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Martin Luther was the great Protestant Reformer, and since many protestants do not emphasize saints, Martin Luther changed the name of Saint Nicholas to der Heilige Christ. An important figure from German Holidays is Krampus and Saint Nicholas, although they are not real people, rather myths to get children to act properly.

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Why do you think that this was significant for the time period?

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Why do you think that this was significant for the time period?

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I think the German holidays and food was significant for the time period, because it introduced diversity in culture at a very early age, making the United States have its own mix of cultures from all over the world, including Germany.

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How does the culture you found impact today? Is it similar or different? How? 

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How does the culture you found impact today? Is it similar or different? How? 

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The German holidays impact America today very significantly. We now celebrate many German Holidays, and it has become a part of many religions in the U.S. For example, Christmas is a German Holiday that had a large impact on christianity in the United States. There are, of course, many differences like how instead of whipping misbehaving children, naughty children simply get a lump of coal in their stockings instead of presents. The name for Saint Nicholas has also changed to Santa Claus.

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Find the history of this specific part of culture. POST IT HERE: 

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Find the history of this specific part of culture. POST IT HERE: 

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Many German Immigrants started coming to the United States during the antebellum period, from around 1820-1870. When they traveled and arrived in the U.S they brought big parts of their culture with them, like holidays and foods. I would like to specify more on the culture of German holidays, and how America has inherited some of the ways in one of the most famous holidays, Christmas.

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Make sure from the correct time period (1800-1860)

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Many German holidays also had specific German foods, and as these holidays became more commonly celebrated in the United States, people would hold festivals. Many of these festivals helped boost the economy by having to purchase ingredients for certain foods and activities. For example, Christmas turned into a time to give gifts to loved ones in the United States. Buying gifts and items helped increase the economy.

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Where can you find it now/Does it still exist?

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Where can you find it now/Does it still exist?

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German Holidays most certainly do still exist, and now all over the world. Christmas, Easter, and Halloween are still celebrated in the United States.

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Keep in mind that in America at this point there were many different groups of people, Immigrants, Native Americans and Slaves that also had their own distinct cultures as well.

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German American Food: A Feast for Your Senses

German-American cuisine is a delicious blend of culinary traditions that have evolved over the centuries and have been shaped by the influence of German immigrants who made their new home in the United States. This unique cuisine reflects the fusion of Old World flavors with New World ingredients, resulting in a rich and eclectic food culture.

German American food is a delicious blend of traditional German recipes adapted to American tastes and ingredients, resulting in a flavorful and diverse cuisine.

The Heart and Soul of German American Cuisine

Understanding the roots and evolution of German American food is not only a gastronomic journey but also a cultural exploration.

It allows us to appreciate the enduring legacy of German immigrants and the way they've contributed to the American culinary landscape.

As this cuisine enjoys a renaissance in modern times, it pays homage to the enduring influence of German immigrants on American culture and the way the U.S eats.

The flavors of German-American cuisine are found not only in the dishes themselves, but also in the incredible stories about the people who introduced them to the land of opportunity.

Some well-known examples of German American food include sausages, sauerkraut, pretzels, and various types of bread, such as rye bread. Additionally, dishes like schnitzel and potato salad have become popular in certain regions of the United States due to the German culinary heritage.

The development and evolution of German American Food

Hearty and comforting dishes, often characterized by the use of meats, potatoes, bread, and a range of spices, were brought to the United States by the first waves of German immigrants in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Early settlers introduced staples such as sausages, sourdough bread, and pickled vegetables, which continue to be integral to the German American food tradition.

German-American cuisine is characterized by the traditional use of beer, especially lager and pilsner, which is used in many recipes.

The combination of old world traditions with new world ingredients has resulted in a unique and beloved culinary traditon.

The foundation of German American cuisine lies in the culinary heritage of Germany. German-American food is a testament to the ongoing ancestral heritage of German immigrants to the United States.

Historical Context of German-American Food

The unique fusion of German and American culinary influences has given rise to a diverse range of comfort foods and regional specialties.

The history of German American food is deeply intertwined with the waves of German immigration to the United States.

In the 17th and 18th centuries, German settlers began arriving on American shores, particularly in Pennsylvania.

These early immigrants brought with them the culinary traditions of their homeland, marked by hearty and flavorful dishes.

Over the years, German influence on American food culture expanded as new generations adapted to local ingredients and integrated their traditions into American kitchens.

Key historical moments, such as the Great Migration of the mid-19th century and the preservation of German language and culture in isolated communities, played significant roles in shaping the development of German American cuisine.

The lavish variety of German-American cuisine we know today is a testament to the lasting influence of these early immigrants on American gastronomy.

Iconic Dishes in German American Food

Soft pretzels, with their salty exterior and soft interior, are a popular snack in the United States, often enjoyed at sporting events or as a street food. They have their origins in German cuisine.

German American food is celebrated for its iconic dishes that have become beloved staples in American culture.

These dishes, often passed down through generations, embody the essence of German American cuisine.

Sauerkraut, a fermented cabbage condiment, adds a tangy kick to numerous dishes and serves as a cornerstone of the cuisine.

