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Näitusel väljas olevate paberraamatute nimestik.

List of physical books displayed as part of the exhibition.

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Sõna vägi on suurem kui sõjavägi raamatute nimestik

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Eesti Päevalehe, Delfi ja Eesti Väitlusseltsi koostöös ilmub Faktikontrolli sari.

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Tahame, et avalikus inforuumis avaldatavad väited oleksid täpsed ning ei eksitaks inimesi.

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Et aidata inimestel orienteeruda informatsiooni ülekülluses ja teisalt ühekülgsuses, on Postimehe teadustoimetuse eestvedamisel ellu kutsutud rubriik «Õige või vale».

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Postimehe faktikontrolli rubriigis "Õige või vale" antakse objektiivne hinnang avaliku elu tegelaste, poliitikute ja ametiasutuste sõnavõttudele ning aetakse jälgi sotsiaal- ja tavameedias liikuval valeinfol.

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Fake News and Alternative Facts : Information Literacy in a Post-Truth Era

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Readers will learn more about the rise of fake news, particularly those information behaviors that have perpetuated its spread; discover techniques to identify fake news, especially online; and explore methods to help library patrons of all ages think critically about information, teaching them ways to separate fact from fiction.

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In a portentous talk, law professor Danielle Citron reveals how deepfakes magnify our distrust -- and suggests approaches to safeguarding the truth.

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Danielle Citron: How deepfakes undermine truth and threaten democracy

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The use of deepfake technology to manipulate video and audio for malicious purposes -- whether it's to stoke violence or defame politicians and journalists -- is becoming a real threat. As these tools become more accessible and their products more realistic, how will they shape what we believe about the world?

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Our aim is to make you aware of the ease with which digital identities can be faked, and to help you spot these fakes at a single glance.

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Which Face Is Real has been developed by Jevin West and Carl Bergstrom at the University of Washington as part of the Calling Bullshit project. All images are either computer-generated from thispersondoesnotexist.com using the StyleGAN software, or real photographs from the FFHQ dataset of Creative Commons and public domain images.

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Deepfake technologies: What they are, what they do, and how they’re made

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A growing unease has settled around evolving deepfake technologies that make it possible to create evidence of scenes that never happened. Celebrities have found themselves the unwitting stars of pornography, and politicians have turned up in videos appearing to speak words they never really said.

Concerns about deepfakes have led to a proliferation of countermeasures. New laws aim to stop people from making and distributing them. Earlier this year, social media platforms including Facebook and Twitter banned deepfakes from their networks. And computer vision and graphics conferences teem with presentations describing methods to defend against them.

So what exactly is a deepfake, and why are people so worried about them?

What is a deepfake?

Deepfake technology can seamlessly stitch anyone in the world into a video or photo they never actually participated in. Such capabilities have existed for decades-that's how the late actor Paul Walker was resurrected for Fast & Furious 7. But it used to take entire studios full of experts a year to create these effects. Now, deepfake technologies-new automatic computer-graphics or machine-learning systems-can synthesize images and videos much more quickly.

There's a lot of confusion around the term "deepfake," though, and computer vision and graphics researchers are united in their hatred of the word. It has become a catchall to describe everything from state-of-the-art videos generated by AI to any image that seems potentially fraudulent.

A lot of what's being called a deepfake simply isn't: For example, a controversial "crickets" video of the U.S. Democratic primary debate released by the campaign of former presidential candidate Michael Bloomberg was made with standard video editing skills. Deepfakes played no role.

How deepfakes are created

The main ingredient in deepfakes is machine learning, which has made it possible to produce deepfakes much faster at a lower cost. To make a deepfake video of someone, a creator would first train a neural network on many hours of real video footage of the person to give it a realistic "understanding" of what he or she looks like from many angles and under different lighting. Then they'd combine the trained network with computer-graphics techniques to superimpose a copy of the person onto a different actor.

While the addition of AI makes the process faster than it ever would have been before, it still takes time for this process to yield a believable composite that places a person into an entirely fictional situation. The creator must also manually tweak many of the trained program's parameters to avoid telltale blips and artifacts in the image. The process is hardly straightforward.

Many people assume that a class of deep-learning algorithms called generative adversarial networks (GANs) will be the main engine of deepfakes development in the future. GAN-generated faces are near-impossible to tell from real faces. The first audit of the deepfake landscape devoted an entire section to GANs, suggesting they will make it possible for anyone to create sophisticated deepfakes.

However, the spotlight on this particular technique has been misleading, says Siwei Lyu of SUNY Buffalo. "Most deepfake videos these days are generated by algorithms in which GANs don't play a very prominent role," he says.

GANs are hard to work with and require a huge amount of training data. It takes the models longer to generate the images than it would with other techniques. And-most important-GAN models are good for synthesizing images, but not for making videos. They have a hard time preserving temporal consistency, or keeping the same image aligned from one frame to the next.

The best-known audio "deepfakes" also don't use GANs. When Canadian AI company Dessa (now owned by Square) used the talk show host Joe Rogan's voice to utter sentences he never said, GANs were not involved. In fact, the lion's share of today's deepfakes are made using a constellation of AI and non-AI algorithms.

Who created deepfakes?

The most impressive deepfake examples tend to come out of university labs and the startups they seed: a widely reported video showing soccer star David Beckham speaking fluently in nine languages, only one of which he actually speaks, is a version of code developed at the Technical University of Munich, in Germany.

And MIT researchers have released an uncanny video of former U.S. President Richard Nixon delivering the alternate speech he had prepared for the nation had Apollo 11 failed.

But these are not the deepfakes that have governments and academics so worried. Deepfakes don't have to be lab-grade or high-tech to have a destructive effect on the social fabric, as illustrated by nonconsensual pornographic deepfakes and other problematic forms.

Indeed, deepfakes get their very name from the ur-example of the genre, which was created in 2017 by a Reddit user calling himself r/deepfakes, who used Google's open-source deep-learning library to swap porn performers' faces for those of actresses. The codes inside DIY deepfakes found in the wild today are mostly descended from this original code-and while some might be considered entertaining thought experiments, none can be called convincing.

