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Reference list

235.stem (n.d.). Diagnosis of diabetes - ABPI - Resources for Schools. [online] 235.stem.org.uk. Available at: https://235.stem.org.uk/Diabetes/diabetes_16plus/diabetes_16plus4.html.

Cambridge Dictionary (2024). BME | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary. [online] dictionary.cambridge.org. Available at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/bme.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). On Your Way to Preventing Type 2 Diabetes. [online] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/prevent-type-2/guide-prevent-type2-diabetes.html.

Diabetes UK (2023). Ethnicity and Type 2 Diabetes. [online] Diabetes UK. Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/diabetes-the-basics/types-of-diabetes/type-2/diabetes-ethnicity.

Diabetes Uk (2023). Walk For Us. [online] Diabetes UK. Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/get_involved/fundraising-events/walk.

Duggal, D.D. (2021). Top 10 Early Signs and Symptoms of Diabetes in Men & Women. [online] Breathe Well-Being. Available at: https://www.breathewellbeing.in/blog/top-10-early-signs-and-symptoms-of-diabetes/.

Frontier Healthcare (2023). Diabetes Complications: What Happens When Diabetes Is Not Well Managed? - Frontier Healthcare Group. [online] Frontier Healthcare Singapore. Available at: https://frontierhealthcare.com.sg/diabetes-complications-what-happens-when-diabetes-is-not-well-managed/.

Hayes, E. (2018). Student Groups. [online] www.race-equality.admin.cam.ac.uk. Available at: https://www.race-equality.admin.cam.ac.uk/student-groups [Accessed 23 Apr. 2024].

Health Vision (2020). DIABETES – INITIAL SYMPTOMS AND PREVENTION. [online] Health Vision. Available at: https://healthvision.in/diabetes-initial-symptoms-and-prevention-2/.

Mayo Clinic (2023). Diabetes - symptoms and causes. [online] Mayo Clinic. Available at: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20371444.

Medline Plus (2018). Long-term complications of diabetes: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. [online] Medlineplus.gov. Available at: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000327.htm.

National Indian Council on Aging, Inc. and Morgan, B. (2015). New Treatment in Prevention of Vision Loss from Diabetes. [online] NICOA - National Indian Council on Aging. Available at: https://www.nicoa.org/new-treatment-in-prevention-of-vision-loss-from-diabetes/.

NHS Inform (2023). Type 2 diabetes symptoms and treatments. [online] www.nhsinform.scot. Available at: https://www.nhsinform.scot/illnesses-and-conditions/diabetes/type-2-diabetes#symptoms-of-type-2-diabetes.

NIDDK (2019). Diabetes Tests & Diagnosis. [online] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/tests-diagnosis.

NIDDK (2023). What is diabetes? [online] National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes.

Raleigh, V. (2023). The Health of People from Ethnic Minority Groups in England. [online] The King’s Fund. Available at: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/insight-and-analysis/long-reads/health-people-ethnic-minority-groups-england.

Regmi, P.R., Alloh, F., Pant, P.R., Simkhada, P. and Teijlingen, E. van (2017). Mental health in BME groups with diabetes: an overlooked issue? The Lancet, [online] 389(10072), pp.904–905. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30051-X.

The Law Society (2024). A guide to race and ethnicity terminology and language. [online] www.lawsociety.org.uk. Available at: https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/topics/ethnic-minority-lawyers/a-guide-to-race-and-ethnicity-terminology-and-language#:~:text=Both%20.

World Health Organization (2023). Diabetes. [online] www.who.int. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/diabetes#:~:text=Overview.

WUSF (2024). Black Mental Health. [online] WUSF. Available at: https://www.wusf.org/black-mental-health [Accessed 24 Apr. 2024].

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BME is a shortened form of Black and Ethnic minority, representing diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds (Cambridge Dictionary, 2024).

There are more than 5 million singletons in the BME population. Census indicates this will continue growing within the UK (Office for National Statistics, 2011).

The UK's population has become much more ethnically diverse (The Law Society, 2024). However, the range of differing experiences and identities has enlarged.

Health patterns vary among different ethnicities, which is a complex multidimensional concept, as well as minorities. The patterns reflect the unlikeness of demographic, socio-economic, behavioural, and other characteristics (Raleigh, 2023).

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Since the prevalence of the BME population has doubled since 2011, no other prevalence is as high, this ongoing illness has become a public health issue (ONS, 2011). Roughly calculated 500,000 people are undiagnosed.

Within the year 2019, 1.5 million deaths occurred and the cause was diabetes (WHO, 2023). Accessing health care as a deprived ethnic minority can impact an individual's health overall (Regmi et al, 2017). Hence why a high percentage of 48 deaths were before 70.