Schnitzel, a breaded and fried cutlet, whether made with veal or pork, captures the timeless appeal of comfort food.

Sauerkraut, with its sour and crispy charm, often shares the spotlight with sausages and is a key ingredient in iconic dishes like the Reuben sandwich and the no-nonsense choice of hot dogs.

Pretzels, with their soft and chewy interior and golden-brown crust, are a beloved snack and the perfect companion to a cold beer.

The potato salad, often creamy and tangy, has found a permanent place on picnic tables and family gatherings.

These dishes, with their origins and significance deeply rooted in German American culture, exemplify the fusion of flavors that make this cuisine unique and cherished.

The Role of Sauerkraut in German American Cuisine

Specialities of German origin that have become part of American food culture include bratwurst, sauerkraut, frankfurters and Vienna sausages (hot dogs), hamburger, pretzels, lager beer, potato salad, cheesecake, cream cheese, meatballs, Berlin pancakes and various cookies.

German American cuisine is not just about food; it is a representation of cultural heritage. The cuisine is closely tied to customs, celebrations, and family traditions.

Sauerkraut, the tangy star of German American food, plays a pivotal role in shaping the distinctive flavors of this cuisine.

The process of making sauerkraut involves finely shredding cabbage, salting it, and allowing it to ferment.

This fermentation is what gives sauerkraut its unique tangy and sour flavor.

It also contributes to the preservation of the cabbage, a crucial technique in a time when fresh produce was scarce during long winters.

Beyond its preservation properties, sauerkraut is a versatile ingredient, serving as a condiment, side dish, and even the star of dishes like sauerkraut soup.

Its distinctive flavor adds a vibrant contrast to the rich, savory tastes of sausages, sandwiches, and soups, making it an essential component of German American cuisine.

The incorporation of sauerkraut into various dishes has not only enhanced the flavor but has also given a nod to the preservation traditions that date back centuries.

Regional Variations in German American Food

German American sticky buns are enjoyed in various regions of the United States, often served warm, straight from the oven, making them a comforting and satisfying treat for those with a sweet tooth.

Many elements of the modern American Christmas feast, such as roast meats, gingerbread cookies, and fruitcakes, have their origins in German Christmas traditions.

The diversity of the United States is reflected in the regional variations of German American food.

As German immigrants settled in various parts of the country, they adapted their traditional recipes to local ingredients and incorporated elements of the American culinary landscape.

In Pennsylvania, known as the heart of German American food traditions, dishes like schnitz und knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings) and pot pie are celebrated.

Here, sauerkraut, cabbage, and potatoes are prevalent ingredients, and their influence can be found in American classics like chicken pot pie and apple butter.

In the Midwest, which includes states like Wisconsin and Illinois, sausages, particularly bratwurst and sauerkraut, are widely enjoyed.

The love for beer and the tradition of brewing, influenced by German immigrants, are strong, making this region a hub for beer and brewing heritage.

Texas, specifically the Hill Country region, offers a unique blend of German and Texan cuisine, with dishes like sausage and sauerkraut showcasing the fusion of flavors.

The South has its own take on German American cuisine, with dishes like red cabbage coleslaw and pickled vegetables reflecting the merging of German and Southern flavors.

The variations in German American cuisine across regions exemplify the adaptability of German traditions and the influence of local ingredients and traditions.

The Culinary Impact of German Immigrants

In the Midwest, families of German descent have preserved a distinct brand of cuisine that is heavily influenced by Palatine, Baden, Swabian and Bavarian cuisine. The best-known traditional German dishes are panhas, schales, schnitz and knepp, as well as Saumagen, which in the U.S. has been dubbed Seimawe.

German immigrants have made a profound impact on American food culture beyond their specific recipes.

One such influence is seen in the tradition of picnicking, often associated with the German "biergarten."

Dishes like potato salad, sausages, and sauerkraut are staples of outdoor gatherings and celebrations, emphasizing the importance of family, tradition, and togetherness.

Additionally, the influence of German settlers on American barbecue culture, particularly in Texas, is noteworthy.

Smoked sausages, known as "wurst," have become a staple in barbecue joints, adding a unique twist to smoked meats.

The enduring impact of German immigrants on American food culture goes beyond these examples, with the emphasis on beer brewing, hearty flavors, and a sense of gemütlichkeit, or warmth and togetherness, shaping American culinary traditions.

The enduring legacy of German immigrants can be witnessed in the way Americans embrace outdoor dining, particularly during festivals and events, where elements of German American cuisine often take center stage.

Satisfying Your Cravings for German American Food

For those looking to savor the delights of German American food, numerous options are available.

There are authentic German American restaurants, particularly in areas with a rich German heritage, such as Pennsylvania Dutch Country.

These eateries offer a taste of traditional dishes prepared with love and authenticity.

Additionally, attending German American festivals, especially during Oktoberfest, provides an opportunity to enjoy a wide array of dishes, accompanied by lively music and cultural celebrations.

For those interested in trying their hand at cooking German American food at home, various recipes are readily available.