So why is everyone so worried? "Technology always improves. That's just how it works," says Hany Farid, a digital forensics expert at the University of California, Berkeley. There's no consensus in the research community about when DIY techniques will become refined enough to pose a true threat-predictions vary wildly, from 2 to 10 years. But eventually, experts concur, anyone will be able to pull up an app on their smartphone and produce realistic deepfakes of anyone else.

What are deepfakes used for?

The clearest threat that deepfakes pose right now is to women-nonconsensual pornography accounts for 96 percent of deepfakes currently deployed on the Internet. Most target celebrities, but there are an increasing number of reports of deepfakes being used to create fake revenge porn, says Henry Ajder, who is head of research at the detection firm Deeptrace, in Amsterdam.

But women won't be the sole targets of bullying. Deepfakes may well enable bullying more generally, whether in schools or workplaces, as anyone can place people into ridiculous, dangerous, or compromising scenarios.

Corporations worry about the role deepfakes could play in supercharging scams. There have been unconfirmed reports of deepfake audio being used in CEO scams to swindle employees into sending money to fraudsters. Extortion could become a major use case. Identity fraud was the top worry regarding deepfakes for more than three-quarters of respondents to a cybersecurity industry poll by the biometric firm iProov. Respondents' chief concerns were that deepfakes would be used to make fraudulent online payments and hack into personal banking services.

For governments, the bigger fear is that deepfakes pose a danger to democracy. If you can make a female celebrity appear in a porn video, you can do the same to a politician running for reelection. In 2018, a video surfaced of João Doria, the governor of São Paulo, Brazil, who is married, participating in an orgy. He insisted it was a deepfake. There have been other examples. In 2018, the president of Gabon, Ali Bongo, who was long presumed unwell, surfaced on a suspicious video to reassure the population, sparking an attempted coup.

The ambiguity around these unconfirmed cases points to the biggest danger of deepfakes, whatever its current capabilities: the liar's dividend, which is a fancy way of saying that the very existence of deepfakes provides cover for anyone to do anything they want, because they can dismiss any evidence of wrongdoing as a deepfake. It's one-size-fits-all plausible deniability. "That is something you are absolutely starting to see: that liar's dividend being used as a way to get out of trouble," says Farid.

How do we stop malicious deepfakes?

Several U.S. laws regarding deepfakes have taken effect over the past year. States are introducing bills to criminalize deepfake pornography and prohibit the use of deepfakes in the context of an election. Texas, Virginia, and California have criminalized deepfake porn, and in December, the president signed the first federal law as part of the National Defense Authorization Act. But these new laws only help when a perpetrator lives in one of those jurisdictions.

Outside the United States, however, the only countries taking specific actions to prohibit deepfake deception are China and South Korea. In the United Kingdom, the law commission is currently reviewing existing laws for revenge porn with an eye to address different ways of creating deepfakes. However, the European Union doesn't appear to see this as an imminent issue compared with other kinds of online misinformation.

So while the United States is leading the pack, there's little evidence that the laws being put forward are enforceable or have the correct emphasis.

And while many research labs have developed novel ways to identify and detect manipulated videos-incorporating watermarks or a blockchain, for example-it's hard to make deepfake detectors that are not immediately gamed in order to create more convincing deepfakes.

Still, tech companies are trying. Facebook recruited researchers from Berkeley, Oxford, and other institutions to build a deepfake detector and help it enforce its new ban. Twitter also made big changes to its policies, going one step further and reportedly planning ways to tag any deepfakes that are not removed outright. And YouTube reiterated in February that it will not allow deepfake videos related to the U.S. election, voting procedures, or the 2020 U.S. census.

But what about deepfakes outside these walled gardens? Two programs, called Reality Defender and Deeptrace, aim to keep deepfakes out of your life. Deeptrace works on an API that will act like a hybrid antivirus/spam filter, prescreening incoming media and diverting obvious manipulations to a quarantine zone, much like how Gmail automatically diverts spam before it reaches your inbox. Reality Defender, a platform under construction by the company AI Foundation, similarly hopes to tag and bag manipulated images and video before they can do any damage. "We think it's really unfair to put the responsibility of authenticating media on the individual," says Adjer.

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What Are Deepfakes and How Are They Created?

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Deepfake technologies: What they are, what they do, and how they're made

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Day of Learning 2013 - Binna Kandola: Diffusing Bias

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Binna Kandola delivers a talk as part of the Day of Learning “Reimagining Self and Other.”

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This talk provides tips on recognizing these tricks and how to counter them.

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How to recognize disinformation and how to stop it | Deb Lavoy | TEDxAtlanta

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This is an unabashedly practical guide for the student fact-checker. It supplements generic information literacy with the specific web-based techniques that can get you closer to the truth on the web more quickly.

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Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers - Simple Book Publishing

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Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers by Michael A. Caulfield is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted.

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A dynamic list of fake news websites, both active and defunct.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.[1][2]

Fake news sites deliberately publish hoaxes and disinformation to drive web traffic inflamed by social media.[3][4][5] These sites are distinguished from news satire (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' gullibility.[4] While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ABC News or MSNBC.[6] The New York Times pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to defraud readers, generally with the goal of profiting through clickbait.[7] PolitiFact described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.[8]

The New York Times noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within tabloid journalism in the years prior to the 2016 U.S. election.[7] Except for the 2016 Philippine elections,[9] prior to the election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree.[7] Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of left-wing politics saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of right-wing politics arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor conservative views.[7] Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.[7]

Name

Notes

Sources

70 News

[10]

[11]

ABCnews.com.co (defunct)

[12]

[13]

American News

Published a false story claiming actor Denzel Washington endorsed Donald Trump for president. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on Facebook, a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election.

[14]

[15][16]

Before It's News

Before It's News and InfoWars were described as "unabashedly unhinged 'news' sites" in 2014 by The Washington Post following its promotion of conspiracy theories relating to Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.

Bipartisan Report

Once describing itself at "the internet's largest newspaper", its content is written from a heavily liberal-biased perspective. It has been described as a clickbait and fake news website by Danny Westneat of The Seattle Times, and its articles have been debunked by PolitiFact and Snopes.

bizstandardnews.com (defunct)

Its stories have been mistaken as real-news then shared and cited as real-news. A disclaimer says the stories "could be true" because "reality is so strange nowadays". But the disclaimer also says it is "a satirical site designed to parody the 24-hour news cycle."[27]

Its name is similar to the unrelated Indian English-language daily newspaper called Business Standard.