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A bidirectional relationship is held between diabetes and mental health, high levels of depression have seemed to form from this illness particularly those of BME (Regmi et al, 2017). If mental health is prioritised this can diminish short and long-term complications. In addition, it is studied that distress and depression caused by diabetes can impede healthy habits. Essential measures on either can impact another positively.

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As noticed in the image, diabetes has various complications. Touching on a few; kidney disease is caused by numerous factors including increased glucose and genetics (Medline Plus, 2018). In a case where this is severe, it may oblige dialysis or transplantation. In addition, consumption of food may result in a change of bowel constipated or watery movement.

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A dominant treatment for diabetes type 1 is through insulin pumps or injections situated into the skin, more like a substitute hormone. 3 types of acting insulin; Rapid, Short, and Intermediate activate within the time range of 15 minutes to 18 hours and last well up to 18 hours with 2 being the lowest (CDC, 2022).

Unfortunately, type 2 can't be completely cured nevertheless it can be controlled or prevented (NIDDK, 2023). In a case where lifestyle changes aren't sufficient prescribed medication can be provided.

A pancreas transplant can be considered, but as usual, there are disadvantages in this case a consumption of drug must be consumed over a long period. Medication can have consequential side effects.

Symptoms, medical history, and test results are evaluated to come to a detailed diagnosis. A typical A1C Test reveals a precise blood sugar level over a series of months.

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Health Vision, (2020). National Indian Council on Aging. Inc. and Morgan, B. (2015).

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Early diagnosis is ideal and beneficial for an illness, it's also a starting point for an individual's health. Unidentified and unprocessed illnesses like diabetes will only aggravate the condition and outcomes are likely to be negative. In addition, all can be prevented with an effective lifestyle change (World Health organisation, 2024).

Overeating and lack of inactivity can make insulin resistance worse

For instance, factors such as geographic and environmental can be a risk as they may influence lifestyle alternatives e.g. limit to healthy food, and high pollution intensity. On average 85% of type 2 diabetic patients are linked to obesity (Diabetes Uk, 2023).

Linked are programs and guides

Walk for us | Get involved | Diabetes UK

On Your Way to Preventing Type 2 Diabetes (cdc.gov)

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Each individual is created differently, so it's possible to experience contrasting symptoms that can be unlike (Diabetes UK, 2023). With other diabetes, there can be little to no symptoms (Mayo Clinic, 2023).

Symptoms arise due to the lack of the non-appearance of insulin within the bloodstream. This causes not enough glucose to use as fuel. To lower these high levels of glucose the body uses urine as a way to eliminate excess glucose (NHS Inform, 2023).

The majority of Type 1 symptoms are listed in the image, these include constant hunger, fatigue, and more. Type 2 is very identical (World Health Organisation, 2023). However, due to symptoms evolving very slowly and being forbearing it makes it harder to be diagnosed earlier. An earlier diagnosis can lower complications.

Are your kidneys healthy?

https://kidneyquiz.theisn.org/?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI4uzvn4P6hAMVEJRQBh03VwOhEAAYAiAAEgK4b_D_BwE

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The long-term illness, diabetes, is where an organ called the pancreas doesn't breed an adequate amount of insulin or the body has the lack of ability to use it correctly (World Health Organization, 2023). From the food our body consumes sugar is created naturally in our blood. Blood sugar levels are controlled by a hormone called insulin. However diabetic people the sugar doesn't reach cells and stays in the blood.

There are many other types of diabetes, but these two types, Type 1 and Type 2 are the most frequent (NIDDK, 2023).

When insufficient insulin is produced this leads to the dismantling of the immune system this is Type 1. Whereas with Type 2 insulin isn't used and produced accurately to keep sugar levels within range (World Health Organization, 2023).

Type 1 usually appears in children and younger adults, on the other hand, Type 2 can mature at any age.

Classifying diabetes type in ethnic groups

Living with Diabetes Podcast

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Studies consistently discover that BME communities are more disadvantaged than other groups. This leads to higher diagnoses and complications.

Ethnic backgrounds like Black African, and South Asian backgrounds undergo a higher prospect of developing type 2 from the middle 20's, which is younger compared to the white population of 40 (Diabetes UK, 2023). While developing this illness BME individuals continue to lack adequate services. This is a significant challenge and is visibly affecting patient outcomes.

Knowledge and skills are required to uptake health information, unfortunately, barriers like stereotypes and low literacy are frequently low within this community making it unpliable.

Classifying diabetes type in ethnic groups