Classic dishes like bratwurst with sauerkraut, schnitzel, and potato salad are well-documented and offer a delightful experience in the kitchen.

German American Food and Modern Culinary Trends

The Pennsylvania Dutch were proverbially known for utilizing all parts of a slaughtered pig, leading Americans to say "the only thing they didn't use was the squeal." Also typical of their cuisine is cabbage, especially sauerkraut, which earned them the nickname Sauerkraut Yankees.

While German American food embraces its rich tradition, it also adapts to modern culinary trends.

The fusion of German and American flavors with contemporary dishes is a testament to the cuisine's adaptability.

It reflects the broader trend of combining old-world traditions with new-world ingredients, catering to the evolving palates of a diverse population.

The persistence of German American food traditions in a changing food landscape demonstrates the enduring appeal of these flavors and the significance of preserving culinary heritage.

Product list for German American Food

German American cuisine boasts a range of iconic dishes that have become staples of American dining.

The union of German and American culinary traditions gave birth to a distinct cuisine.

It's important to note that this fusion was not a one-way street.

American influences, in turn, impacted German cuisine, introducing new elements like fast food and convenience foods. The most famous of these transatlantic concepts is no doubt the iconic and much beloved hot dog.

Sausages, Bratwurst, and Frankfurters

The influence of German settlers on American barbecue culture, particularly in Texas, is noteworthy. Smoked sausages, known as "wurst," have become a staple in barbecue joints, adding a unique twist to smoked meats.

Sausages are perhaps the most iconic embodiment of German culinary traditions in America.

German immigrants introduced a variety of sausages, including bratwurst, and frankfurters.

These sausages quickly found their way into American cuisine and became staples at picnics, cookouts, and baseball games.

Today, sausages are an essential part of American comfort food, with regional variations and countless ways to enjoy them.

Bratwurst - The Sausage that Rules

Bratwurst, often referred to as "brats," is a sausage that reigns supreme in German American cuisine.

Hailing from Germany, these sausages were brought to the United States by German immigrants in the 19th century.

Bratwurst is renowned for its robust flavor, often infused with spices like marjoram and nutmeg.

Bratwurst Ingredients:

Bratwurst is best enjoyed grilled or pan-fried, nestled in a soft bun and adorned with sauerkraut and mustard.

This classic street food has become a staple at American cookouts, fairs, and sporting events, making it a symbol of hearty, outdoor feasting.

American traditions like Oktoberfest celebrations and outdoor barbecues are enriched by the presence of German sausages, and grilling techniques influenced by German culinary traditions are still embraced nationwide.

Bratwurst is often hailed as the "King of Sausages" and is celebrated for its robust, savory flavor.

The name bratwurst is a composite word from the Old High German words brāto 'sheer meat', and wurst. The word is a reference to roast and actually means meat sausage.

Sauerkraut - Tangy Delight

Sauerkraut is more than just a tangy cabbage condiment; it's a testament to the art of fermentation.

This dish has its roots in German cuisine, where finely shredded cabbage is preserved through lacto-fermentation.

German immigrants brought this preservation method to America, where it quickly became a beloved side dish.

Sauerkraut Ingredients:

Sauerkraut's distinctive flavor, achieved through the fermentation process, complements bratwurst and other German American dishes.

It adds a bright, tangy contrast to the rich and savory flavors, making it an essential component of numerous recipes.

Wiener Schnitzel - The Classic Cutlet

Schnitzel is another German American favorite. This breaded and fried cutlet, traditionally made with veal, is now often prepared with pork. It captures the timeless appeal of comfort food, with its crispy exterior and tender meat inside.

Wiener Schnitzel, a breaded and fried cutlet, is a quintessential dish in German and German American cuisine.

The name "Wiener" refers to Vienna, Austria, where this dish has its origins.

German immigrants brought the recipe to the United States, where it quickly became a household favorite.

Wiener Schnitzel Ingredients:

The significance of Wiener Schnitzel lies in its simplicity and deliciousness.

The tender, crispy cutlet, traditionally made with veal, is now often prepared with pork.

It's a dish for all seasons, served with lemon wedges for a touch of brightness, and enjoyed at family gatherings, restaurants, and picnics.

Potato Salad - A Staple Side Dish

German American Potato Salad is more than just a side dish; it's a symbol of gatherings and celebrations.

This potato salad, with its creamy dressing and tangy notes from the pickles, is a fixture at picnics, barbecues, and family feasts.

Its significance lies in its adaptability; each family may have their own variation, but the core ingredients remain the same.

Potato Salad Ingredients

Potatoes provide the comforting base, while the combination of bacon, onion, and pickles creates a balance of flavors and textures.

Dijon mustard and mayonnaise come together to form a creamy and slightly tangy dressing.

Fresh chives add a burst of color and freshness, rounding out a dish that celebrates both the past and the present.

Black Forest Cake - A Sweet Symphony

To satisfy one's sweet tooth, Black Forest cake is a delectable option. Known as "Schwarzwälder Kirschtorte" in German, it features layers of chocolate sponge cake, whipped cream, cherries, and chocolate shavings.