Bloomberg.ma (defunct)

Designed to imitate Bloomberg.com. Was used to issue a false report announcing that Twitter had received a US$31 billion takeover offer, resulting in a brief 8% stock price spike of Twitter. The site is now defunct.

The Boston Tribune

Starting in February 2016, this website spread outright hoaxes.

[36]

Breaking-CNN.com

[37]

Buffalo Chronicle

An American fake news website that has promoted fake stories related to Canadian politics.

Cairns News (Australia)

Antivaxx propaganda that falsely claimed that two young girls died after receiving a COVID-19 vaccination on the Gold Coast, Australia.[42]

[43]

Celebtricity

Has falsely claimed that Barack Obama declared a state of emergency in Chicago, Illinois after more than 300 people were shot in one night; that a Wendy's employee put vaginal discharge on a burger as revenge against a partner; and that Bryshere Y. Gray was Jay-Z's son. Contains a "notorious fauxtire and satire entertainment" disclaimer which used to read "the most notorious urban satirical entertainment website in the world".[44]

CBSnews.com.co

Owned by Paul Horner. Mimics the URL, design and logo of CBS News.

cnn-trending.com

Imitated CNN.com, complete with the CNN logo. Pushed the Hawking Code scam. Domain expired.

CountyNewsroom.info

[50]

Disclose.tv

A fake news website based in Germany that started out as a UFO conspiracy forum before rebranding as a news aggregator in 2021. It promotes anti-vaccine narratives and conspiracy theories, and platforms hate speech, including Holocaust denial and neo-Nazism, on its message groups.

Empire News

Many of this website's fake news hoaxes were widely shared on social media, with stories based on social or political controversies, or were simply appalling to readers. The site says that its content is for "entertainment purposes only."[58]

Empire Sports

Includes a disclaimer describing itself as a "satirical and entertainment website".[59] Not to be confused with the legitimate (but long-defunct) Empire Sports Network.

[60]

The Exposé

British conspiracist website known for publishing COVID-19 and anti-vaccine misinformation. One of its articles was cited by Brazilian president Jair Bolsonaro in a speech falsely claiming that people vaccinated against COVID-19 were developing AIDS.

The Gateway Pundit

[67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75]

Globalresearch.ca

Principal website of the Centre for Research on Globalization, which The Economist in April 2017 called "a hub for conspiracy theories and fake stories," and NATO information warfare specialists in November 2017 linked to a concerted effort to undermine the credibility of mainstream Western media.

Gossip Mill Mzansi

A fake news website using Wordpress, targeting South African affairs. Its misinformation is spread on social media including Facebook and Twitter.

The Grayzone

Owned by Max Blumenthal, The Grayzone is known for its sympathetic views towards contemporary authoritarian regimes such as Venezuela, Russia and China, as well as conspiracy theories such as denial of the Uyghur genocide and disinformation distributed by the Russian government.

Gummy Post

Houston Chronicle TV

Not affiliated with the legitimate Houston Chronicle.

Huzlers

Fake news from this website often involves restaurants and leading brands to disgust readers with its gross-out stories. One story by the site falsely reported that Dong Nguyen, the creator of Flappy Bird, killed himself. Another story made up an incident where a person working at a McDonald's restaurant put his mixtapes in Happy Meals. The site describes itself as "the most infamous fauxtire & satire entertainment website in the world."[92]

InfoWars

Managed by Alex Jones. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting was a hoax, that the Boston Marathon bombing was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party was hosting a child sex slave ring out of a pizza restaurant.

[95][96]

[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][75]

Judicial Watch

Conservative activist group known for making false and unsubstantiated claims and filing lawsuits to investigate claimed misconduct, the vast majority of which have been dismissed by courts.[104]

ΚΒΟΙ2.com

Notable for its use of the IDN homograph attack, this fake news site used lookalike letters from other scripts (news coverage of the spoof did not specify which, though the examples listed demonstrate Greek and Cyrillic examples) to spoof the legitimate television station KBOI-TV's website in 2011. (The real KBOI site has since moved to a new domain, IdahoNews.com.) The sole purpose of the fake KBOI site was to spread an April Fool's Day joke regarding Justin Bieber being banned in the state.

KMT 11 News

The Last Line of Defense

This website has a history of publishing fake news articles, especially of the political genre. Notable hoaxes include Donald Trump revoking the press credentials of six major news outlets, Michelle Obama getting ditched by the Secret Service, and Hillary Clinton describing Beyoncé's music using racial slurs. Although the website claims to be written by "a group of educated, God-fearing Christian conservative patriots who are tired of Obama's tyrannical reign and ready to see a strong Republican take the White House," its articles are in fact all written by one person, Christopher Blair, who has written under multiple pen names. As of 2019, Blair's site is now branded as "Daily World Update: satire for flat-Earthers, Trumpsters and Y'all-Qaeda."

Law Enforcement Today

Published fake news about police relations amid the George Floyd protests and source of Oregon fires, as well as material by QAnon supporters.[115]

Liberty Writers News

Established in 2015 by Paris Wade and Ben Goldman, who told The Washington Post their stories focus on "violence and chaos and aggressive wording" to attract readers. The stories reflect the positions of supporters of Donald Trump.

LinkBeef

Fake news website that has published claims about the pilot of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 reappearing, a billionaire wanting to recruit 1,000 women to bear his children, and an Adam Sandler death hoax.

MV-media (formerly MV-lehti)

A Finnish fake news website that publishes disinformation, pseudoscience, conspiracy theories and Russian state propaganda. The publication has links to the far-right Soldiers of Odin.

