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The society, culture, and developments in these areas over a geographic region. The image above shows hallmarks of some civilizations.

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The economic system used to maximize profit by increasing domestic wealth through more exports than sending it out through imports.

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The transfer that occurred between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas as a result of Columbus's "discovery".

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Workers who promised to work for a certain number of years in exchange for money or travel to the New World.

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A system where humans were treated as property and treated as a commodity.

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English Protestants who tried to reform the Church of England. Many fled persecution in England and settled in the colonies.

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Trade between Europe, the Americas, and Africa. Each leg of the route had desirable goods to obtain for their sale at the next leg.

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The Spanish labor system in the Americas. It gave the conquistadors control over the indigenous people and the land. Though it was supposed to be a system of mutual benefit, it was actually abused and led to the exploitation of indigenous peoples.

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The five Southern colonies - Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, and Virginia - had an agricultural economy.

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The middle colonies were New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New York.

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The northernmost colonies, the new england colonies were New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut

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This proclamation established a boundary along the Appalachian Mountains that prevented British colonists from settling west of the line. This was intended to prevent conflict with Native American tribes, but was presented by colonists who desired westward expansion.

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A patriot was a colonist who rebelled against British rule.

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Colonists who supported the British rule of the colonies and opposed the American rebellion.

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The United State's first constitution, established a weak central government and loose connections between the states. The weakness of the central government eventually caused problems and led to the replacement of the Articles of Confederation by the Constitution

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The federalists were supporters of a stronger central government and supported the Constitution as a replacement for the Articles of Confederation.

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The anti-federalists opposed the ratification of the Constitution and desired a weaker central government.

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This was a European intellectual and philosophical movement that profoundly impacted European society, science and politics. Values of this movement included empiricism and rationalism.

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This was a 1754 proposal that created a unified government to manage colonial defense and relations with Native American tribes, but it failed because the British Crown and colonial assemblies didn't support it for fear of losing power.

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This established a framework for the governance of the Northwest Territory and a method for its division into new states. It was a significant act by the Confederation Congress.

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This was a near-mutiny when Continental Army officers threatened force against the Continental Congress or desertion because of unpaid wages and promised pension that was averted by George Washington who delivered a powerful speech.

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This was an agreement reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established a bicameral Congress with a proportionally representative House of Representatives and equal representation in the Senate. This was a major step in the ratification of the Constitution.

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Allowed for three fifths of a state's enslaved population to be counted when a state's representation in the House of Representatives was being decided. This satisfied Northern states who were worried that Southern state's larger slave population would give them an advantage in seats in the House of Representatives, and Southern states who got an advantage based on their slave population.

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This was a British policy of loosely enforcing trade laws and regulations in its American colonies, which allowed the colonies to develop independent policies and economic independence.

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A group of people that have organized to acquire and utilize political power. Share a common political ideology or opinion.

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A Supreme Court Case that affirmed the right of the judicial branch to exercise judicial review and strike down unconstitutional laws.

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Social reform movement that aimed to eliminate alcohol.

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Political campaign to end the slave trade and slavery.

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Social and political movement for equality of women and obtaining rights such as expansion of suffrage for women.

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Machines that separated cotton fibers from their seeds efficiently. Increased cotton production and made it more profitable.

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Harnessed mechanical energy of pressurized steam in order to do work. Greatly increased productivity and economic growth. Changed society through its applications, such as in trains.

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Method of production involving assembly and transformation of raw materials into finished goods. Enabled mass production and changed society and the American economy with its widespread adoption.

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A man made waterway that can be utilized for several purposes, such as navigation, irrigation, or other activities that require water.

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The Monroe Doctrine was a foreign policy statement (named for James Monroe, the president who issued and adopted it), warning against European interference in the Western Hemisphere.

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The Democratic party is one of the two major political parties in the US.

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A historical political party that formed in opposition to President Andrew Jackson. Held beliefs such as a larger federal government and a national bank.

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A system for transmitting messages along a wire. Can be used to communicate over long distances.

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Components manufactured to standardized specifications, allowing them to be substituted for another with ease.

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Act of forcing people to serve. The French and British impressed captured American sailors into their armed forces.

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Belief that the United States was divinely destined to expand across the North American continent

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Five laws settling disputes over slavery and territorial expansion. Followed the Mexican-American War.