No discussion of German American cuisine is complete without mentioning the delectable Black Forest Cake.

Black Forest Cake Ingredients:

This dessert, which originated in the Black Forest region of Germany, has become a beloved classic in the United States.

The Influence on German American Breadmaking

Bread is a fundamental element of any culinary culture, and German immigrants played a pivotal role in shaping the American bread landscape.

German-style bread, characterized by its hearty, flavorful, and dense texture, has become a beloved part of American food culture.

Rye bread, with its distinctive taste, made a significant impact and contributed to the development of American deli sandwiches.

The tradition of German breadmaking and the emphasis on quality ingredients left a lasting imprint on the American art of baking.

The Advent of the Deli

The Reuben sandwich, a beloved American classic, also has its roots in German American cuisine. Composed of corned beef, Swiss cheese, sauerkraut, and Russian dressing, all sandwiched between slices of rye bread, it's a delectable combination of flavors and textures.

The concept of the delicatessen, often referred to as a deli, is closely tied to the influence of German immigrants.

Delis became cherished community institutions, where people could purchase a variety of high-quality meats, sausages, cheeses, and bread.

The deli tradition introduced Americans to German culinary delights, such as pastrami, corned beef, bratwurst, and sauerkraut.

These dishes have become iconic components of the American deli experience, showcasing the influence of German culinary traditions on the broader food culture.

The Preservation of Pickles

The preservation of vegetables through pickling is a time-honored German tradition, and it's an art that found a receptive audience in the United States.

Pickled vegetables, such as cucumbers, red cabbage, and beets, have become a beloved accompaniment to American dishes.

The process of pickling, which was passed down through generations of German immigrants, not only added new flavors to American food but also contributed to food preservation techniques.

Regional Variations in German American Cuisine Across the United States

German American cuisine is a rich and diverse tapestry, with a wide range of regional variations that reflect the influence of German immigrants in different states and regions of the United States.

As German settlers arrived in various parts of the country, they adapted their traditional recipes to local ingredients and incorporated elements of the American culinary landscape.

Pennsylvania Dutch - The Heart of Tradition

The shoofly pie, a variation on the German Streuselkuchen, was invented by the Pennsylvania Dutch in the 19th century but is now eaten throughout North America. The same is true of whoopie pies. The Pennsylvania Dutch are also credited with the invention of sticky buns, a sweet and sticky pastry said to trace its origins to German dough snails.

Pennsylvania is often considered the epicenter of German American culinary traditions, thanks to the early waves of German immigrants who settled in the state.

The Pennsylvania Dutch, a term derived from "Deutsch" meaning German, are known for their hearty and distinct cuisine.

Dishes like schnitz und knepp (dried apples, ham, and dumplings), pot pie, and scrapple have deep roots in this region.

The use of ingredients like sauerkraut, cabbage, and potatoes is prevalent, and the influence of the Pennsylvania Dutch can be seen in American classics like chicken pot pie and apple butter.

The Midwest - Sausages and Sauerkraut

The Midwest, often referred to as the "breadbasket of America," is home to a substantial population of German Americans, and their culinary traditions have left an indelible mark on the region.

Sausages, particularly bratwurst and sauerkraut, are widely enjoyed.

The German influence on Midwest cuisine can be seen in iconic dishes like the bratwurst sandwich and sauerkraut toppings for hot dogs.

Furthermore, the love for beer and the tradition of brewing, influenced by German immigrants, are strong in states like Wisconsin and Illinois, which are known for their beer and brewing heritage.

Wisconsin - Cheese and Beer Delights

Wisconsin, a state with a significant German American population, has a particular affinity for both cheese and beer.

The legacy of German immigrants is celebrated in the state's cheese factories, where traditional cheese-making techniques are preserved and passed down through generations.

Visitors to Wisconsin can savor the flavors of German American cuisine in dishes like beer cheese soup, bratwurst with sauerkraut, and cheese curds, all of which reflect the influence of German culinary traditions on this region.

Texas - German Texan Cuisine

In Texas, German immigrants played a vital role in shaping the state's culinary heritage.

Known as the "German Belt," the Hill Country region of Texas has a strong German American presence.

Dishes like sausage and sauerkraut, often served with a Texan twist, reflect the fusion of German and Texan flavors.

The influence of German settlers on Texas barbecue culture is also noteworthy, with smoked sausages, particularly "wurst," becoming a staple in barbecue joints across the state.

The South - A Blend of Traditions

The Southern United States has its own unique take on German American cuisine.

Here, German culinary traditions merged with the flavors of the South to create a distinct culinary fusion.

Dishes like red cabbage coleslaw, sweet and sour green beans, and various pickled vegetables reflect the influence of German immigrants.

Additionally, German sausage, or "wurst," has become a part of Southern barbecue culture, adding a unique twist to smoked meats and sausages.

The Impact on American Picnics and Outdoor Dining

The cuisine of the early German immigrants was simple home cooking. Dark whole wheat bread was a staple. Spelt played an important role as a grain, used not only for baking but also for making dumplings, soup, and cereal porridge.