NationalReport.net

Founder Jestin Coler told Columbia Journalism Review: "When it comes to the fake stuff, you really want it to be red meat. [...] It doesn't have to be offensive. It doesn't have to be outrageous. It doesn't have to be anything other than just giving them what they already wanted to hear." In 2013, the nonpartisan FactCheck.org deemed NationalReport.net a satirical site. The site's disclaimer states "All news articles contained within National Report are fiction, and presumably fake news. Any resemblance to the truth is purely coincidental."[128]

Natural News

Formerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various dietary supplements, promotion of alternative medicine, controversial nutrition and health claims, and various conspiracy theories, such as " chemtrails", chemophobic claims (including the purported dangers of fluoride in drinking water, anti-perspirants, laundry detergent, monosodium glutamate, aspartame), and purported health problems caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the now-discredited link to autism.

[130][131][132][133][75]

NewsBuzzDaily (defunct)

This fake news website mostly consists of celebrity gossip and death hoaxes, but a few of its other stories were disseminated on social media. When the site was up it said that it was "a combination of real shocking news and satire news" and that articles were for "entertainment and satirical purposes" only.[36]

[36]

News Examiner

Started in 2015 by Paul Horner, the lead writer of the National Report. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news.

[36]

The News Nerd

A defunct website which used to have a disclaimer on every page.[136]

[60]

"The People's Voice"

( NewsPunch, YourNewsWire)

Founded by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway in 2014. It has published fake stories, such as "claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit." Its name was changed to NewsPunch in 2018.

[137][138][139][140][141][142][143]

NewsWatch33

Began in April 2015 under the name NewsWatch28, later becoming NewsWatch33. The website disguises itself as a local television outlet. It has also been known to mix real news along with its fake news in an attempt to circumvent Facebook's crackdown on them.

[36]

The New York Evening (TheNewYorkEvening.com)

This fake news website has spread numerous false claims, including a fake story claiming that Malia Obama had been expelled from Harvard.

[144]

Now 8 News (Now8News.com)

Started in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. Several of the website's fake stories have successfully spread on social media.

OpIndia

OpIndia is an Indian website that has been rejected by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Fact checkers certified by the IFCN have identified 25 fake news stories published by OpIndia between January 2018 and June 2020.

Palmer Report

Hyperpartisan liberal political blog known for publishing unsubstantiated or false claims and conspiracy theories, especially on matters relating to Donald Trump and Russia

Peace Data

A website that purports to be an independent left-wing news outlet, linked to Russian state actors.

[152]

The Predicted

[21]

Prntly

A politically conservative news site described by Snopes as "a disreputable outlet that has a penchant for publishing both fake news and spurious pro-Trump articles".

Real Raw News

A WordPress site hosting conspiratorial content, often about public figures being tried and executed for supposed crimes.

The Reporterz

Starting in early 2016, this fake news website penned several different hoaxes, including one about a murder over a Twitter trend.

[36]

Super Station 95

Pirate radio station and corresponding website operated by Hal Turner.

True Pundit

A far-right and fake news website known for publishing conspiracy theories that often credited false stories about the FBI and Hillary Clinton to anonymous sources and claimed the mainstream media was covering it up.

[171][172][173][174][175][176][177]

TruNews

The Unhived Mind

The Unhived Mind is a far-right fake news website that has frequently been shared on the alt-tech social network Gab.

[183]

usatoday.com.co (defunct)

Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns

[49]

washingtonpost.com.co

Originally registered by Jestin Coler. The Washington Post submitted a complaint against Coler's registration of the site with GoDaddy under the UDRP, and in 2015, an arbitral panel ruled that Coler's registration of the domain name was a form of bad-faith cybersquatting (specifically, typosquatting), "through a website that competes with Complainant through the use of fake news. ... The fake news content misleads readers and serves as 'click bait' to drive readers to other sites, or to share the fake news content with others on social networking websites, to generate advertising revenue."

WorldNetDaily

A far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Barack Obama was not born in the United States.

[25][26][20][75][189]

World News Daily Report (worldnewsdailyreport.com)

Run by Janick Murray-Hall. Its disclaimer states, "World News Daily Report assumes all responsibility for the satirical nature of its articles and for the fictional nature of their content. All characters appearing in the articles in this website-even those based on real people-are entirely fictional and any resemblance between them and any person, living, dead or undead, is purely a miracle."[190]

[20]

Philippines [ edit ]

Fake news sites have become rampant for Philippine audiences, especially being shared on social media.[191] Politicians have started filing laws to combat fake news[192][193] and three Senate hearings have been held on the topic.[194][195][196]

The Catholic Church in the Philippines has also released a missive speaking out against it.[197]

Vera Files research at the end of 2017 and 2018 show that the most shared fake news in the Philippines appeared to benefit 2 people the most: Former President Rodrigo Duterte (as well as his allies) and President Bongbong Marcos, with the most viral news driven by shares on networks of Facebook pages.[198] Most Philippine audience Facebook pages and groups spreading online disinformation also bear "Duterte", "Marcos" or "News" in their names and are pro-Duterte.[199] Online disinformation in the Philippines is overwhelmingly political as well, with most attacking groups or individuals critical of the Duterte administration.[200] Many Philippine-audience fake news websites also appear to be controlled by the same operators as they share common Google AdSense and Google Analytics IDs.[199]

According to media scholar Jonathan Corpus Ong, Duterte's presidential campaign is regarded as the patient zero in the current era of disinformation, having preceded widespread global coverage of the Cambridge Analytica scandal and Russian trolls.[9] Fake news is so established and severe in the Philippines that Facebook's Global Politics and Government Outreach Director Katie Harbath also calls it "patient zero"[201] in the global misinformation epidemic, having happened before Brexit, the Donald Trump nomination and the 2016 United States elections.[202]

1. ^ "Watch out for this fake news website masquerading as The New York Times". businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016.

2. ^ Lewis Sanders IV (11 October 2016), "'Divide Europe': European lawmakers warn of Russian propaganda", Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 25 March 2019

3. ^ Earl, Jennifer (November 14, 2016). "Google's top search result for "final election numbers" leads to fake news site/". CBS News. Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. a fake news blog called '70news,' which falsely claimed that Trump had won both the popular vote and the Electoral College. ... Google acknowledged the error in surfacing the fake news on Monday

4. ^

5. ^

6. ^

7. ^ Food and Drug Administration (April 9, 2020). "RE: Unapproved and Misbranded Products Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (PDF). Letter to Alexander E. Jones.

