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1750's - 19th century Neoclassical period or Neoclassicism 

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1750's - 19th century Neoclassical period or Neoclassicism 

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Neoclassicism was a revival movement of Greek and Roman art and architecture in Europe. Born in Italy and reach it's peak around the 1700's (18th century) and continued spread around Europe during the 1800's(19th century).

As a prefix "Neo" originated from greek root 'neos" according to the online translation it means "new, young, and fresh" and the classic was derived from a latin word classicus, which means highest rank/class

Neoclassical architecture was not only a result of new discoveries from ancient cultural styles, it was also a revolt against opulence of the Baroque and Rococo art movement that came before.

Neoclassical architecture is to portray the idea of simplicity, reason, order, virtue and civilized society.

Although Enlighten was a major influence of the development of the Neoclassicism, other major influence is Joachim Wilckelmann a German historian and archeogist. He wrote seminal works on classical art and the rise of the exploration in Europe, specially the grand tour.

He believe that for us to be great us we should imitate the ancient. There was a debate about this term "imitating" but it is important to distingues the idea of imitating and copying. Whereas, copying focus on exact duplication and imitating involves following the pattern or model which allow some viration.

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This was located in Naples, Italy. Constructed in November 1737

Architects: Giovanni Antonio Medrano (1707 – 1760) and Antonio Niccolini (1772 – 1850). The Teatro di San Carlo is an opera house situated in Naples, Italy. It has been running continuously since it opened in 1737, and no other venue has been continuously active as the Teatro di San Carlo has been. King Charles III of Naples commissioned the theatre to be built as the existing Teatro San Bartolomeo that was built in 1621 was proving too small for the growing opera audience. Giovanni Antonio Medrano, a military architect, designed the opera house, along with the former director of the old theater, Angelo Carasale.

During a dressing rehearsal for a ballet performance on the 13th of February 1816, a fire broke out and soon spread throughout the theatre, destroying parts of the Neoclassical building. King Ferdinand IV commissioned Antonio Niccolini to rebuild the opera house, who was able to do so in ten months. In 1844 Niccolini oversaw further renovations and redecorations of the opera house along with Francesco Maria del Giudice, and his son Fausto.

In 1872 an orchestra pit was created based on suggestions by Verdi, and electricity was installed throughout the opera house in 1890. The opera house then went through a period of little renovation until major damage occurred due to bombings during World War II. Once Naples had been liberated in October of 1943, repairs began under the instructions of Peter Francis of the Royal Artillery.

Not only is the oldest opera house still in use, but it is greatly admired for its Neoclassical architecture, golden decoration, and lavish blue furnishings.

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The Panthéon is a monument situated in the Latin Quarter of Paris in France. It was built by order of King Louis XIV of France to the design of Jacques-Germain Soufflot, and construction started in 1758 and ended in 1790. The structure was originally built with the intent of housing a church in dedication to Paris’ patron saint, Saint Genevieve.

The church was meant to house the relics that belonged to the saint. Neither the king nor the architect would live to see the completion of the building.

Similar to the Pantheon in Rome which was used to house the remains of distinguished people, the church was turned into a mausoleum in 1791 for French citizens when it was finally completed at the start of the French Revolution.

During the 19th century, it was restored to its original intended use as a church twice until it was decreed to be used as a mausoleum exclusively in 1881. The first person to be entombed in fifty years was Victor Hugo, whose remains were placed in the tomb in 1885.

The pediment’s decoration changed several times to suit the use of the Panthéon and the changes it underwent as a church and mausoleum.

Many of the windows that were part of the original design were blocked out to darken the interior space to make it feel more somber and suited to the funerary atmosphere. This had the opposite effect that was originally intended by the architect of the building who wished to add classical principles to Gothic architecture and combine lightness and brightness in the space. The Panthéon is regarded as one of the early Neoclassical architecture examples.

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Location: Capital Hill, Washington DC, constructed in 1793-1800. Designed by William Thornton

Building type - Legislative Government Building

The United States Capitol building is where the congress of the United States gathers and is situated on Capitol Hill. It was completed in 1800 but partially destroyed in the burning of Washington which occurred in 1814. The large dome and extended wings were later additions to the original design. As with most of the judicial and executive buildings, the Capitol is white and designed in the Neoclassical style.

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The Altes Museum is regarded as an important work of Neoclassical architecture in Germany and is listed as part of the UNESCO World Heritage. King Frederick William III of Prussia ordered the building to be constructed in 1825, based on the designs of the Prussian architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel and was completed in 1830. It is surrounded by the Zeughaus building, the Berlin Palace, and the Berlin Cathedral.

The growing class of German bourgeoisie in the early 19th century embraced new ideas about public access to the arts and felt it was their responsibility to create public buildings that would give society this access and would increase the level of cultural intelligence of the general populace by doing so.

King Friedrich Wilhelm III was a believer of this ideal and ordered Karl Friedrich Schinkel to design a museum that would allow the people of Germany to view the royal art collection.

The King’s son (later King Friedrich Wilhelm IV) also had ideas for the design and sent Schinkel drawings that were heavily influenced by the architecture of antiquity. Schinkel managed to create a design that incorporated elements of the prince’s sketches as well as his own ideas. The northern part of Spree Island was transformed into a hub and sanctuary for science and art under royal decree from the king in 1841.

Although the building was originally created to house the paintings of the Old Masters and other of the city’s fine arts, since 1904 it has only exhibited the collection of classical antiquities.

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National Museum of Fine Arts in Philippines 1918

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National Museum of Fine Arts in Philippines 1918

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The National Museum of Fine Arts in Manila was originally designed as the National Library by Ralph Harrington Doane, Antonio Mañalac Toledo. Arellano revised the plans and repurposed into the Legislative Building, add a fourth floor and legislative chambers before completion in 1926. The building is a prime example of neoclassical architecture, characterized by its use of classical elements like ornate Corinthian columns, grand staircases, high ceilings, and a symmetrical facade.

The building was first planned as the National Library in 1918 but the plan was changed and construction was delayed. It was decided that the building would instead become the legislative building. After after World War II, the legislative functions moved out due to the building's damage, and the structure was later repurposed for cultural and artistic purposes, becoming the National Museum 1998.

Inside the National Museum of Fine Art in Manila is the home of an iconic painting of Juan Luna "Spolarium". It is a representation of the suffering and death of the Filipinos under the Spanish colonial rule.

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The "Spoliarium" painting by Juan Luna represents the suffering and death of Filipinos under Spanish colonial rule, using the scene of fallen gladiators being dragged away in the Roman Colosseum as a metaphor. The painting, a symbol of Filipino nationalism, depicts the cruelty of the oppressors and the despair of the oppressed, with various figures embodying themes of suffering, lament, and scavenging for the spoils of death.

The term "Spoliarium" refers to the basement of the Roman Colosseum where defeated gladiators were stripped of their armor and possessions. Luna used this setting to represent the harsh reality of Filipino life under a foreign power.

The painting expresses Luna's strong sense of nationalism and his desire for freedom and justice for his fellow Filipinos. “Spoliarium” played a role in inspiring Filipinos to stand up against the political oppression.