German American cuisine has had a profound impact on American picnics and outdoor dining.

The tradition of picnicking, often associated with the German "biergarten," has become a beloved part of American social culture.

Dishes like potato salad, sausages, and sauerkraut are picnic staples, contributing to the joyful experience of outdoor gatherings and celebrations.

The influence of German culinary traditions can be felt in the way Americans embrace outdoor dining, particularly during festivals and events.

Whether you're savoring sauerkraut-topped sausages, enjoying a slice of Black Forest cake, or raising a stein in celebration, German American food embodies the essence of gemütlichkeit, emphasizing the importance of togetherness, comfort, and the joy of sharing a good meal.

Its cultural importance and culinary significance in the United States are timeless, and the legacy of German American food continues to be a cherished part of American gastronomy.
German American food is a celebration of the fusion of flavors, traditions, and history that have shaped this unique cuisine. Exploring the roots and evolution of German American food is not just a culinary journey but a cultural exploration that enriches our understanding of the enduring legacy of German immigrants.
German American Food: FAQ

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German Americans in the United States
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German-American Food: Tradition of Good Taste

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German-American food refers to the culinary heritage and tradition that have become established in the United States as a result of German immigrants.

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Literature

Art

Music

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Architecture

Food

Holidays

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How did it influence other parts of culture?

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Holidays and food go hand in hand, as in the influence each other. Whenever you think of a holiday, there is always specific food you eat on that holiday. Many German foods soon became tradition to eat on a certain holiday, like how it became traditional to eat duck on Christmas.

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German Immigrants brought plenty of foods and recipes over to the United States. Many are very popular today in the United States, like potato salad and pretzels.

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Steamers carried Irish emigrants to Liverpool where their transatlantic voyage began

In the middle half of the nineteenth century, more than one-half of the population of Ireland emigrated to the United States. So did an equal number of Germans. Most of them came because of civil unrest, severe unemployment or almost inconceivable hardships at home. This wave of immigration affected almost every city and almost every person in America. From 1820 to 1870, over seven and a half million immigrants came to the United States - more than the entire population of the country in 1810. Nearly all of them came from northern and western Europe - about a third from Ireland and almost a third from Germany. Burgeoning companies were able to absorb all that wanted to work. Immigrants built canals and constructed railroads. They became involved in almost every labor-intensive endeavor in the country. Much of the country was built on their backs.

Letter to the London Times from an Irish Immigrant in America, 1850

I am exceedingly well pleased at coming to this land of plenty. On arrival I purchased 120 acres of land at $5 an acre. You must bear in mind that I have purchased the land out, and it is to me and mine an "estate for ever", without a landlord, an agent or tax-gatherer to trouble me. I would advise all my friends to quit Ireland - the country most dear to me; as long as they remain in it they will be in bondage and misery.

What you labour for is sweetened by contentment and happiness; there is no failure in the potato crop, and you can grow every crop you wish, without manuring the land during life. You need not mind feeding pigs, but let them into the woods and they will feed themselves, until you want to make bacon of them.

I shudder when I think that starvation prevails to such an extent in poor Ireland. After supplying the entire population of America, there would still be as much corn and provisions left us would supply the world, for there is no limit to cultivation or end to land. Here the meanest labourer has beef and mutton, with bread, bacon, tea, coffee, sugar and even pies, the whole year round - every day here is as good as Christmas day in Ireland.

Anti-Irish sentiment permeated the United States during the Industrial Revolution. The prejudice exhibited in advertisements like this one sometimes led to violent outbursts.

In Ireland almost half of the population lived on farms that produced little income. Because of their poverty, most Irish people depended on potatoes for food. When this crop failed three years in succession, it led to a great famine with horrendous consequences. Over 750,000 people starved to death. Over two million Irish eventually moved to the United States seeking relief from their desolated country. Impoverished, the Irish could not buy property. Instead, they congregated in the cities where they landed, almost all in the northeastern United States. Today, Ireland has just half the population it did in the early 1840s. There are now more Irish Americans than there are Irish nationals.

In the decade from 1845 to 1855, more than a million Germans fled to the United States to escape economic hardship. They also sought to escape the political unrest caused by riots, rebellion and eventually a revolution in 1848. The Germans had little choice - few other places besides the United States allowed German immigration. Unlike the Irish, many Germans had enough money to journey to the Midwest in search of farmland and work. The largest settlements of Germans were in New York City, Baltimore, Cincinnati, St. Louis and Milwaukee.

With the vast numbers of German and Irish coming to America, hostility to them erupted. Part of the reason for the opposition was religious. All of the Irish and many of the Germans were Roman Catholic. Part of the opposition was political. Most immigrants living in cities became Democrats because the party focused on the needs of commoners. Part of the opposition occurred because Americans in low-paying jobs were threatened and sometimes replaced by groups willing to work for almost nothing in order to survive. Signs that read NINA - "No Irish Need Apply" - sprang up throughout the country.

The Know Nothing Party's platform included the repeal of all naturalization laws and a prohibition on immigrants from holding public office.