8. Ognyanova, Katherine; Lazer, David; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo (2020-06-02). "Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power" (PDF). Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. Shorenstein Center. 1 (4). doi:10.37016/mr-2020-024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-20.

9. ^

10. ^ Osmundsen, Mathias; Bor, Alexander; Vahlstrup, Peter Bjerregaard; Bechmann, Anja; Petersen, Michael Bang (May 7, 2021). "Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter". American Political Science Review. Cambridge University Press. 115 (3): 999-1015. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000290. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 235527523. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021.

11. ^ "Not Pat's Place". Snopes.com. 25 Oct 2016. the "interview" was still picked up by at least one actual news site, with no mention of its satirical bent. To further muddy the waters, there actually is a site called the Conservative Chronicle, in which Buchanan's syndicated columns appear.

12. ^

13. Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew; Yu, Chuan (2019-04-01). "Trends in the diffusion of misinformation on social media" (PDF). Research & Politics. SAGE Publishing. 6 (2). arXiv:1809.05901. doi:10.1177/2053168019848554. ISSN 2053-1680. S2CID 52291737. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-08.

14. ^ Guess, Andy; Aslett, Kevin; Tucker, Joshua; Bonneau, Richard; Nagler, Jonathan (2021). "Cracking Open the News Feed: Exploring What U.S. Facebook Users See and Share with Large-Scale Platform Data". Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media. 1. doi:10.51685/jqd.2021.006. ISSN 2673-8813. S2CID 236598470. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02.

15. ^ Bucy, Erik P.; Newhagen, John E. (August 2019). "Fake News Finds an Audience". In Katz, James E.; Mays, Kate K. (eds.). Journalism and Truth in an Age of Social Media. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oso/9780190900250.003.0014. ISBN 978-0-19-090025-0. Archived from the original on 22 January 2021. The most aggressive fake news sites and associated YouTube channels, such as Infowars, The Gateway Pundit, and Daily Stormer, are routinely sued by victims of these published reports for libel and defamation (Ohlheiser 2018; Tani 2018).

16. ^ Goodyear, Michael P. (August 24, 2020). "Is There No Way to the Truth? Copyright Liability as a Model for Restricting Fake News". Harvard Journal of Law & Technology. 34 (1). doi:10.2139/ssrn.3647504. S2CID 225621025. This dichotomy would similarly be helpful for differentiating websites that are used as conduits of fake news, such as Facebook, and those that primarily propagate fake news, such as the Gateway Pundit.

17. ^ Kornbluh, Karen; Goodman, Ellen P.; Weiner, Eli (March 2020). "Safeguarding Digital Democracy: Digital Innovation and Democracy Initiative Roadmap". German Marshall Fund: 14. JSTOR resrep24545. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021.

18. ^ Freivogel, William H. (1 January 2017). "Trump attacks checks on his power". Gateway Journalism Review. Southern Illinois University Carbondale. 46 (344): 6-8. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022 - via Gale Academic OneFile.

19. ^

20. ^ Sharockman, Aaron (2017-05-30). "Bloggers claim Obama cancelled, Trump revived 'police week'". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25.

21. ^ Mak, Tim (4 December 2016). "'Pizzagate' Gunman Liked Alex Jones". thedailybeast.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016.

22. ^ Finnegan, William (22 November 2016). "Why Won't Donald Trump Denounce Sandy Hook Deniers?". newyorker.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016.

23. ^ Fake website URL not from KBOI-TV Archived 2011-04-05 at the Wayback Machine. KBOI-TV. Retrieved 2011-04-01.

24. ^ Boise TV news website targeted with Justin Bieber prank Archived 2012-03-15 at the Wayback Machine. KTVB. Retrieved 2011-04-01.

25. Cataldo, Laurie (14 June 2016). "'The Notebook 2' Not Filming in Atlantic City...or Anywhere Else". WJLK. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019.

26. ^ 'Rumors spread like wildfire': false posts claiming activists started Oregon fires flood social media Archived 2020-11-15 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian, 2020

27. ^ Novella, Steven (2010-12-14). "H1N1 Vaccine and Miscarriages - More Fear Mongering". Neurologica (blog). New England Skeptical Society. Archived from the original on 2016-12-23.

28. ^ Novella, Steven (2010-01-25). "Mike Adams Takes On 'Skeptics'". Neurologica (blog). New England Skeptical Society. Archived from the original on 2016-12-06.

29. ^ Orac [David Gorski] (2011-10-27). "Mike Adams vs. the flu vaccine". Respectful Insolence. ScienceBlogs. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11.

30. ^ Mcintire, Andrew Higgins, Mike; Dance, Gabriel J. x (2016-11-25). "Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: 'This Is All About Income'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07.

31. ^ "Realrawnews.com" (PDF). NewsGuard. September 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2023-03-14.

32. ^

33. ^

34. ^ Zeng, Jing; Schäfer, Mike S. (21 October 2021). "Conceptualizing "Dark Platforms". Covid-19-Related Conspiracy Theories on 8kun and Gab". Digital Journalism. Routledge. 9 (9): 1321-1343. doi:10.1080/21670811.2021.1938165. In contrast, Gab users who shared more far-right "fake news" websites are relatively more visible on Gab. Some of the most cited sources under this category include the Unhived Mind (N = 2,729), Epoch Times (N = 1,303), Natural News (N = 1,301), Breitbart (N = 769), the Gateway Pundit (N = 422), and InfoWars (N = 656).

35. ^

36. ^ Bacungan, VJ (June 23, 2017). "CBCP to public: Fight 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017.

37. ^ "Senate tackles spread of 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. October 4, 2017. Archived from the original on October 29, 2018.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire.

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Full Fact fights for the right information to reach the people who need it most, whether that’s individuals making decisions about their health or who to vote for; or politicians debating the future of the UK.

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Politics is back, and so's our politics blog, with rolling coverage of and commentary on what we're fact checking in Westminster and beyond.

Read our snap analysis of claims plus updates on the impact of our fact checking, as politicians gear up for the next general election.

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Full Fact - Full Fact is the UK's independent fact checking organisation

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Full Fact is the UK's independent fact checking organisation

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The Psychology of Fake News | Accepting, Sharing, and Correcting Misinformation

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This volume examines the phenomenon of fake news by bringing together leading experts from different fields within psychology and related areas, and explores what has become a prominent feature of public discourse since the first Brexit referendum and the 2016 US election campaign.

