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Phonemic awareness is understanding that sounds correlate to different letters that makes up spoken words. Phonemic awareness is important because it helps children to decode words listening to each sound in the word and then blending the sounds together to make up and be able to say the entire word. Phonemic awareness helps with literacy development because once students are able to understand sounds in words, they will be able to learn new vocabulary and essentially be able to read and even write. Some tips to help teach phonemic awareness is to teach and focus on one sound at a time. You can use resources like songs and tongue twisters to help reinforce the concept of phonemic awareness.

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1.) Heggerty.org

This website has a phonemic awareness curriculum that helps teach phonemic awareness in 12 minutes or less. Included in the curriculum are weekly lesson plans, videos, and resources to help teach phonemic awareness in the different grade areas, explicit teacher language that should be used, and overview pages to support various changes. This resource supports research-based instruction because those at Heggerty use research not only aligned to effective reading instruction, but also their own findings.

2.) readingrockets.org

This website provides articles, videos, and resources to help teach phonemic awareness. The section of the website that teaches phonemic awareness has a written out description of what phonemic awareness is, the difference between phonemic awareness and phonics, and the four levels of phonemic awareness. Reading rockets supports research-based instruction through their content which focuses on the science of reading, terminology used, and the resources that the website provides.

3.) education.nsw.gov.au

This website provides videos, resources, support, and assessment for phonemic awareness. There is a video that first talks about the meaning of phonemic awareness and then follow up videos explaining the sub-categories of phonemic awareness such as syllables, onset and rime, phonics etc. This resource supports research-based instruction through their evidence-based strategies, focus on learning and memory, and they have a section on the website focused on research data and applications.

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Explore reading basics as well as the key role of background knowledge and motivation in becoming a lifelong reader and learner. Watch our PBS Launching Young Readers series and try our self-paced Reading 101 course to deepen your understanding.

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1.) Singing songs that play with rhyme such as "Down By The Bay" by Raffi. The materials that you need is the song which can be found on YouTube. The students will listen to the song to hear how words and rhyme is being used and then they will be able to get creative and create their own rhyme to the tune of the song. Based on the rhymes that the students produce, the teacher is able to see who understands rhyme in phonemic awareness and who needs more help.

2.) Phoneme-blending I Spy. The materials that you can use for this activity is a white board and marker. The teacher would begin the activity by saying " I spy a.." and then says the phonemes in a word such as b/a/t. The students would respond with bat. Based on how well the students are able to blend the words will determine if they have shown mastery of blending words or needs more practice.

3.) Clapping out syllables using the student's names. The only thing that you need is a whiteboard to write the student's name down. The teacher will write the student's name down on the board and have the students to clap the syllables in the name. Based on participation and how well they do with clapping the syllables, the teacher can see signs of mastery or if the students need more practice.

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Raffi - Down By The Bay (Official Audio)

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Phonics is the relationship between sounds and written letters. Phonics is important because it helps children to learn words that may be unfamiliar by decoding the word and focusing on one sound at a time before blending the sounds. Phonics helps with literacy development because once children are able to make the connection between sounds and the letters that corresponds with the sound, the children can then read words fluently. Some tips to help teach children phonics are to sing songs relating to phonics, using manipulatives like alphabet magnets and alphabet blocks, and using charts and diagrams for a visual to connect letters and sounds.

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1.) Sing songs relating to phonics such as "The Phonics Song" by Gracie's Corner. Gather the students together to listen to the song and say the letters, sounds, and words as Gracie says them and provide guidance throughout the song if needed. The material that you need for this is a piece of technology such as a smartboard or Ipad to play the video. Based on how well the students engage in the song and their attempts, the teacher can tell who understands phonics and who needs more practice.

2.) Phonics alphabet find game. The only thing you need for this is a rug in the classroom with the letters of the alphabet on it. The teacher will prompt the students, one person at a time, to find the letter on the rug that makes whatever sound and the student will stand on that letter. For instance, the teacher could say " (Insert name), stand on the letter that makes the buh sound." The student would stand on the letter B. Based on how well the students are able to match the sound with the letter will determine who understands phonics and who needs more practice.

3.) Using phonics flashcards. The only thing you need are phonics flashcard which can be purchased online through Amazon or other sources. The teacher would show the student's the phonics flashcards and use it as a tool to teach the students phonics by sound, letter, word, and the picture. Based on how well the students are able to say the sounds, letters, and words on the flashcards will determine if they understand phonics or need more practice.