Ethnic and anti-Catholic rioting occurred in many northern cites, the largest occurring in Philadelphia in 1844 during a period of economic depression. Protestants, Catholics and local militia fought in the streets. 16 were killed, dozens were injured and over 40 buildings were demolished. "Nativist" political parties sprang up almost overnight. The most influential of these parties, the Know Nothings, was anti-Catholic and wanted to extend the amount of time it took immigrants to become citizens and voters. They also wanted to prevent foreign-born people from ever holding public office. Economic recovery after the 1844 depression reduced the number of serious confrontations for a time, as the country seemed to be able to use all the labor it could get.

But Nativism returned in the 1850s with a vengeance. In the 1854 elections, Nativists won control of state governments in Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire and California. They won elections in Maryland and Kentucky and took 45% of the vote in 5 other states. In 1856, Millard Fillmore was the American Party candidate for President and trumpeted anti-immigrant themes. Nativism caused much splintering in the political landscape, and the Republicans, with no platform or policies about it, benefited and rode to victory in the divisive election of 1860.

German Immigration to Texas
The first permanent German settlements in Texas date back to the early 1830's, and the upsurge in German immigration in the 1840's resulted in such towns as Fredericksburg and New Braunfels. By the mid 1850's, the populations of San Antonio, Houston, and Galveston were about one-third German.

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The Five Points Site: Rediscovery of a 19th-Century Neighborhood
The demolition of city buildings provides opportunities for archaeological investigation, and this website proves the value of digging into our past. Five Points was a mixed residential, commercial, and industrial neighborhood in New York City through several waves of immigration. The documentary record pictures Five Points as a frightening slum, but the archaeological record shows a thriving, working-class neighborhood. Both views are shown on this fascinating website.

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Views of the Famine
How did it feel to watch your children starve while your fields were barren? To get on a boat to a foreign land with little or no money because it was your only chance to survive? This website documents the Great Potato Famine of Ireland through contemporary articles from the Illustrated London Times, the Cork Examiner, and other publications. There is also a nicely organized master picture list and comprehensive list of online resources.

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Irish and German Immigration [ushistory.org]

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(Traditional German food from the antebellum period)

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(A traditional German meal from the antebellum period)

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German Immigrants brought many things over to the United States, including some holidays that we now celebrate today. One very famous holiday is from Germany, Christmas. In fact, many holidays that we celebrate in the U.S are from the Germany, like Halloween and Easter.

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Saint Nicholas (Santa Claus) and Krampus.

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Saint Nicholas (Santa Claus) and Krampus.

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At the time, Germany had mainly two major religions; Catholics, and Protestants. If you were like me, you may be wondering "what in the world, what is a Protestant?". To answer that question, Protestantism is a form of religion that is similar to Christianity. The dividing difference is that Protestants do not have one leader, like a pope or prophet. Instead they have many ministers. These two religions believed in Saint Nicholas, although they gave him the names of Weihnachtsmann, Nickel, Klaus, and Niglo. These are partly where Americans came up with the name "Santa Claus". Nicholas Day, instead of Christmas day, is a day when Saint Nicholas would walk through the town with his companion, who went by the name of Krampus. Krampus is no smiling elf though, rather a monstrous demon that frightens and threatens children to be on good behavior. There have been many horror films on Krampus, and on the interesting history of it all. Nicholas and Krampus would even go far enough where they would whip children. This reflects on the darkness of German fairytales, like the Grimm Brother's fairytales. So although there is an unpleasantness of it all, Saint Nicholas would go the night before (on December 5) with Krampus and knock door to door to hand out gifts to small children. This is where Americans got the idea of giving out presents if you are good and getting a lump of coal if you are misbehaved. Even so, the punishment is far worse than a lump of coal when encountered by Krampus. Krampus is seen wearing a wooden basket on his back, which is where he carries misbehaving children, to beat them or devour them. These were all stories told to little children from Germany to make them behave well.

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Christmas Customs: St. Nicholas - der Heilige Nikolaus

Wer ist Sankt Nikolaus? - Who is Saint Nicholas?
For a long time in Austria and some regions of Germany, particularly in Bavaria, St. Nicholas was the main character in the Christmas celebration. But he was not Santa Claus, and he arrived earlier - on the 6th of December. His usual, less friendly escort went by different names in different places: "Belsnickle," "Niglo," "Pelznickel," and others. Santa Claus or Father Christmas is a more recent tradition. Since the Germans (and the Dutch) brought many of their customs to America directly or indirectly, we need to look first at Europe in order to understand the American and worldwide Christmas celebration of today.

The Historic, Real St. Nicholas
Across the German-speaking region of Europe there are many kinds of Santa Clauses with many different names. Despite their many names, they are all basically the same mythic character. But few of them have anything to do with the real Saint Nicholas ( Sankt Nikolaus or der Heilige Nikolaus), who was probably born around 245 C.E. in the port city of Patara in what we now call Turkey. Very little solid historical evidence exists for the man who later became the Bishop of Myra and the patron saint of children, sailors, students, teachers, and merchants. He is credited with several miracles and his feast day is December 6, which is the main reason he is connected with Christmas. In Austria, parts of Germany, and Switzerland, der Heilige Nikolaus (or Pelznickel) brings his gifts for children on Nikolaustag, Dec. 6, not Dec. 25. Nowadays, St. Nicholas Day ( der Nikolaustag) on Dec. 6 is a preliminary round for Christmas.

