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Transfer of learning is using what you’ve already learned—like knowledge, skills, or attitudes—and applying those in a new situation. Transfer involves applying knowledge in a new way, rather than just repeating how it was used before.

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There are six key terms to understand when it comes to transfer. These terms are-

Near transfer

Far Transfer

High road transfer

Low road transfer

General transfer

Specific transfer

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Edward Lee Thorndike - American Psychologist who  studied learning and behavior, focusing on the transfer of learning. 

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Near transfer occurs between closely related contexts. For example, if someone who already knows how to drive a car goes to drive a tractor, they will apply the knowledge they have from operating a vehicle to operating a tractor. The two contexts are very similar, making the knowledge easily transferable.

Far transfer occurs between contexts that have little similarity. For example, learning Latin will have a positive effect on logical thinking. The likelihood of far transfer is significantly less and is much more difficult to prove. Thorndike concluded that transfer is easier when there are more similarities between what has already been learned and what needs to be learned. Therefore, near transfer is generally much easier than far transfer.

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High road transfer vs. Low road transfer 

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High road transfer vs. Low road transfer 

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High road transfer is applying learned skills and knowledge to new situations through thoughtful connections and understanding. With high road transfer, one must make a mental effort to find a connection.

Low road transfer is using learned skills automatically in new situations that are very similar to the original context. There is not much thought process for the transfer of information.

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General transfer refers to applying learned skills or knowledge to a wide range of different situations. For example, a student uses strategies they learned in a math class in a physics class. It uses similar critical thinking skills across different subjects.

Specific transfer involves using learned skills or knowledge in very similar or specific contexts. For example, someone who learns to play a song on the piano uses the same techniques to play a similar song in the same genre, since the two pieces share many similarities.

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There are four popular examples for claims of far transfer. These examples include -

Learning how to play chess is key to developing general skills and has a crucial impact on character traits

Learning how to program a computer encourages problem solving thinking

Learning how to play music leads to higher cognitive processes

Learning Latin will help someone learn other languages easier

The results?

In each case, the results were disappointing. This doesn't mean there's no evidence for far transfer, but it's clear that the reliability of the evidence diminishes with the quality of the research: the better the research, the less evidence there seems to be.

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There are two main factors that influence transfer -

Depth of initial learning:

Deeper understanding = higher likelihood of transfer

Similarity between concepts:

Similarity between old and new concepts leads to higher likelihood of transfer

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While there is no single technique that will guarantee transfer of learning, here are a few methods to consider:

Help students achieve initial learning

Practice transfer in class low stake, brief activities (apply new skill, discuss, then give feedback)

Provide hints or prompts

Expose students to concepts or procedures in multiple contexts

Make conditions of applicability explicit

Challenges students to think about the problem differently

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Creativity and memory are both character traits that cannot be taught or learned, and are very difficult to influence. Both can be trained and improved, but it is important to note that they are traits an individual is likely born with.