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1.) readingrockets.com

This website provides articles, videos, and resources to help teach phonics and decoding. The section of the website that teaches phonics and decoding has articles on the basics of phonics, phonics activities to do at home, and how to teach phonics in the classroom, and videos on the same topics. Reading rockets supports research-based instruction through their content which focuses on the science of reading, terminology used, and the resources that the website provides.

2.) curriculumassociates.com

This website provides resources on how to teach reading and math. There are also assessment and instructional resources. One of the resources on the website is a handbook called Quick-Word Phonics. This handbook helps students to learn consonants/consonant blends, consonant digraphs, silent consonants, short and long vowels, r-controlled vowels etc. This website supports research based instruction through their dedicated research and efficacy section on their website which says that their programs in assessment and instruction are research based, and their programs align with educational standards based on research-based teaching instruction.

3.) Phonics.com

This website provides resources, games, and activities to help teach phonics and phonemic awareness. The sections of the website includes what is phonics?, workbooks to help teach phonics, and phonics play which are games to help teach phonics. This website supports research based instruction through its explicit focus on phonics which supported by research is fundamental for student's success in reading.

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Explore reading basics as well as the key role of background knowledge and motivation in becoming a lifelong reader and learner. Watch our PBS Launching Young Readers series and try our self-paced Reading 101 course to deepen your understanding.

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Vocabulary is the knowledge of words and their meaning. Vocabulary is important because having the knowledge of words, being able to read and understand them helps when reading literature and also engaging in everyday conversation. Vocabulary helps with literacy development because the more words that you know, not just of how to pronounce them, but also their meaning, the better that you are able to read texts with both fluency because you won't be pausing throughout the text to try and understand what a word means and comprehension because you will be able to understand the text based on the words that are in it. Some tips to help teach fluency include: introducing the word using a "student-friendly" definition, using the word meaningfully by seeing how a word would be used in a sentence, and checking for understanding through inviting students to use the words in their daily conversations throughout the day.

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Fluency is being able to read texts with quickness, accuracy, and expression. Fluency is important because when reading literature, you want to read smoothly going through each word and sentence in an effort to reach comprehension of the overall text. Fluency helps with literacy development because fluency is the bridge between decoding and comprehension. When you are first beginning to read texts, you are decoding words to learn how to pronounce them and understand their meaning, but overtime as you become proficient in fluency, you are able to comprehend the texts, focusing on key details. Some tips on teaching fluency are modeling what it looks like to read texts fluently with prosody and expression. Use texts that are familiar to the students and model to them how to read smoothly and using the different prosodic elements.

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1.) Dictionary sort. In a dictionary sort, students are learning about words and their definitions. Using words that have already been taught during the lesson, label some cards with one vocabulary word and label some cards with the word's definition. Give the students a card randomizing it throughout the class and have the student's to walk around and find the match-up of the word and definition. The materials needed for this are flashcards, and based on their accuracy in matching words and their definition will demonstrate mastery.

2.) Have the students create their own frayer model. Assign a vocabulary word to each student. If technology is accessible to the students, task them with doing research on their assigned vocabulary word and create their own frayer model. You first need to introduce what a frayer model is and it's components. In doing this activity, students are learning vocabulary words, their meaning, and examples of the word/how it is used properly. The materials needed for this is a sheet of paper and a pencil, maybe some colored pencils for aesthetic and creativity purposes and a computer/laptop to do research. Based on the accuracy of the student's frayer model, it will be proven that the student understands and are learning new words. Encourage the students to share their frayer model with others and have them displayed in the classroom.

3.) Concept sorts. Create a list of vocabulary words and have the students to sort the words based on different categories that the words could fit in. For instance, from one of the videos in module 6, the students sorted words about plants, what plants need, and ones that grow in the ground. The materials needed for this are a smartboard, whiteboard, or a large peice of poster paper, and some sticky notes. Based on the student's level of engagement, you'll be able to see that the students are understanding the vocabulary words.

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1.) One minute fluency probe. In this assessment, you are seeing how fluently and accuracy a student is able to read a piece of literature. For this assessment, you need a piece of literature such as a short story and a one minute fluency probe recording sheet. You will listen to the student read the text and record the number of words read total, the number of uncorrected errors made, and the words correct per minute.