Although Austria is mostly Catholic, Germany is almost evenly divided between Protestants and Catholics (along with some minority religions). So in Germany there are both Catholic ( katholisch) and Protestant ( evangelisch) Christmas customs. When Martin Luther, the great Protestant Reformer, came along, he wanted to get rid of the Catholic elements of Christmas. To replace Sankt Nikolaus (Protestants don't emphasize saints!), Luther introduced der Heilige Christ (later called das Christkindl), an angel-like Christ Child, to bring Christmas gifts and reduce the importance of Saint Nicholas. Later this Christkindl figure would be replaced by der Weihnachtsmann (Father Christmas) in Protestant regions and even cross the Atlantic, where Christkindl mutated into the English term "Kris Kringle." Ironically, in the present day the originally Protestant Christkindl is now predominant in the Catholic regions of Germany and Switzerland, as well as in Austria.

" Ja, und ich bin der Weihnachtsmann!"
"Yes, and I'm Santa Claus!" (Said when you doubt what someone has just said.)

Besides the Catholic and Protestant aspects, Germany is a country of many regions and regional dialects, making the question of who Santa Claus is even more complicated. There are in fact so many German names (and customs) for Nikolaus and his escorts that we created a special "Nikolaus Glossary" just for all the names (temporarily offline). On top of that, there are both religious and secular German Christmas customs. (That American Santa Claus has really gotten around!) However, below we'll summarize some of the main German Christmas characters and customs.

In order to answer the question "Who is the German Santa Claus?" you need to look at different dates and the various regions of German-speaking Europe. First, there are several names used for the German Father Christmas or Santa Claus. Four main names ( Weihnachtsmann, Nickel, Klaus, Niglo) are spread out from the north to the south, from west to east. But don't confuse Christmas and Christmas Eve (Santa) with Nicholas Day.

The Nikolaus-Begleiter (Nicholas Companions)
The date when Nikolaus/Nicholas makes his appearance is December 6, known in German as Niklolaustag (Nicholas Day). Dressed like a bishop in a white garment, Nicholas usually arrives with a companion. His companion goes by many names, depending on the region. Nicholas' companions are usually ominous looking, rough, dark characters. In some cases (Krampus, for instance) the figure frightens children both with its monstrous appearance and its threatening behavior. This is no jolly, smiling elf. This is more like a devil.

Who are these nasty guys? There are many local and regional names: Aschenmann, Bartl, Boozenickel, Hans Trapp, Klaubauf, , Belsnickel/Pelznickel, Ruhklas, Knecht Ruprecht, and the Swiss/Alemannic Schmutzli. These names can even vary within a region from locality to locality, but these Nicholas companions are rarely kind and good. Mostly they are evil - going so far as to frighten little children and, in some places, even whip them with switches. They reflect the darkness of the characters and stories in the original, non-sanitized Grimm Brothers fairy tales based on ancient Germanic folklore. (Learn more about these Nicholas companions below.)

The Germanic character Pelznickel was also imported to Pennsylvania in the US as "Belsnickel" in the 1800s. According to author Stephen Nissenbaum, by the turn of the 20th century, Pennsylvania's Belsnickel and the tradition of "belsnickeling" (dressing up as the creature, delivering treats, soliciting coins and promoting general mayhem) was dying out, soon to be replaced by a much more benevolent Santa Claus.

Now let's look at the key dates of the German Christmas celebration.

Nikolaustag - 6. Dezember
On the night of December 5 (in some places, the evening of Dec. 6), in small communities in Austria and the Catholic regions of Germany, a man dressed as der Heilige Nikolaus (St. Nicholas, who resembles a bishop and carries a staff) goes from house to house to bring small gifts to the children. Accompanying him are several ragged looking, devil-like Krampusse, who mildly or nor so mildly scare the children. Although Krampus/Knecht Ruprecht carries eine Rute (a switch), he usually only teases the children with it, while St. Nicholas hands out small gifts. In some regions, there are other names for both Nikolaus and Krampus ( Knecht Ruprecht in northern Germany). As early as 1555, St. Nicholas brought gifts on Dec. 6, the only "Christmas" gift-giving time during the Middle Ages, and his companion, Knecht Ruprecht or Krampus, was a more ominous figure. In Alpine Europe Krampus is still a scary, devil-like figure. The Krampuslauf custom found in Austria and Bavaria also happens around December 5 or 6, but it also can take place at various times during November or December, depending on the community.

Nikolaus and his escorts don't always make a personal appearance. In some places today, children still leave their shoes by the window or the door on the night of Dec. 5. They awaken the next day (Dec. 6) to discover small gifts and goodies stuffed into the shoes, left by St. Nicholas. This is similar to the American Santa Claus custom, although the dates are different. Also similar to American custom, the children may leave a wish list for Nikolaus to pass on to the Weihnachtsmann (Father Christmas) or the Christkind for Christmas.