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This volume examines the phenomenon of fake news by bringing together leading experts from different fields within psychology and related areas, and explores what has become a prominent feature of public discourse since the first Brexit referendum and the 2016 US election campaign.

Dealing with misinformation is important in many areas of daily life, including politics, the marketplace, health communication, journalism, education, and science. In a general climate where facts and misinformation blur, and are intentionally blurred, this book asks what determines whether people accept and share (mis)information, and what can be done to counter misinformation? All three of these aspects need to be understood in the context of online social networks, which have fundamentally changed the way information is produced, consumed, and transmitted. The contributions within this volume summarize the most up-to-date empirical findings, theories, and applications and discuss cutting-edge ideas and future directions of interventions to counter fake news.

Also providing guidance on how to handle misinformation in an age of "alternative facts", this is a fascinating and vital reading for students and academics in psychology, communication, and political science and for professionals including policy makers and journalists.

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The Psychology of Fake News | Accepting, Sharing, and Correcting Misin

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This volume examines the phenomenon of fake news by bringing together leading experts from different fields within psychology and related areas, and explores what has become a prominent feature of public discourse since the first Brexit referendum and the 2016 US election campaign.

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Bias, Belief, and Conviction in an Age of Fake Facts. Finger, Anke (editor), Wagner, Manuela (editor).

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In this book, authors engage in an interdisciplinary discourse of theory and practice on the concept of personal conviction, addressing the variety of grey zones that mark the concept. Bias, Belief, and Conviction in an Age of Fake Facts discusses where our convictions come from and whether we are aware of them, why they compel us to certain actions, and whether we can change our convictions when presented with opposing evidence that prove our personal convictions ""wrong"".

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Bias, Belief, and Conviction in an Age of Fake Facts

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Alex Jones's Billion Dollar Bad Day (And Why It's Going To Get Worse)

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Alex Jones Obliterated on Cross Because His Lawyer Sent His Cell Phone to Opposing Counsel

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Why Alex Jones Lost the Sandy Hook Lawsuits

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Peale füüsilise sõjategevuse on kogu maailm hetkel infosõja kätkes. Iga sekund tuleb Ukrainas toimuva kohta uut informatsiooni, sealhulgas palju valeinfot. Kuidas eristada fakte valedest?

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Peale füüsilise sõjategevuse on kogu maailm hetkel infosõja kätkes. Iga sekund tuleb Ukrainas toimuva kohta uut informatsiooni, sealhulgas palju valeinfot. Kuidas eristada fakte valedest?

Vähem kui 36 tunniga on sündmused Ukrainas eskaleerunud intensiivse sõjategevuseni. Kuid see sõda ei ole vaid füüsiline. Uudisportaalid, infolehed ja sotsiaalmeedia on täis informatsiooni, mis uueneb iga sekundiga. Info levimisele aitab kaasa inimeste suur uudishimu ja soov aidata. Seda näiteks jagades postitusi pealkirjaga "Näe! Vaata, mis toimub just praegu!".

Kahe päeva jooksul on juba hulgaliselt valeinfot sotsiaalmeedias ümber lükatud. Faktide kontrollimisega tegelevad eksperdid igast maailma nurgast. Sellised organisatsioonid nagu IFCN (International Fact-Checking Network), mille liige on ka Eesti Päevalehe faktikontroll, ja EDMO (European Digital Media Observatory) peavad reaalajas uuenevat ülevaadet kontrollitud faktidest, et infotarbijateni jõuaks kõige täpsem informatsioon.

Kõik videod plahvatustest ei ole Ukrainast

Kõige domineerivamad märksõnad sotsiaalmeedia postituste faktikontrollidel kipuvad olema "Foto" ja "Video". Sotsiaalmeedia võimaldab meil saada kiiresti infot Ukrainas toimuvast, kuid me ei saa kindlad olla, kas TikToki postitatud video või Facebookis jagatud pilt on tehtud just nüüd ja praegu Kiievis nagu postituse pealkiri väidab.

Enim jagatakse visuaale plahvatustest, sest need kipuvad ka tähelepanu saama. Näiteks Tiktokis jagatakse videot, kuidas plahvatab pomm, mis näiliselt tekitab suurt kahju ümbritsevale piirkonnale. Tegemist oli 2012. aastal ülesfilmitud pommikatsetusega Saksamaal. Vaatamata sellele kasutati teemaviiteid #ukraine #russia ning video kogus 120 tuhat like'i. See pole kaugeltki ainus TikToki video, mis on faktikontrollitud. Ning see pole kaugeltki ainus, mis platvormil valesid levitab.

Vene sõdurid ei kasutanud langevarju, et Ukrainasse minna

Kümneid faktikontrolle on tehtud sotsiaalmeedias levivate väidete kohta nagu oleks Vene sõdurid kasutanud langevarje selleks, et Ukraina pinnale minna. Üks nendest on TikToki video väidetavast Vene sõdurist, kes ennast maandudes filmis. Videol on üle kahe miljoni like'i. Tegelikult on tegemist suvalise langevarjuhüppega, mis võeti üles 2015. aastal, kuid postitati alles nüüd.

Teine video ringles Twitteris, kus langevarjuga hüppajaid oli kaadris juba kümneid või koguni sadu. Kõik korraga kuskilt alla hüppamas. Taaskord käisid postitustega kaasas teemaviited, mis andsid mõista et materjal on üles võetud Ukrainas. Postitus kogus 700 like'i ja üle 200 retweedi. Tegelikult oli tegemist 2018. aastal korraldatud õppustega Venemaal, Vostokis. Kokku maandus õppusel 6000 langevarju sõdurit.

Videomängud versus reaalsus

Palju faktikontrolle on teostatud ka sellistele visuaalidele, mis on võetud hoopiski videomängudest. Eks ajapikku on graafika mängudel piisavalt kvaliteetseks muutunud, et näeb väga reaalne välja. Nii levis Facebookis video sellest, kui ühel ööl oli näha Ukraina taevast "sadavaid" mitmeid pomme. Tegelikult oli võetud klipp arvutimängust "War Thunder", mis juba nime järgi viitab intensiivsetele sõjaklippidele. Õnneks on need klipid kuntslikud ja välja mõeldud.

