the Chinese race, the Yellow River is called the Mother River. The Yellow River is 5,464 km in length and is the second largest River in China. The average volume of the flow of the Yellow River, 48 billion cubic meters each year, is not more than one-twentieth of the Yangtze’s. Legend has it that a dragon from the river brought to the Chinese the strokes from which the Chinese characters developed. However, the Yellow River is known as China’s sorrow because it has caused countless deaths through its devastating floods. The powerful floods have often changed the course of the river.

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食科1308 笪荣辉

Peony in China has been the most important Kao, equivalent to the European minds Flower Queen - Rose. Peony is a symbol of material civilization, peony is the king of flowers, a symbol of the spirit of national unity implies, is a prosperous country Cheers atmosphere.

Peony cultivation history of late about the Han Dynasty, due to its flower like peony was the introduction but after years of cultivation, in the Tang dynasty has been "Shen Nong's Herbal Classic" hailed Kao, was also called "wood peony." Wearing headphones Tang Dynasty palace maid with peony for the United States. The Tang Dynasty was bred multicolor varieties now grown around the world are from China Introduced peony.

Peony desirable red, white and two-color ill persons medicine, safflower were somewhat favorable, somewhat white who make up. Peony apply facial melasma, skin aging. Consumption of a variety can make plenty of blood, let Yanhong Run, full of energy.

Peony colorful, elegant, known as Aromatic, is the king of flowers.

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黄坤-生化英语4班 Traditional Chinese weddings are always filled with red things to bring auspicious blessings and respects. And even wedding customs reflect traditions from Chinese philosophy。　　1. Favoring red comes from worship of the sun 　　The Chinese regard the color red as the symbol of happiness, success, luck, faith and growth. They like red very much, which comes from worship of the Sun. In traditional Chinese weddings, there are double Xi characters in red, red scarves, red flowers and the bride wears a red coat。　　2. The wedding ceremony shows harmony between nature and people 　　A marriage is not only a merger of the couple; traditionally, it symbolizes the merger of two families. So the wedding ceremony should reflect the holiness of marriage, drawing the attention of relatives and friends. There is harmony between nature and the people inside。　　Inviting relatives and friends to the wedding symbolizes the formality and the relationships between people. During a marriage, two families become in-laws. The ceremony reflects the importance and family status of the parents。　　After the ceremony, the bride and the groom usually burn money and food as offerings to the gods. As the fire consumes the offerings accompanied by the sound of firecrackers, god accepts the gift, indicating that there is harmony between nature and people。　　3. The sound of musical instruments in the wedding is usually loud to express the voice of the people. The sound should be loud enough to let nature know, and it also demonstrates the importance of the marriage。　　4. The food the bride eats has cultural significance 　　In traditional weddings, the bride usually has red dates, peanuts, longans and melon seeds. The meaning is evident in the Chinese pronunciation of these four foods. When they are said together, it sounds like "Have a baby soon."

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                                                                             Weiqi

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                                                                             Weiqi

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2级食理英语3班李鑫

Go is a traditional chess species, is one of today's sports competition.

Ancient Chinese philosophers believe that the world was formed and motivated by yin and yang elements.The color of weiqi stones,black and white,indicates the confrontational movement of yin and yang.

According to ancient books,weiqi was invented by the legendary Chinese emperor Yao and his counselor Shun to teach Danzhu.This attribution indicates the incredibly early time the game originated.According to history books,people play weiqi on a 17*17 board in Jin Dynasty and before.A trend of using 19*19 board is recorded in Qi book in South and North Period.Since then,weiqi has primarily adopted the classic system.

China Weiqi Association had carried out some rules in weiqi ranking in 1992,but rank setting still differs from city to city.For example,the system in 1992 set 25 kyus,while Beijing and Shanghai make 11.Amateurs show their strengths better in Hangzhou’s ranting matches.Whatever differences there are,9-dan systems are adopted by amateur and professional matches all over China.

Right after the opening-up,the architecture with three pillars of China ,Japan and South Korea gradually formed up.In the late 20th Century.Japan didn’t catch up with the its opponents for stubbornness,since when China and South Korea have from a fierce one-on-one competitive situation in weiqi circle.

World War Ⅱ put a stop to most Go activity,but after the war,Go continued to spread.For most of the 20th century,the Japan Go Association played a leading role in spreading Go outside East Asia by publishing the English-language magazine Go Review in the 1960s;establishing Go centers in the US,Europe and South America;and often sending professional teachers on tour to Western nations.

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洪俊-2级食理英语3班                                         Chinese mahjong

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洪俊-2级食理英语3班                                         Chinese mahjong

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Mahjong originated in China , formerly Royal and kings and nobles of the game , its history can be traced back  three thousand years ago.                                                                                                                        According to legend, the Ming Wan cake named person on the basis of the "leaf cells play" on the creation of mahjong , with their name, " Wan , pie , bar " as the three basic colors. On the other hand , some people say this is a mahjong Jiangsu Taicang "protect food brand ." For example: " tube" design is the gun powder . There are , says the number of sheets of mahjong basic 108 , representing the Water Margin in the 108 heroes , the truck represents the hero in all directions from the truck ; the white middle class is to say some of these people , some officials aristocracy , some is commoner origin.                                                                                                                                                       The information recorded in the large barn had the Royal County of Jiangsu Taicang , perennial hoarding rice, for "Southern food to the north ." Multi- grain natural bird suffering from frequent , lost each year due to bird suffering from a lot of food . Management granary officials to reward those who catch the bird food protection , will be to raise brand bamboo fishing in mind the number of birds, by virtue of payment of remuneration , which is in Taicang "protect food brand ." This chip cards engraved with various symbols and numbers, can watch , but also games , can also be redeemed for prizes credentials. Such care food brand , its gameplay , symbols and terminology are all titles related with catching birds .

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付青松 2级生化英语四级

The Great Wallis the world cultural heritage ，which is located in Beijing of China. The great

wall history can be traced to the western zhou dynasty. The great wall you see today Is established in ming dynasty.

TheAncient wall is 6700-kilometer long and it starts at the Jiayuguan Pass of Gansu Province in

the west and ends at the Shanhaiguan Pass of Hebei Province in the east.As one of the Eight Wonders in the world,the Great Wall of China has become the symbol of the Chinese nation and its culture.

The ancientsof the Great Wall,precisely in order to strengthen military defenses.and this practice is kept from han dynasty to ming dynasty.Plenty of ordinary Chinese farmers are forced to build the great wall by Rules，in which process a lot of people died.

In addition to the above-mentioned stories about the construction of the Great Wall, there are also plenty of stories about current scenic spots. A famous one is the legend of the Beacon Tower. This story happened during the Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC-711 BC). King You had a queen named Bao Si, who was very pretty. King You liked her very much, however Bao Si never smiled. An official gave a suggestion that setting the beacon tower on fire would frighten the King's subjects, and might make the queen smile. King You liked the idea. The subjects were fooled and Bao Si smiled at the sight of the chaos. Later enemies invaded Western Zhou, King You set the beacon tower on fire to ask for help. No subjects came to help because they had been fooled once before. Thus, King Zhou was killed by the enemy and Western Zhou came to an end.

Beautiful stories and legends about the Great Wall help to keep alive Chinese history and culture. In each dynasty after the building of the Great Wall, many more stories were created and spread.