2.) The one-minute reader assessment. In this assessment, you are seeing how fluently a student can read and read words in a one minute timeframe. Begin by placing the passage in front of the student while you have a recording sheet, set a timer for one minute and have the studen read the passage until told to stop. As they are reading, keep track of any words that the student stops at, skips over, or stumbles over. When the timer stops, you'll rite a line under the last word read, count the number of errors made, and the student's correct words per minute.

3.) Phrases and short sentence practice. There is a list of the first 100 words that 90% of children encounter in elementary school readings. The teacher should expose the student's to the list of words/phrases repeatedly and can assess them based on how well the student reads each sentence. The teacher can track the amount of errors made in an effort to see where a student's reading level is and the words that the student/s are struggling with.

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1.) readingrockets.com

This website provides articles, videos, and resources to help teach vocabulary. There are articles embedded on the website discussing what vocabulary is, how to teach it, how to incorporate technology into vocabulary lessons, vocabulary activities, and vocabulary development in ELL's amongs other topics. Reading rockets supports research-based instruction through their content which focuses on the science of reading, terminology used, and the resources provided.

2.)Flocabulary.com

Flocabulary provides educational instructional videos to help teach different subjects such as language arts, math, science, social studies, life skills, vocabulary, and current events. The website provides lessons on the different subjects, the lesson structure, and the logistics of those who use flocabulary. In the language arts section, there are educational videos on dictionary skills and context clues both which helps teach students about the meaning of words. Flocabulary.com supports research based instruction per their website which quotes " Flocabulary’s research-backed lessons are designed to build vocabulary and unlock comprehension, leading to improved test scores and outcomes."

3.)Vocabulary.com

The purpose of vocabulary.com is to teach student's vocabulary words. On the home page of the website, you are able to search vocabulary words in the search box. The tabs on the website include learn where it takes you to a vocab trainer asking you to select the picture of the word presented after which, you will be provided with the definition of the word and how it is pronounced, dictionary where you can look up words, vocabulary lists where you can learn vocabulary words from different genres of texts, and vocab trainer which is the same as the learn tab. Vocabulary.com supports research-based instruction because of its scientifically backed up methods, their focus on high impact strategies, and adaptive learning strategies that is based on research.

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1.) readingrockets.com

This website provides articles, videos, and resources to help teach fluency. There are resources on the website such as fluency basics, fluency in depth, understanding and assessing fluency, fluency activities amongst other topics. Reading rockets supports research-based instruction through their content which focuses on the science of reading, terminology used, and the resources that the website provides.

2.)Flocabulary.com

Flocabulary provides educational instructional videos to help teach different subjects such as language arts, math, science, social studies, life skills, vocabulary, and current events. The website provides lessons on the different subjects, the lesson structure, and the logistics of those who use flocabulary. There are some educational videos under the language arts section that teaches on skills that will help with reading fluency. Flocabulary.com supports research based instruction per their website which quotes " Flocabulary’s research-backed lessons are designed to build vocabulary and unlock comprehension, leading to improved test scores and outcomes."

3.) Scholastic.com

There is an article on scholastic.com called " 7 Must-Have Resources to Improve Reading Fluency Right Now." by Scholastic Editors. In this article, there are resources to help improve student's reading fluency such as funny fairy tale plays, fluency building activities, and sight word practice pages. Scholastic.com supports research-based instruction through their science of reading focus, the section on their website dedicated to science and research, and their research-based products.

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Comprehension is being able to understand the piece of literature that is being read. Comprehension is achieved when all of the pillars of literacy, phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, and fluency work together in concert for the reader to understand the text. Comprehension helps with literacy development because as you are reading the text, you will be able to read the text with the motive of gaining an understanding of the text. You'll be able to read a piece of literature looking for the main ideas and themes of the text. You'll analyze the characters, settings, plot, and events. Tips to help with reading comprehension is to explain the concept that you are trying to teach to help with comprehension, model the strategy, skill, or concept, guide the student to help scaffold their understanding, and then assess to see how well the student understands what it is that is being taught.

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Assessments are tools used to help evaluate what a student or group of students know about what has been taught in class. Assessments can also be used as a diagnostic tool to see if a student needs additional support in different areas. Assessments help with literature development because the data collected from the assessment will determine where a student is when it comes to reading literature and based on those results, the teacher can help them improve their reading skills. Some things to consider when it comes to assessments are that assessments should be reliable meaning that it provides a dependable, consistent measure of a skill and they should be valid meaning that the assessment actually measures the skill. Assessments should also be based on what on being taught or on the specific set of objectives/criteria that the student should be able to achieve.