Oleme infosõjas, kuid mitte ainult

"Üks asi on see, mis toimub meedias ja teine on see, mis toimub meediatarbijatega," kommenteeris praegu toimuvat Tartu Ülikooli meediauuriija Maia Klaassen. Faktikontroll istus maha Klaasseniga, kes on uurinud juba viis aastat informatsiooni häireid ja sellega seonduvat. Koos püüti aru saada, kuidas valeinfo levik nüüd jälle tõuseb ning kuidas olla targem infotarbija.

"Inimesed jubedalt tahavad kuidagi olukorras aidata ja jagavad ise ka infot, kuid kahjuks kõik kodanikud ei ole sõjaväelise info analüüsijad," ütles ta valeinfo kiire leviku põhjuseks. Tõenäoliselt on keskmise infotarbija kavatsused jagamisel head, kuid info kiire jagamine ja faktide kontrollimata jätmine aitab rohkem kahju kui kasu teha.

Samal ajal, kui Ukrainas võideldakse füüsiliselt - pealetungid toimuvad nii maa, mere kui ka õhu kaudu, siis käib ka tugev infosõda. Näiteks, jagab venemeelne meedia toimuvast hoopis teistsugust infot, kui seda näeme peavoolu väljaannetest. Nii ka sotsiaalmeedias, sestap jääb mulje nagu me seisame kogu selle info sees kahel rindel.

See, et erinevad osapooled jagavad erinevaid narratiive, ei ole meediauurijatele mingi üllatus. "Me juba teame, et näiteks vene trolliarmee käib aktiivselt sotsiaalmeedias nendele sobilikku narratiivi levitamas," ütles Klaassen. "See, kuidas me sellele reageerime on tarbijate teha. Praegu on see hetk, kus ratsionaalselt mõtlev inimene peaks aru saama, et Venemaa huvi on näidata ennast tugevamana, kui nad tegelikult on."

Vene strateegia on paisata meediasse, sh sotsiaalmeediasse, palju informatsiooni, mis külvab paanikat ja näitab näpuga kellegi teise poole. "See annab neile võimaluse seda päris informatsiooni siis varjata, sest tarbijad saavad palju ja valet informatsiooni peale," kirjeldas Klaassen.

Kuid miks see kõik meile oluline on? "Me teame nüüdseks üsna hästi, milline on Venemaa narratiiv - tuleb kaitsta Venemaalt väljas elavaid venelasi tagakiusamise eest," ütles Klaassen. See on pikalt teada olnud, ka Eestis, kuid see on ohtlik. "Kuna Venemaale meeldib seda narratiivi kasutada, siis on loogiline eeldada, et seda võidaks teha ka meiega," lisas ta selgitamaks selle levitamise ohtlikkust. Tänaseks on narratiiv muutunud rahvavabariigi vabastamiseks Ukrainas, kuid muudes venekeelse elanikkonnaga riikides on ikka murepilv alles.

Kuna me ei saa ka parima tahtmise juures kontrollida ei Venemaad, ega neid, kes üle maailma valeinformatsiooni levitavad, siis jääb vaid üle olla ise teadlikumad kuidas ja mida päriselt tarbida ja edasi postitada. Klaasseni sõnul algabki kõik sellest, kuidas tavainimesena meediat tarbida. Muideks, see on täiesti okei, isegi väga hea, kui sündmuste eskaleerudes muudab tarbija ka oma tarbimisharjumusi. "Näiteks ma ei jälginud enne Ukraina kaitseministeeriumi Facebooki lehekülge, sest ma ei leidnud, et see on vajalik. Nüüd muidugi jälgin, sest olukord on selline, et ma tahan informatsiooni otse ja usaldusväärselt allikalt."

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ÜLEVAADE JA ÕPETUS | Ohtlikud sõjavaled sotsiaalmeedias ja kuidas neid ära tunda

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Peale füüsilise sõjategevuse on kogu maailm hetkel infosõja kätkes. Iga sekund tuleb Ukrainas toimuva kohta uut informatsiooni, sealhulgas palju valeinfot. Kuidas eristada fakte valedest? Vähem kui 36 tunniga on sündmused Ukrainas eskaleerunud intensiivse sõjategevuseni. Kuid see sõda ei ole vaid füüsiline. Uudisportaalid, infolehed ja sotsiaalmeedia on täis informatsiooni, mis uueneb iga sekundiga.

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EUvsDisinfo’s core objective is to increase public awareness and understanding of the Kremlin’s disinformation operations, and to help citizens in Europe and beyond develop resistance to digital information and media manipulation.

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FactCehck.org is a nonpartisan, nonprofit “consumer advocate” for voters that aims to reduce the level of deception and confusion in U.S. politics.

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A Project of The Annenberg Public Policy Center

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Propastop tegeleb Eesti-vastase propaganda paljastamisega. Blogi veavad kaitseliidu vabatahtlikud.

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Meediapädevuse veebikursus

Online course on media literacy

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Very Verified: Media Literacy in The Baltics

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Home - Eesti - Very Verified: Media Literacy in The Baltics

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This guide is an ambitious effort to take a global look at measures to combat disinformation and promote information integrity – a collaborative examination of what is being done, what is working, and who is doing it.

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INTRODUCTION TO THE GUIDE The online world plays an increasingly dominant role in shaping the public conversation and driving political events. Concurrently, disinformation, hate speech, and online extremism have seemingly saturated content on social media platforms, their harms compounded by ever more powerful network effects and computational systems. The negative consequences for society present a global challenge impacting every country and nearly all areas of public discourse.

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Detailsemad allikad | More in depth sources

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Detailsemad allikad | More in depth sources

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No one wants to be the person who contaminates their friends’ social media feeds with conspiracy theories or disinformation. Use this list to make sure you stay ahead of disinformation!

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Vaccines and Autism: A Measured Response

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That Time Geocentrists Tricked A Bunch of Physicists

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Kas oskad vahet teha arvutiprogrammis loodud pildil ja kaameraga tehtud fotol? Või tead, mis iseloomustab pseudoteadust?

