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Population: 68,138,484

Type of government: parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Head of Government: Prime Minister Rishi SUNAK

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Part of France

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Part of Italy

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Part of Greece

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Part of Italy

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Population: 660,924

Type of government: Constitutional Monarchy

Head of government: Luc FRIEDEN

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Population 17,463,930

Type of government parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Head of government Mark RUTTE

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Population 47,222,613

Type of government parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Head of government Pedro SANCHEZ

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Population 10,223,150

Type of government semi-presidential republic

Head of Government President Marcelo

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Population 10,536,338

Type of government parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Head of Government Prime Minister Ulf KRISTERSSON

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Population 8,563,760

Type of government federal republic

Head of government Viola AMHERD

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Population 5,597,924

Type of government parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Head of Government Jonas Gahr STORE

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Population 5,946,984

Type of government parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Head of government Mette FREDERIKSEN

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Population 61,021,855

Type of government parliamentary republic

Head of government Giorgia MELONI

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Population 84,220,184

Type of government federal parliamentary republic

Head of government Chancellor Olaf SCHOLZ

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Population 11,913,633

Type of government federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy

Head of government Alexander DE CROO

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Population 68,521,974

Type of government semi-presidential republic

Head of government Gabriel ATTAL

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Population 8,940,860

Type of government federal parliamentary republic

Head of Government Karl NEHAMMER

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Population 360,872

Type of government unitary parliamentary republic

Head of government Katrin JAKOBSDOTTIR

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Population 5,614,571

Type of government parliamentary republic

Head of government Petteri ORPO

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Population 10,497,595

Type of government parliamentary republic

Head of government Kyriakos MITSOTAKIS

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Population 5,323,991

Type of government parliamentary republic

Head of Government Leo VARADKAR

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King Authur- King Arthur was the king of Great Britain from around 500-600 CE. He was made known to be a king of amazement and wonder. He was known for his famous battle from the Saxons at Mons Badonicus around 516 BC. After a lot of winning battles, his last battle, he saw one of his soldiers getting bit by a snake so he killed it, but the soldiers on the other side thought the battle had started, after that the general on the other side Mordred, hit King Arthur so hard he died. But legend says that King Arthur never died, and is waiting for a time to return.

“The Feudal System.” Students of History, 2024, https://www.studentsofhistory.com/the-feudal-system. Accessed 25 March 2024.

Weebly. “The Legends of King Arthur.” Weebly.com, Unknown.

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The Crusades- The Crusades were a series of battles that took place from 1095 to 1272 C.E. The Crusades started because the Seljuk Turks captured Jerusalem from the Arabs. After they took control, they started to limit what people can enter into the city. So the Bysantine Emire’s army, and some help from the Holy Roman Empire’s army, but after the city of Acre fell, they started to run out of money, and less crusaders wanting to come back, they decided to stop crusading.

Paradisi, Domenico. “The Crusades (1095–1291).” The Crusades (1095–1291), The Metropolitan Museum of Art, February 2014, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crus/hd_crus.htm. Accessed 11 April 2024.

“Middle Ages for Kids: Crusades - History.” Ducksters, https://www.ducksters.com/history/middle_ages_crusades.php. Accessed 11 April 2024.

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The Black Death- It was a massive plague that obliterated Europe’s population from 1347-1351 C.E. The Black Death started in Asia. It got to Europe because the leader of Ulus (a Mongol tribe) threw dead corpses of infected people with the disease in to a city in Crimea. After that the plague spread across Europe and even North Africa. Europe could not Regan the population that it had before the plague until the 1600s. After the plague ended, the Black Death would continue to pop up, then go away. An estimate for how many people died in The Black Death was about 25 million.

Rogers, Kara. “Black Death - Plague, Mortality, Europe.” Britannica, 4 April 2024, https://www.britannica.com/event/Black-Death/Effects-and-significance. Accessed 12 April 2024.

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Feudalism- A social structure that was used in European manors. The bottom of the structure was called the serfs. The serfs were like the slaves on manors, they were not allowed to leave the manor without permission, and they were treated worse than the other positions on the social structure. Next, we’re the knights. The knights were the soldiers of the kingdoms, they would start to train at age 7 and at 14 would be an assistant to the lord’s horse, and would help the lord in battles, if they did good they knighted into fighting. Next, are the lords. The lords are the very powerful people in the kingdoms, they would have assistants called vassals which the lord will give them land for money in return. The lord would observe building and farming practices. They would always fight for power which all of them had lots of knights they could use for fighting. Lastly, the monarch. The monarch is the ruler of the kingdom and has the most power in the kingdom. The monarch owned all of the land in the kingdom, which he would rent out to lords for them to give all of their soldiers, and money to fund the king.