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1. Praying Mantises (Order: Mantodea)

The most iconic example.

Their front legs are large, folded like hands in prayer, and lined with spines for grasping.

Excellent ambush predators.

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Purpose of Raptorial Legs:

Prey Capture: Their primary function is to grab and hold prey tightly so it can’t escape.

Feeding Efficiency: They help position the prey near the insect’s mouthparts for efficient feeding.

Predation Strategy: Raptorial legs support a sit-and-wait (ambush) or active hunting strategy by allowing the insect to strike rapidly and immobilize prey.

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Description of Raptorial Legs:

Raptorial legs are specialized front legs adapted for grasping and securing prey. These legs are typically:

Elongated and muscular

Equipped with spines or hooks

Modified at the femur and tibia to form a “clasping” mechanism, like a folding blade

When not in use, the legs are often folded tightly, ready to strike quickly like a trap.

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examples of insects with ambulatory legs: (No.1: bugs)

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examples of insects with ambulatory legs: (No.1: bugs)

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In insects, ambulatory legs are the typical running legs used for moving on surfaces. They are similar in structure to cursorial(running) legs, which are adapted for running. Many insects, like bugs and leaf beetles, use ambulatory legs for walking.

Exp: Bugs (order Hemiptera), leaf beetles beetles (Corder oleoptera)

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• The word "cursorial" comes from the Late Latin word "cursōri," meaning "of running,"

Designed to rapid movement.

Have elongated bones and strong muscles to animal forward with speed.

Things with this type of leg are often hard to catch.

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Ground beetles

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Scarab beetles

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Cicada nymphs

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1. Locomotion. These legs allow insects to move around on various surfaces—crawling, climbing, or walking.

2. Basic mobility.Essential for foraging, escaping predators, finding mates, and exploring the environment.

3. Support and balance.They help distribute body weight and maintain balance during movement.

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the purposes of fossorial legs on insect 

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the purposes of fossorial legs on insect 

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fossorial legs are crucial for insects that live in burrows or require to excavate tunnels

the shape of the legs helps to push and move the soil efficiently

these claws are essential for gripping the soil and providing traction while digging

allowing them to effectively move soil

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crickets

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grasshopper

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1. Locomotion – Allows the animal to move quickly over distances.

2. Escape from predators – Sudden, strong jumps can help evade danger.

3. Foraging and exploration – Helps animals cover more ground efficiently.

4. Mating displays or competition – In some species, jumping ability is used to impress mates or compete with rivals.

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description :

Saltatorial is a phrase used to describe the legs of some insects and other invertebrates that are modified for jumping. Grasshoppers and cricketshave saltatorial hind legs. The legs are much larger than the other two pairs of legs and allow these insects to jump a considerable distance.

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• knows as pollen basket

• a specialized structure on the hindlegs of certain bees, particularly female bees in the sub-family apinae

• located on the outer surface of the hind tibia or the part of the leg between the femur and the tarsus.

• These baskets are formed by tightly woven hairs

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• for collecting pollen

• transporting pollen

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aquatic insects that require modified legs to move easily through water. Natatorial legs are often flattened, broad, and fringed with dense hairs, as in the image of the predaceous diving beetle hind leg pictured at right.

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aquatic insects that require modified legs to move easily through water. Natatorial legs are often flattened, broad, and fringed with dense hairs, as in the image of the predaceous diving beetle hind leg pictured at right.

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- The hind legs are adapted for swimming

- Femur, tibia and first foretarsal segment are broad and flat with dense flat setae serving as oars

-Occur in aquatic beetles

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The scopa consists of dense, branched hairs on the hind legs or abdomen, which trap pollen grains efficiently

To carry pollen back to their nests, where it serves as food for larvae

Pollen from the scopa is transferred, aiding in plant reproduction

https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/entnemdept/2018/04/04/bug-word-day-scopa/

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Stingless bees (Meliponini),

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Bumblebees (Bombus)

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Honey bees (Apis)

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Mole cricket

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Scopa legs are specialized legs found in certain bees that help them collect and carry pollen.

These legs have dense, branched hairs that trap pollen grains.

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These legs are typically stout, flat, and broad, often with strong claws, enabling them to rip through soil efficiently.

