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Bleeding Kansas was a violent conflict that took place between 1854 and 1859 in the Kansas Territory. It began after the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed settlers to decide for themselves whether Kansas would allow slavery this being called popular sovereignty. Pro-slavery supporters from Missouri and anti-slavery settlers from the North rushed into Kansas to influence the vote. This led to fraudulent elections, burned towns, and bloody attacks. One of the most infamous events was John Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre, where Brown and his followers killed five pro-slavery men. The fighting turned Kansas into a warzone and showed that slavery could no longer be debated peacefully in America.

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In 1857, Dred Scott, a slave, was living on free-soil without an owner after he died. Dred Scott and his owner were originally from Alabama but shortly moved up north to the free state of Illinois. After his owner died, he sued the owners wife as he believed that he could be free on free land. Dred went to court and the court’s ruling was black people aren't considered citizens and that Congress had no authority to ban slavery from a Federal territory. The ruling ultimately increasing tensions between the South and North, leading to the Southern Succession.

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This was a solution to the conflict on what the US was going to do with the Mexican Cession regarding slavery. The land taken from Mexico after the Mexican-American War included Nevada, California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming territory. Texas was separate but also included in the debate over this conflict. Essentially, the Missouri Compromise prohibited slaves above a specific line at 36°30’ N, keeping the north and south separate. The federal government however wasn’t sure what to do with the Mexican Cession as some said the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional to expand slavery, and some said it needed to stay. In response, the Compromise of 1850 was set with 5 contributing factors to follow: 1. To admit California as a free state. 2. To strengthen the Fugitive Slave Law. 3. For there to be popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico on slavery. 4. The abolition of slavery in Washington DC. 5. There would be federal assumption of Texas debt. These rules were somewhat effective, but only temporary. It later degraded when it had simply caused higher tension between the north and south values, specifically when northerners refused to turn in escaped slaves.

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A Century of Conflict: America in the 1800s

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A Century of Conflict: America in the 1800s

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Gianna, Pauline, Yashika, and Hamzah

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In the trying times of the 1800s, perspectives within the states were increasingly dividing. Slavery disputes, new territory to sell off, and countless rebellions were the face of the country. Each war is unique, and each constitutional right is challenged. How could it all be managed? Prepare to go through a timeline of significant moments in the early US.

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Manifest Destiny and Its Impact On Westward Movement 

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Manifest Destiny and Its Impact On Westward Movement 

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In 1845, newspaper editor John L. O’Sullivan was the first person to coin the term Manifest Destiny, the 19th century belief that the United States was destined by God to expand westward, spreading democracy and capitalism. They used Manifest Destiny as a justification for their movement into the West, claiming it was God’s will. As settlers moved West, so did the technologies such as telegraphs and trains. While Manifest Destiny promoted economic growth it also led to war, the displacement of Native Americans, and deepening divisions over slavery.

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Manifest Destiny and its impact on Native Americans

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Manifest Destiny and its impact on Native Americans

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As Americans moved westward through the cause of Manifest Destiny, it also meant that the Native Americans living there were forced to move from their homeland, which led to the horrors of the Trail of Tears. The Americans believed that God wanted them to spread the religion of Christianity westward, including the Natives occupying the West. While Americans brought their lifestyle, they forced the Native Americans to assimilate to American culture and education, erasing the Native languages, religions, and cultures.

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The Political Divide: The Rise of New Political Parties

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The Political Divide: The Rise of New Political Parties

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Before 1850s, the two foremost political parties within United States were the Democratic Party and the Whig Party. It was until 1852, however, when division grew between the southern and northern factions of the Whig Party. There was conflict after General Winfield Scott, a presidential nominee of the Whig Party, expresses his opposition to the Fugitive Slave Law—a law imposed for any white Americans to turn in slaves, even in the North—and little support to the Compromise of 1500. By 1854, the Kentucky-Nebraska Act leads to the downfall of the Whigs; the southerners turning into the Constitutional Union Party by 1856, and the northerners turning to the Democratic-Republic.

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Political Parties During the Civil War Era: The Evolution of Political Parties, Part 4

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The Emancipation Proclamation was an executive order issued by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War. The order was officially signed on January 1, 1863 and it declared that all enslaved people in the Confederate states “in rebellion” against the Union were to be set free. While it didn’t immediately free all slaves, it redefined the Union’s cause to include the abolition of slavery along with keeping the nation intact. The Proclamation, however, only applied to Confederate states, not the slave-holding border states such as Kentucky and Maryland. Ultimately, the Proclamation led to the ratification of the 13th amendment, permanently abolishing slavery throughout the whole United States.

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These were two closely related but distinct parts of the Civil War era. The Battle of Gettysburg was one fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863 in the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the Union Army (north) vs the Confederate Army (south) after the confederates attempted to invade the union, which ultimately turned into the Civil Wars deadliest battle and a major turning point for the war itself with a union victory. The Gettysburg Address however, was a famous speech delivered by current president Abraham Lincoln on November 19, 1863, during the dedication of the Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg. This was a very brief speech, trying to convey the message of continuing to fight for equality and national unity.

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Both radical and moderate factions of the Republic work together to counteract the president’s vetoes of the Civil Rights and Freedmen’s Bureau acts—both of which provide support and protection to African Americans—, beginning the process of Reconstruction. In 1866, the Civil Rights Act transformed into the first major legislation instigated due to a presidential veto. Furthermore. The Congress began it’s drafting of the Fourteenth Amendment, which gave constitutional rationale in support of the Civil Rights Act. The Fourteenth Amendment provides all citizens, no matter their race, with the right of equal protection under the law. It also promised the reduction of a state’s congressional seats if an amount of men are prohibited from voting. It also prevented Confederate leaders from holding any federal or state offices unless there were a two-thirds majority vote of Congress. Fasting forward into 1868, there was growing fear from the Radicals that pro-Confederate southerners may attempt to limit African Americans’ right to vote. Consequently, the Fifteenth Amendment was introduced—an amendment that confirms that no matter the race, color, or history of enslavement, anyone has the right to vote—.

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The Ku Klux Klan was a white supremacist group founded in 1865 by former Confederate soldiers in Tennessee, shortly after the Civil War ended. Their main goal was to stop African Americans from gaining rights during Reconstruction, especially the right to vote, hold office, or live freely. The KKK used terror and violence including threats, beatings, and lynchings to scare Black people and their allies. They targeted freedmen, white Republicans, and anyone who supported Reconstruction. They believed in maintaining white control of the South and destroying the progress made by the 14th and 15th Amendments. Even though the federal government tried to stop them with laws like the Enforcement Acts, the KKK had a long lasting impact and contributed to the collapse of Reconstruction.

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Mapping the Second Ku Klux Klan, 1915-1940

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See the rise of the KKK in the U.S., 1915-1940

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'Mapping the Klan' is a rough timeline of the rise of the second Ku Klux Klan between 1915 and 1940. Each red dot shows a local unit or 'Klavern.' The official numbers for each Klavern indicate a basic chronology for the chartering of the Klaverns, and they also reveal patterns of Klan organizing.

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All in all, there were many contributing factors to the rising tension between the north and south states eventually leading up to the Civil War. Even after the war there continued to be changes and groups with different beliefs about equality, specifically slavery. This was not the end of the fight by a long shot though, and more rebellion (for better or worse) was coming very soon. The results of all of this were massive developments made for America, paving a way for the future lived in now. The process of making this timeline was enlightening as we understood the long journey it took to get to complete abolishment of slavery, ultimately contributing to a slowly but surely equal America.