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Õigesti vastates liigutakse järgmise küsimuse juurde, valesti vastamise korral proovi uuesti! ALUSTA Meediapädevuse viktoriin Levib info, et ühe riigi võimud varjavad andmeid miljonite inimeste grippi nakatumise kohta. Kas see info võiks tõele vastata? Jah, kõikjal maailmas tundub nii olevat Vale vastus! Proovi veel! Võimud valetavad tihti faktide kohta, seega ei imestaks Vale vastus!

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Meediapädevuse nädalal on mõistlik mõelda selle üle, kas info, millega te kokku puutute vastab tõele, on tegu valega või on selles infos korraga nii tõtt kui ka valet.

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Enda info tõeväärtuse äratundmiseks soovitame lahendada artikli lõpus olevat valeuudiste äratundmise testi. Enne aga lugege hoolikalt kümmet soovitust, kuidas väärinfot ära tunda.

Siin on nipid Facebookilt, Propastopilt ja rahvusvaheliselt raamatukoguühingute ja -institutsioonide liidult, kuidas valeuudiste õnge mitte minna.

1. Tutvu teiste uudistekanalitega. Olulisi teemasid kajastavad pea alati mitmed väljaanded. Kui ükski teine kanal sellele uudisele ei viita, võib tegemist olla valeuudisega.

2. Uuri kanalit. Veendu, et lugu pärineb usaldusväärsest ja hea mainega kanalist. Kui lugu on kirjutatud aga sinu jaoks tundmatu organisatsiooni poolt, otsi lisainfot. Näiteks suurtes Venemaa meediakanalites Eesti kohta avaldatud uudised ei pruugi olla objektiivsed, kuna tegemist on riigi kontrollitud väljaannetega, mida sageli kasutatakse meediarelvana. Aga ka erinevatel muudel huvirühmadel on oma meediakanalid, mille sisu on küll esitatud ajakirjanduslikus võtmes, kuid pole objektiivne.

3. Kontrolli tõendusmaterjale ja allikaid. Veendu, et autori poolt kasutatud allikad oleksid täpsed. Allikate vähesus ja viited tundmatutele ekspertidele on vihje võimalikule valeuudisele.

4. Ole pealkirjade suhtes skeptiline. Valeuudistel on tihti hüüumärkidega märgistatud kaasahaaravad pealkirjad. Kui juba pealkirjas esitatakse uskumatuid väiteid, siis tõenäoliselt need seda ongi. Lisaks tuleks kindlasti enne uudise uskumist lugeda pealkirjast kaugemale, sest need võivad klikkide meelitamiseks ja jagamise soodustamiseks olla skandaalimaigulised. Loo sisusse süübides võib selguda, et pealkirjas väidetu ei peagi paika.

5. Vaata internetiaadressi. Võta võltsina tunduvat või mõne muu aadressiga sarnast internetiaadressi hoiatusmärgina. Paljud valeuudiste veebiaadressid võivad olla tuntud uudistekanalite aadressidega sarnased. Seega - võrdle veebikanalite aadresse!

6. Pea silmas ebaharilikku vormindust. Paljudel valeuudiste veebilehtedel esineb kirjavigu või on kasutatud kummalisi kujundusi.

7. Hinda fotosid. Valeuudised sisaldavad tihti manipuleeritud pilte või videosid. Need võivad olla küll autentsed, kuid esitatud vales kontekstis. Võimalusel tee kindlaks, kust need pärinevad. Suhtu skeptiliselt ainult pildile üles ehitatud uudislugudesse.

8. Kontrolli kuupäevi. Valeuudised võivad sisaldada valesid ja muudetud kuupäevi. Tänaste uudiste kontekstis võivad olla taasavaldatud aastaid vanad uudised, mis ei ole aja- ega asjakohased.

9. Kas tegemist võib olla naljaga? Teinekord on valeuudiseid raske eristada paroodiast või satiirist. Vihje huumorist annab see, kui uudis pärineb allikast, mis on varemgi paroodiaga silma paistnud.

10. Mis on sinu hoiak? Arvesta, et sinu enda tõekspidamised võivad mõjutada sinu hinnangut uudise tõsiseltvõetavusele. Lisaks söödavad sotsiaalmeedia algoritmid sulle ette uudiseid, millega sarnaseid sa oled juba varem lugenud, mis omakorda võib võimendada kindlat laadi info jõudmist sinuni.
Rahvusvaheline meediapädevuse nädal toimub 18.-25. märtsini ja selle jooksul avaldab ERR Novaator koos teiste ajakirjandusväljaannetega artikleid sellest, kuidas tunda ära väärinfot, end selle mõju eest kaitsta ning panna inimesi enne jagamist mõtlema selle üle, kas informatsioon on ikka piisavalt kvaliteetne, et seda edastada.
Toimetaja: Marju Himma

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Enda info tõeväärtuse äratundmiseks soovitame lahendada artikli lõpus olevat valeuudiste äratundmise testi. Enne aga lugege hoolikalt kümmet soovitust, kuidas väärinfot ära tunda. Siin on nipid Facebookilt, Propastopilt ja rahvusvaheliselt raamatukoguühingute ja -institutsioonide liidult, kuidas valeuudiste õnge mitte minna. 1. Tutvu teiste uudistekanalitega. Olulisi teemasid kajastavad pea alati mitmed väljaanded.

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Kuidas ära tunda valeuudiseid | How to recognise fake news

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Kuidas ära tunda valeuudiseid | How to recognise fake news

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Troll Factory shows you first-hand how information operations work on social media. The goal of the game is to illustrate how fake news, emotive content and bot armies are utilized to affect moods, opinions and decision-making.

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It's your first day at the new job at Troll Factory. How many followers can you get?

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Hariduslikus mängus Bad News on sinu ülesanne luua valeuudiseid

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Valeinfot luua on nii lihtne. Proovime järele!

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Sinu eesmärk on saada rohkem jälgijaid ja oma uudisteportaal seeläbi tuntumaks muuta.

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A 5-minute game that helps protect you against COVID-19 misinformation

5-minutiline mäng, mis aitab Sind kaitsta COVID-19 kohta käiva väärinfo eest