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Hamuli is the words from Latin means "little hook". The hook interlock with a fold on the posterior margin ( located at the back )of the forewings.

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Tiny, hook - like. Usually found on the hindwings of Hymenoptera. etc ants , bees wasps.

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This coupling of the wings improves flight efficiency by creating a larger, single flight surface.

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Bed bugs

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Stink bugs

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primarily used for flight stabilization and balance

for quick adjustments to maintain stable flight and perform complex maneuvers

extreme modification among the order Diptera ( true flies )

Flies have only one pair of functional wings, with the hind wings modified into halteres for balance

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Leaf-footed bugs

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Protection: The thickened base protects the delicate hindwings and abdomen.

Flight: The membranous tip aids in flying.

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Hover flies

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Tachinid flies

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Crane flies

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Mosquitoes

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House flies

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1.Used as sound boards (making chirping sound)

2.protective cover

3.camouflage

4 defensive displays when feel threatened

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Description

Nodus (in insect wings):

Definition : The nodus is a small notch or thickened area found on the leading edge of the forewings of some insects, especially dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata).

Function : It helps strengthen the wing and allows flexibility during flight, playing a role in wing bending and movement. It also acts as a hinge that improves flight efficiency.

Stigma (in insect wings):

Definition :The stigma is a darkened, often thickened cell located near the tip of the wing on the leading edge (usually seen in dragonflies, bees, and wasps).

Function : It helps to reduce wing vibration during flight, adding stability and balance by concentrating mass and preventing fluttering.

PURPOSE

Nodus

•Acts like a hinge or joint on the leading edge of the wing.

•Provides flexibility and strength during wing movement.

•Helps the insect control its flight better, especially during gliding or turning.

Stigma

•Adds weight to the wing at a specific point to balance the wing.

•Helps reduce wing vibrations or fluttering during flight.

•Improves flight stability and efficiency, especially in fast-flying insects like dragonflies and bees.

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Purpose of Elytra Wings or Modified wings 

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Purpose of Elytra Wings or Modified wings 

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To shield the membranous hind wings from damage, dehydration, and environmental hazards

Provide rigidity to the insect’s body, aiding in movement and defense

Help them blend into their surroundings or warn predators

Some species use elytra to trap air, allowing them to survive underwater

https://www.agrostudy.in/2021/10/wing-venation-modifications-and-wing.html?m=1

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The basal (proximal) part is thickened, leathery or cornified (horn-like).

The apical (distal) part is thin, transparent or membranous, allowing flight.

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stag beetle

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modified wings that are thick and leathery. They are located on the middle of the insect’s thorax/abdomen. Tegmina is not used for flight but instead for protection from when folded.Tegmina came from the word tegmen which means protection/ sheild

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FIRE FLY

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Lady bug

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DESCRIPTION

Insects with microscopic scale-covered wings belong mainly to the Lepidoptera order, which includes butterflies and moths. Their wings are covered in tiny, overlapping scales made of chitin

“they look like tiny tiles or feathers, and their arrangement gives the wings a soft, velvety texture.”

THE PURPOSE OF THE WINGS

1. Flight – The wings allow for controlled and graceful flight, essential for finding food, mates, and avoiding predators.

2. Coloration & Patterning – Scales provide vivid colors and patterns through pigments or light interference (iridescence). This serves for:

Camouflage – Blending into surroundings to avoid predators.

Water Repellence – The structure of scales helps wings shed water, maintaining flight ability in moist conditions.

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Membranous wings, like those of bats and some insects, serve to generate lift and propel an animal through the air.

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Elytra are the hardened forewings of certain insects.Primary function is to act as a protective covering, just like a sheath covers and protects a blade. These modified forewings shield the hindwings and abdomen, which is where the name fits perfectly.

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Modified hindwings found in flies (Diptera) that act as biological gyroscopes, helping to maintain balance and orientation during flight

Structurally, halteres resemble small, club-shaped appendages and are typically located just behind the main wings.

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Membranous wings are thin, translucent structures in insects, typically supported by a network of veins.

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Membranous wings are thin, translucent structures in insects, typically supported by a network of veins.