Heiligabend - 24. Dezember
Christmas Eve is now the most important day of the German celebration. But there's no Santa Claus coming down the chimney (and no chimney!), no reindeer (the German Santa rides a white horse), no waiting for Christmas morning! Families with young children often keep the living room or other room closed off, revealing the Christmas tree to the excited youngsters only at the last minute. The decorated Tannenbaum is the center of the Bescherung, the exchanging of gifts, which takes place on Christmas Eve, either before or after dinner. Neither Santa Claus nor St. Nicholas brings children their gifts for Christmas. In most regions, the angelic, fairy-like Christkindl or the more secular Weihnachtsmann is the bringer of gifts that don't come from other family members or friends on Christmas Eve.

In religious families, there also may be readings of Christmas-related passages from the Bible. Many people attend midnight mass ( Christmette), where they sing carols, much as on the occasion of the first Christmas Eve performance of " Stille Nacht " ("Silent Night") in Oberndorf, Austria in 1818.

St. Nick's Escorts and Where Their Names Come From
As we said before, each region or locality throughout the German-speaking parts of Europe has its own Christmas customs, Weihnachtsmänner (Santas), and Begleiter (escorts). Here we'll review just a sampling of the various regional variations, most of them pagan and Germanic in origin.

Knecht Ruprecht is a term widely used in many parts of Germany. (In Austria and Bavaria he is known as .) Also called rauer Percht and many other names, Knecht Ruprecht is the anti-Santa escort, who punishes bad children. Nowadays he is often a more kind, less menancing character, but in parts of Austria and Bavaria, Krampus remains a rather nasty figure.

Ruprecht's origins are definitely Germanic. The Nordic god Odin (Germanic Wotan) was also known as "Hruod Percht" ("Ruhmreicher Percht") from which Ruprecht got his name. Wotan, aka Percht, ruled over battles, fate, fertility and the winds. When Christianity came to Germany, St. Nicholas was introduced, but he was accompanied by the Germanic Knecht Ruprecht. Today both can be seen at parties and festivities around December 6.

Pelznickel is the fur-clad Santa of the Palatinate ( Pfalz, in western Germany along the Rhine), Saarland, and the Odenwald region of Baden-Württemberg. The German-American Thomas Nast (1840-1902) was born in Landau in der Pfalz (not the Bavarian Landau). It is said that he borrowed at least a couple of features from the Palatine Pelznickel he knew as a child in creating the image of the American Santa Claus - the fur trim and boots. In some North American German communities Pelznickel became "Belsnickle." The Odenwald Pelznickel is a bedraggled character who wears a long coat, boots, and a big floppy hat. He carries a sack full of apples and nuts that he gives to the children. In various areas of the Odenwald, Pelznickel also goes by the names of Benznickel, Strohnickel, and Storrnickel.

The literal translation of Pelznickel is "fur-Nicholas" ("Nickel" being a diminutive of Nicholas). But in reality the name Pelznickel is derived from the old West Central Germanic verb pelzen, to "beat" or "thrash."

Der Weihnachtsmann is the name for Santa Claus or Father Christmas in most of Germany today. The term used to be confined mostly to the northern and mostly Protestant areas of Germany, but has spread across the country in recent years. Around Christmastime in Berlin, Hamburg, or Frankfurt, you'll see Weihnachtsmänner on the street or at parties in their red and white costumes, looking a lot like an American Santa Claus. You can even rent a Weihnachtsmann in most larger German cities.

The term "Weihnachtsmann" is a very generic German term for Father Christmas, St. Nicholas, or Santa Claus. The German Weihnachtsmann is a fairly recent Christmas tradition having little if any religious or folkloric background. In fact, the secular Weihnachtsmann only dates back to around the mid-19th century. As early as 1835, Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote the words to "Morgen kommt der Weihnachtsmann" - still a popular German Christmas carol. The first image depicting a bearded Weihnachtsmann in a hooded, fur mantle was a woodcut ( Holzschnitt) by the Austrian painter Moritz von Schwind (1804-1871). Von Schwind's first 1825 drawing was entitled "Herr Winter." A second woodcut series in 1847 bore the title "Weihnachtsmann" and even showed him carrying a Christmas tree, but still had little resemblance to the modern Weihnachtsmann. Over the years, the Weihnachtsmann became a rough mixture of St. Nicholas and Knecht Ruprecht. A 1932 survey found that German children were split about evenly along regional lines between believing in either the Weihnachtsmann or the Christkind. But today a similar survey would show the Weihnachtsmann winning out in almost all of Germany - except for most Catholic areas.

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Christmas Customs: St. Nicholas - der Heilige Nikolaus Wer ist Sankt Nikolaus? - Who is Saint Nicholas? For a long time in Austria and some regions of Germany, particularly in Bavaria, St. Nicholas was the main character in the Christmas celebration. But he was not Santa Claus, and he arrived earlier - on the 6th of December.