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The practice of burying the remains of the
deceased by placing them it in a big urn prevailed
in ancient Tamilakam. Such urns were known as
urn burials (nannangadi). In some areas big
stones were placed above such urn burials. Locally
available stones were used for this. Stone circle,
dolmen, cist, rock chamber, thoppikkallu (tomb
stone), kudakkallu
(umbrella stone),
sarcophagus, menhir, etc. were remarkable among
them. They are known as the megalithic
monuments and the period when they were
constructed is known as the megalithic period.
The megalithic monuments, ancient Tamil songs,
coins, travelogues, and a few Tamil inscriptions
are the major sources of information on the
history of ancient Tamilakam

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https://youtu.be/ED1bKpCDy64?si=0eCSWo6lkxm9So63

There are several megalithic monuments in the state of Kerala, located in southern India. These structures date back to the Iron Age and are characterized by large, rough-cut stones used for construction. Many of the megalithic sites in Kerala are burial complexes, consisting of multiple chambers where the dead were interred. These structures are typically found in rural areas and have been studied by archaeologists for their cultural and historical significance. Some notable megalithic sites in Kerala include the megalithic tombs at Kandanur and the dolmens at Porkulam.

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Different types of iron tools have been discovered from
these megalithic monuments. They include sword,
spear, knife, hook, lamp, nail and so on. Hence, this
period is known as Iron Age in the South Indian history.
Besides iron tools, clay pots, beads, etc. were also
found from these monuments. Roman coins were also
discovered from a few monuments. Black and red wares
were used in that period.

Many megalithic monuments have been found from
different parts of South India. Kodumanal, Alagarai,
Thirukambaliyoor, Pazhani, Adichanellur,
Cheramanangad, Marayoor, and Umichipoyil are the
major places among them.

https://youtu.be/LAh5vyTn590?si=UR8S6TCpo2r8Sog9

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https://youtu.be/aflpFplZuE4?si=p5k2qK0ytKznnHQm
The megalithic monuments and the ancient Tamil songs belong
to the same period. The region ranging from Tirupati in Andhra
Pradesh to Kanyakumari. This included Kerala as well was called
Tamilakam in ancient period. The ancient Tamil songs provide
more information about the human life in the ancient Tamilakam.
The collection of these ancient Tamil songs is known as Sangam
literature. Sangam literature is the most ancient among the
available Tamil literature. It is believed that these were compiled
in the period between BCE 300 and CE300

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https://youtu.be/JvObl8cFhd4?si=EX02xgOGbu6uic8A

ancient Tamil songs are classified into Akampattukal and
Purampattukal. The theme of Akampattukal is mainly personal
and family affairs. The Purampattukal treat external affairs like
war and trade. The Sangam literature illustrates the physiography,
plentiful resources, food habits, dressing patterns, ornaments,
recreational activities, customs, major occupations, and beliefs
of the period.

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https://youtu.be/t9QANqmtC2M?si=BhpzRvKYSPq21mqZ
Hunting and collecting of forest resources were
the means of livelihood of the people in the hilly
Kurinchi. Some songs indicate that they engaged
in shifting cultivation as well. Pepper and other
spices were cultivated here.
Rearing of cattle was the major occupation of the
people of Mullai, the grassland. In order to
increase the 'cattle wealth', the practice of seizing
cattle prevailed. This practice was known as
vetchi. Those who chiefly engaged the stealing
cattle were the people from Palai, the dry lands.
Rice and sugarcane were cultivated in the wetland
Marutam. There are evidences for the use of iron
ploughshare affixed to plough in that period.
Fishing and salt production were the major
occupation of the people in the coastal region
Neytal. Salt was made by evaporating the sea water
held in the salt pans

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Some power centres were essential to frame the
rules for such trading and its control. Trade was controlled by
three power centres namely the Cheras, the Pandyas, and the
Cholas. They were together called Moovendans. The capitals of
the Cheras, the Pandyas, and the Cholas were Muchiri, Madurai,
and Uraiyur respectively. Muchiri, Thondi, Vakai, Mantai,
Kaveripattanam, etc. were the major port cities of the period.

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KITE VICTERS STD 08 Social Science Class 17 (First Bell-ഫസ്റ്റ് ബെല്‍)

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https://www.teachmint.com/tfile/studymaterial/class-8th/socialscience/ss8th5thpdf/ecf0cfdf-87eb-40be-bcb9-485696209d68

https://youtu.be/-6R22VBBPiM?si=PdYInmM5_B4mggpZ

https://youtu.be/d-7rL2B1Oqo?si=0gMOzU-zVG4_fRz1

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KITE VICTERS STD 08 Social Science Class 17 (First Bell-ഫസ്റ്റ് ബെല്‍)

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Write answers for the questions and submit it for evaluation.

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Neutral Minimalist Aesthetic Finance Basics For Women Guide Ebook Cover 20240512 202107 0000

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Social science facts

This mini textbook contains capsule facts on some socialscience related topics for quick reference.Those who are interested can add details in comment box for updating details in the book.

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The more varied the greenery, the more life it will attract. Large numbers of pollinating insects and various types of vegetation in turn provide a source of food for birds and other animals. Pollinators (and pollination) therefore constitute an important link in ecosystems, making them essential to biodiversity.

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Photo Video Dump Generic Personal Instagram Reel in Pink White Black Elegant Serif Style

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Nature gifts many benefits to humans. From the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat, nature enhances our wellbeing and freely provides the essentials for our survival

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Photo Video Dump Generic Personal Instagram Reel in Pink White Black Elegant Serif Style

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Are you scared of living in the environment in future?

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Various fine arts were very popular in the Sangam age. Poetry, music and dancing were quite popular among the Sangam people. The poets were men and women drawn from all classes of society; and were often rewarded generously.