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3500 BCE: Birth of Mesopotamian Civilization

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3500 BCE: Birth of Mesopotamian Civilization

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The emergence of the world's first urban civilization in Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This period saw the development of writing (cuneiform), complex societies, and the first city-states like Ur and Uruk.

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King Menes (also known as Narmer) unifies Upper and Lower Egypt, marking the beginning of the Early Dynastic Period. This led to the development of hieroglyphics and monumental architecture, including the pyramids.

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1792-1750 BCE: Reign of Hammurabi in Babylon

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1792-1750 BCE: Reign of Hammurabi in Babylon

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Hammurabi, the sixth king of the First Babylonian dynasty, creates one of the earliest written legal codes. The Code of Hammurabi significantly influenced future legal systems and societal structures.

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The Shang Dynasty marks the emergence of Chinese civilization. This period saw the development of Chinese writing, advanced bronze metallurgy, and complex social structures that would influence East Asian culture for millennia.

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800-500 BCE: Ancient Greek City-States and Philosophy

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800-500 BCE: Ancient Greek City-States and Philosophy

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The rise of Greek city-states, particularly Athens and Sparta, along with the emergence of Greek philosophy. Key figures like Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle lay the foundations for Western philosophical thought.

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The Maurya Empire, founded by Chandragupta Maurya and reaching its peak under Ashoka the Great, unifies most of the Indian subcontinent. This period sees the spread of Buddhism and advancements in art, architecture, and governance.

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The Roman Empire, beginning with the reign of Augustus, becomes the dominant power in the Mediterranean and much of Europe. Roman law, engineering, and culture profoundly influence Western civilization.

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Following the death of Prophet Muhammad, the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates expand rapidly, creating a vast Islamic Empire. This period sees significant advancements in science, mathematics, and philosophy.

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A period of cultural, artistic, political, and economic revival spreading from Italy to the rest of Europe. Key figures include Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. Maritime city-states like Venice and Genoa become powerful centers of trade and culture.

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Beginning in Great Britain, the Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history. Technological innovations, particularly in textile manufacturing and steam power, lead to profound societal and economic changes.

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1859 CE: Beginning of the Modern Oil Era

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1859 CE: Beginning of the Modern Oil Era

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The first successful oil well is drilled in Titusville, Pennsylvania, by Edwin Drake. This marks the beginning of the modern oil era, which would reshape global economics, politics, and energy consumption patterns for centuries to come.