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(1817-1921) “Asiatic Cholera”, started in Jessore, India then appeared throughout the world. (1902-1904) Philippines, immediate aftermath of the Philippine-American War (1899-1902)

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Farola District in Manila

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3 years

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Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It primarily affects the small intestine and leads to severe watery diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is often characterized by sudden onset and can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.

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November 2019 - Wuhan, China

January 30, 2020 - First case of COVID-19 with chinese national in the Philippines

March 7, 2020 - First local transmission

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Manila

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More than 3 years

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COVID-19, also called coronavirus disease 2019, is an illness caused by a virus. The virus is called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or more commonly, SARS-CoV-2.

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Sanitary measures, quarantine and lockdown

Led to chaos and disorder in the following years

Good hygiene practices, including proper hand-washing and sanitation, are crucial in preventing the spread of both diseases.

Cholera and COVID-19 are both capable of causing global health crises. While cholera outbreaks are often localized, they can still have a significant impact on communities and regions. COVID-19, being a pandemic, has affected countries worldwide, leading to widespread health, social, and economic consequences.

Loss of job and opportunities and economic loss

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Cholera is a diarrheal disease caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae. While, COVID-19 is a respiratory viral disease that is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

Prevention of cholera is by universal access to safe water. While, the prevention of COVID-19 is through vaccination, isolation of confirmed cases, wearing of masks, social distancing.

For Covid-19, vaccination is necessary; however, for cholera, it has not been approved or considered satisfactory for use in general health.

Direct contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19 can spread the virus. However, the cholera epidemic spreads among people via the faeco-oral route.

Pandemic (COVID-19) - Cholera (Epidemic)

The government's response to COVID-19 includes testing, travel restrictions, community quarantines, and risk communication. Water, sanitation, and hygiene, social mobilization, and treatment as government responses to cholera.

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Bwire, G., Kisakye, A., Amulen, E., Bwanika, J. B., Badebye, J., Aanyu, C., Nakirya, B. D., Okello, A., Okello, S. A., Bukenya, J., & Orach, C. G. (2023). Cholera and COVID-19 pandemic prevention in multiple hotspot districts of Uganda: vaccine coverage, adverse events following immunization and WASH conditions survey. BMC Infectious Diseases, 23(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-023-08462-y

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2024, February 21). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963?fbclid=IwAR2Wa4bzKq0U0HezxMHicS2_O90Qb9_oUf0JuUmDAkhnubYYYpp2kWTcdo0

COVID-19 response in the Philippines. (2022b, January 20). COVID-19 - the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. https://www.theglobalfund.org/en/covid-19/news/2022-01-20-covid-19-response-in-the-philippines/

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Containment measures have been effective to varying degrees in controlling the spread of both cholera and COVID-19. Public health officials have faced numerous challenges in implementing these measures, including logistical hurdles, misinformation, and resistance from certain populations. Lessons learned from both epidemics emphasize the critical importance of early detection, rapid response, robust healthcare infrastructure, and transparent communication. Additionally, addressing underlying socio-economic disparities and improving access to clean water and healthcare are essential for preventing and managing infectious diseases effectively. Overall, the experiences with cholera and COVID-19 highlight the necessity of global cooperation, proactive measures, and adaptive strategies to mitigate the impact of future disease outbreaks.

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Examining historical outbreaks, like the cholera epidemic in the Philippines from 1902 to 1904, reveals valuable lessons. Swift response, community engagement, and effective communication were crucial in containing the spread of cholera during that period. International collaboration and the implementation of basic hygiene practices played pivotal roles in mitigating the impact of the outbreak. Same goes for the Sars- Covid 19 pandemic. These historical insights underscore the ongoing importance of coordinated efforts, not only within individual countries but also on a global scale. The need for transparent communication, community involvement, and a proactive approach to public health emergencies remains relevant today. As we reflect on past outbreaks, we must continually refine our strategies and learn from both successes and failures to build a more resilient and responsive public health infrastructure.

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Quisao, E. Z. S., Tayaba, R. R. R., & Soriano, G. P. (2021). Knowledge, attitude, and practice towards COVID-19 among student nurses in Manila, Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Belitung Nursing Journal, 7(3), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.33546/bnj.1405

World Health Organization: WHO. (2020, January 10). Coronavirus. https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus?fbclid=IwAR2Gw5Jh2z0Dszb0A1C8c-XZqSU2aomlQexi-9KAekm5vVdJ-zxRsS20m2Q#tab=tab_1