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1.) Have the students retell the story that was read in their own words. There aren't any materials needed as this is done verbally. The teacher can take note of the student's response and can also ask guided reading questions to help the student recall important information from the text.

2.) Conduct a think, pair, share. Ask the students a question or series of questions one at a time relating to the story. Have the students think about their answer to the question for about a minute. Have the students turn to the person next to them and share the answer that they came up with, and then have a few students share with the whole class what was shared in the partnerships. The teacher can record the responses.

3.) Depending on the age/grade that your working with, you can conduct a book club session. If multiple copies of the story can be provided, provide each student with a copy of the story, encourage them to read it and discuss the story together and then share their understandings with the class. The teacher can record each group's responses.

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1.) Formative Assessments. Formative assessments are used to see how a student is doing with a certain concept and helps to adjust ongoing instruction. An example of a formative assessment is a graphic organizer. Students can fill out the graphic organizer and the teacher can use it to assess the student's understanding of what the graphic organizer is about. For instance, if the graphic organizer is on main idea and supporting details, the student would write one main idea that they found in the story and the details that supports that idea. The teacher can then look at it and assess the student's comprehension of finding the main idea and supporting details.

2.) Interim Assessments. Interim assessments are used to check a student's progress on a specific set of skills throughout the course of the academic school year. An example of an interim assessment are exit tickets. Exit tickets can be a question relating to what was taught in class that day and the teacher can use it to aid in future instruction.

3.) Summative Assessments. Summative assessments are used to assess student's knowledge of what they have learned throughout the entire academic year. Summative assessments are given at the end of the year. An example of a summative assessment is giving a final project or exam. The exam could be in the form of multiple choice, fill in the blank, and long/short answer responses. The teacher can then grade it based on accuracy.

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1.) www.k12reader.com

This website provides free reading instructional resources for parents and teachers. There is a section on the website dedicated to reading comprehension and provides worksheets to help with reading comprehension for grades 1-10. It is unknown if this resource supports research based instruction, but it is a great resource to use to help teach instruction in topics such as spelling words, reading comprehension, reading skills, grammar, and vocabulary amongst other topics.

2.) www.curriculumassociates.com

This website provides resources tools, resources, and research to help teachers improve and guide their classroom instruction. The website provides access to assessments such as IReady diagnostic and assessment and Brigance, resources in personal instruction and teacher led math and reading instruction. There is a section on the website dedicated to improving students reading comprehension skills. According to the research and efficiency section on the website, it quotes " . Every program we provide starts with an extensive research base and is followed by a continuous cycle of research, review, and improvement."

3.) www.readinga-z.com

This website provides affordable online curriculum resources. This website has lesson plans, books, and resources to help with teaching literacy. Some of the resources on the website that helps with comprehension includes graphic organizer and comprehension skill packs. This website supports research-based instruction. According to the research section it quotes " The student and teacher resources on the Reading A-Z Web site have been developed to reflect the instructional practices and reading strategies that are best supported by research findings from a wide variety of sources."

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1.) www.curriculumassociates.com

This website provides resources tools, resources, and research to help teachers improve and guide their classroom instruction. The website provides access to assessments such as IReady diagnostic and assessment and Brigance, resources in personal instruction and teacher led math and reading instruction. According to the research and efficiency section on the website, it quotes " . Every program we provide starts with an extensive research base and is followed by a continuous cycle of research, review, and improvement."

2.) readingrockets.com

This website provides articles, videos, and resources to help teach skills in reading. There is a section on the website dedicated to screening and assessment. It begins by explaining and formal and informal assessments are, the four types of MTSS assessments, and then provides a list of research-based screening and assessment tools. Reading rockets supports research-based instruction through their content which focuses on the science of reading, terminology used, and the resources provided.

3.) Education.nsw.gov.au

According to this website " At the NSW Department of Education we educate and inspire lifelong learners – from early childhood, through schooling to vocational education and training. We ensure young children get the best start in life by supporting and regulating the early childhood education and care sector." in the assessment resources section, there is a best smart kindergarten assessment, an inclusive assessment program, a phonemic diagnostic assessment, phonological diagnostic assessment amongst others. This website supports research based instruction through their policy and resources, their focus on specific areas such as literacy, and their alignment with standards that support research based instruction

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Explore reading basics as well as the key role of background knowledge and motivation in becoming a lifelong reader and learner. Watch our PBS Launching Young Readers series and try our self-paced Reading 101 course to deepen your understanding.