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U.S. law that organized territories of Kansas and Nebraska. It also basically cancelled the Missouri Compromise

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The belief that the rule of the government is based on the power of the people and that the people hold all the power.

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Required the return of escaped enslaved people. Also imposed penalties on people who aided them.

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Loyalty to one's own region or section

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The act of withdrawing from a group or organization.

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US government and loyal states, mostly Northern States

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States that seceded from the US and formed the Confederate States of America

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Abolished slavery

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Citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States. Also included equal protection clause that guaranteed all citizens equal protection under the law

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Can't prevent people from voting based on "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

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An economic and political system in which a country's trade is controlled for profit

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Influential businessman who made his fortune by participating in the railroad boom.

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Influential businessman who was important to the industrial revolution and involved in the steel industry.

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American industrialist and philanthropist who revolutionized the petroleum industry.

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Major figure in the Industrial Revolution, financing and consolidating major companies

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Powerful and influential business leaders who built large corporations, particularly during the Gilded Age

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Influential, ruthless industrialists in 19th-century America who amassed huge fortunes through monopolistic and exploitative practices

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A club, society, or association formed by people with a common interest or purpose.

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Movement of people to a new area to find work or better living conditions

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Period in U.S. history from the 1870s to the 1890s, that described an era of surface-level prosperity masking corruption and socioeconomic inequality.

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Discredited theories that applied Charles Darwin's biological concept of "survival of the fittest" to human society

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Essay written by Andrew Carnegie describing the responsibility of philanthropy by the rich.

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searching out and publicizing scandalous information about famous people

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The movement to gain the right to vote for women

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Outlawing alcohol

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A policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries.

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a policy of extending a country's power and influence

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Naval historian and strategist known for his influential book. His ideas had a significant impact on country's military development around the world.

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Advocated for equal trading rights with China for all nations. Aimed to preserve Chinese administrative integrity and territory while allowing access to Chinese markets.

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The belief in maintaining a strong military capability to defend national interests.

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Emphasizes loyalty to a nation and prioritization of its interests.

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International organization created post-WWI to prevent future wars, maintain peace and security

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1919 peace treaty formally ending WWI, imposing harsh terms on Germany.

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Movement of millions of African Americans out of the South

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Intercepted communication between Germany and Mexico that proposed a military alliance between the two country's against the US

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Borrowing money to purchase more securities than you can with available cash

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Tax imposed on imported goods and services. Intended to protect domestic industries by making foreign products more expensive

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Roosevelt's Relief, Recovery, and Reform programs to combat the Great Depression

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Military strategy of the US against Japan to advance closer to the mainland

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Genocide of European Jews during WWII

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International organizations during the cold war were primarily divided between US-led (like NATO) and Soviet-led blocs (Warsaw Pact, Comecon). Other bodies included the United Nations (a forum for superpower clashes), the Non-Aligned Movement (staying neutral), and regional pacts (SEATO, CENTO), all shaping global politics and security.

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This acted as a stage for US-USSR rivalry as a body for the prevention for conflict on an international stage.

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A post-World War II international monetary agreement that established a system of fixed, but adjustable, exchange rates and created the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank

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The North Atlantic Treaty Organization was a Alliance between countries to for mutual benefit and security led by the US to rival Russian power.

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The symbolic and physical division of Europe after World War II, separating the Soviet-controlled communist East from the democratic West

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Military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states to rival NATO and Western power.

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The idea of preventing the spread of communism.

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The idea that if one country fell to communism other countries would fall too.

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If one country fired nuclear weapons, the others would too and it would lead to destruction for both sides.

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A weapon of mass destruction used against Japan to end WWII.

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A class of weapons that is extremely dangerous and of mass destruction.

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Ambitious legislative agenda launched in 1964 with aims such as eliminated poverty and racial injustice through the establishment of federal programs.

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Landmark civil rights case that led to integration of public schools.

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1980s policies under President Reagan focusing on tax cuts and reduced government spending

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supports government social programs, regulation, and civil rights.

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Typically supports limited government, lower taxes, and traditional values.

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A political group formed in the 1970s to mobilize conservative Christians as voters.

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The theory that benefits for the wealthy (like tax cuts) eventually "trickle down" to help everyone else.

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Central bank (Federal Reserve) management of the money supply and interest rates.