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A topographic map or topographic sheet is a type of map in modern mapping that is characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of relief features. Typically, contour lines are used, but historically, a variety of other techniques were used.

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Soil map is a geographical representation showing diversity of soil types and/or soil properties (soil pH, textures, organic matter, depths of horizons etc.) in the area of interest. It is typically the end result of a soil survey inventory, i.e. soil survey.

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The distribution of materials at or near the surface of the Earth is depicted on a geologic map.Typically, rock types or unconsolidated materials are depicted using a variety of colors and are grouped into map units.

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A climate map can illustrate and provide visual information over a single region or multiple regions on one map for comparison. Climate maps can also be used to see if there are climatic changes in one area, making it possible to make predictions caused by these climatic changes.

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The first number of the scale is always one. It's your unit of measurement, usually an inch. The second number is the ground distance. For example, if your U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) map has a scale of 1:24,000, it means that 1 inch on the map is equal to 24,000 inches (2,000 feet or 610 meters) in the real world.

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Soil surveys use four kinds of map units to distinguish the different relationships: consociations, complexes, associations, and undifferentiated groups.

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Background. Mapping geologic units consists primarily of identifying physiographic units and determining the rock lithology or coarse stratigraphy of exposed units. These units or formations are generally described by their age, lithology and thickness.

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climatic map, chart that shows the geographic distribution of the monthly or annual average values of climatic variables—i.e., temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, percentage of possible sunshine, insolation, cloud cover, wind speed and direction, and atmospheric pressure over regions

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Why? Topographic maps represent the Earth's features accurately and to scale on a two- dimensional surface. Topographic maps are an excellent planning tool and guide and, at the same time, help make outdoor adventures enjoyable and safe.

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Vegetation Issues - Another drawback of a topographic map is that the data shown isn't always accurate. This is especially true when driving through areas where there are no roads or trails.

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Soil maps and models can identify areas that are vulnerable to land degradation, prevent degradation with good planning, reduce the costs of remediation when it is necessary, and contribute to issues related to climate change (e.g., reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and human health (e.g., soil contamination).

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Potential and limitations of using soil mapping information to understand landscape hydrology

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Geologic maps can also show how the physical environment has been impacted by human activity. Our understanding of issues important to society, such as natural hazards, climate change, economic development, sustainability, and management of soil and water resources is grounded in geologic maps.

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Disadvantages. Computers and related items (extra batteries, stylus, cameras, etc.)must be carried in the field. Field data entry into the computer may take longer than physically writing on paper, possibly resulting in longer field programs.

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The maps help to quantify many of the factors which are known to influence the impacts of flooding and high temperatures on well-being. They complement other forms of evidence available, such as that based on interviews, personal diaries and local knowledge and experience.

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Climate change poses unprecedented challenges to our built environment. The frequency and magnitude of extreme heat events will increase with catastrophic impacts for public health, communities and the economy. The distribution of climate-related disadvantage varies geographically, as a function of the interplay of public health policy, sociodemographic and environmental factors. The most severely affected are elderly, socially isolated individuals, and people suffering from cardiovascular and/or respiratory diseases, depression or low mobility. Built environment factors also modify heat vulnerability appreciably, with highly glazed, south/west oriented, top-floor dwellings located within Urban Heat Islands at highest risk. Thus, we believe that climate proofing of residential environments occupied by vulnerable people and, in particular, care homes is an urgent need.

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https://www.climatejust.org.uk/messages/benefits-and-drawbacks-maps

https://www.geosociety.org/gsa/positions/position3.aspx

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/soil-map

https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/maps-tools-and-publications/satellite-imagery-and-air-photos/tutorial-fundamentals-remote-sensing/educational-resources-applications/geology/geologic-unit-mapping/9329

https://casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/gmap/help/defn-map-unit-type.html