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Industrial Revolution in the United States (1760-1840)

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Industrial Revolution in the United States (1760-1840)

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Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing. These technological changes introduced novel ways of working and living and fundamentally transformed society.

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René Laënnec was a French physician who invented the stethoscope and perfected the art of auditory examination of the chest cavity.

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Dorothea Dix was an American educator, social reformer, and humanitarian whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally ill led to widespread reforms in the United States and abroad.

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Ignaz Semmelweis (July 1, 1818-August 13, 1865)

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Ignaz Semmelweis (July 1, 1818-August 13, 1865)

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Ignaz Semmelweis was a Hungarian physician who discovered the cause of puerperal (childbed) fever and introduced antisepsis into medical practice.

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William Thomas Green Morton was an American dental surgeon who, in 1846, gave the first successful public demonstration of ether anesthesia during surgery. He is credited with gaining the medical world's acceptance of surgical anesthesia.

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Florence Nightingale (May 12, 1820-August 13, 1910)

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Florence Nightingale (May 12, 1820-August 13, 1910)

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Florence Nightingale was a British nurse, statistician, and social reformer who was the foundational philosopher of modern nursing. She was the first woman awarded the Order of Merit (1907). International Nurses Day, observed annually on May 12, commemorates her birth and celebrates the important role of nurses in health care.

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Elizabeth Blackwell (February 3, 1821-May 31, 1910)

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Elizabeth Blackwell (February 3, 1821-May 31, 1910)

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Elizabeth Blackwell was an Anglo-American physician considered the first woman doctor of medicine in modern times. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to graduate from medical school in the United States (1849) and the first woman to have her name on the British medical register (1859).

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Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822-September 28, 1895)

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Louis Pasteur (December 27, 1822-September 28, 1895)

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Louis Pasteur was a French chemist and microbiologist who was one of the most important founders of medical microbiology. Pasteur's contributions to science, technology, and medicine are near without precedent. He pioneered the study of molecular asymmetry; discovered that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease; originated the process of pasteurization; saved the beer, wine, and silk industries in France; and developed vaccines against anthrax and rabies.

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Joseph Lister (April 5, 1827-February 10, 1912)

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Joseph Lister (April 5, 1827-February 10, 1912)

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Joseph Lister was a British surgeon and medical scientist who was the founder of antiseptic medicine and a pioneer in preventive medicine. While his method, based on antiseptics, is no longer employed, his principle that bacteria must never gain entry into an operation wound remains the basis of surgery. He was made a baronet in 1883 and raised to the peerage in 1897.

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Asiatic cholera reached Britain for the first time in late 1831, with the main epidemic occurring during 1832. The disease caused profuse diarrhea, severe dehydration, collapse, and often death. There was widespread public fear, and the political and medical response to this new disease was variable and inadequate. This was significant, as Cholera caused more deaths than any other epidemic disease in the 19th century.

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Robert Koch was a German physician and one of the founders of bacteriology. He discovered the anthrax disease cycle (1876) and the bacteria responsible for tuberculosis (1882) and cholera (1883). For his discoveries regarding tuberculosis, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1905.

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Wilhelm Röntgen (March 27, 1845-February 10, 1923)

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Wilhelm Röntgen (March 27, 1845-February 10, 1923)

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Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen was a physicist who received the first Nobel Prize for Physics, in 1901, for his discovery of X-rays, which heralded the age of modern physics and revolutionized diagnostic medicine.

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Lillian Ward (March 10, 1867-September 1, 1940)

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Lillian Ward (March 10, 1867-September 1, 1940)

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Lillian D. Wald was an American nurse and social worker who founded the internationally known Henry Street Settlement in New York City (1893). In 1912 Wald's role as founder of an entirely new profession was formally acknowledged when she helped found and became the first president of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing. She also worked to establish educational, recreational, and social programs in underprivileged neighborhoods.

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Social Darwinism (Late 18th-Early 19th Century)

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Social Darwinism (Late 18th-Early 19th Century)

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Social Darwinism is the theory that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin perceived in plants and animals in nature. According to the theory popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the weak were diminished, and their cultures were delimited. At the same time, the strong grew in power and cultural influence over the weak. Social Darwinists held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by "survival of the fittest," a phrase proposed by the British philosopher and scientist Herbert Spencer.

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