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In Jamaican culture, there is a focus on feeling the cure working inside the body.   Individuals focus on the actual symptoms and the effects that they produce.   If an individual does not feel like a cure is working then they are less likely to adhere to medical therapies. Individuals want to feel actual sensations as the cure.

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In Jamaican culture, specific health trends can be observed in relation to prevalent health issues such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity.

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Dietary habits play a significant role in these conditions, with traditional Jamaican cuisine often characterized by rich and flavorful dishes that may be high in salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats.

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These dietary choices can contribute to hypertension, diabetes, and obesity among the population, highlighting the importance of promoting healthier eating habits and increasing awareness of the impact of food choices on health outcomes.

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Physical activity plays a crucial role in Jamaican culture, with sports such as cricket, track and field, and football being popular among the population. However, sedentary lifestyles and lack of regular exercise remain prevalent issues that can contribute to the rising rates of obesity and related health conditions in Jamaica.

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Encouraging regular physical activity and promoting opportunities for exercise and recreation can help combat the negative effects of sedentary behavior and improve overall health outcomes. (Thomas et al., 2019)

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In Jamaica, the use of complementary and alternative medicine, including herbal remedies and traditional healers, is deeply rooted in the culture.

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Herbal remedies have been used for generations to treat various health conditions, and traditional healers play a significant role in providing healthcare services to communities, especially in rural areas.

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Additionally, practices such as acupuncture, massage, and other therapies are gaining popularity as alternative approaches to managing health issues and promoting overall well-being in Jamaican society. (Adeniyi et al., 2021)

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Overall, addressing prevalent health issues such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in Jamaican culture requires a multi-faceted approach that encompasses dietary modifications, increased physical activity, and the integration of traditional and complementary healing practices into mainstream healthcare systems.

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By incorporating these strategies and promoting a holistic view of health and wellness, Jamaica can work towards improving health outcomes and reducing the burden of chronic conditions among its population.

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Many will not adhere to medical therapies because they do not feel an actual change or sensations. They may not be willing to continue medical therapies and instead turn to folk medicine for the sensation that validates their view on healing.

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Religion also plays a part in adherence to medical therapies.  Individuals view illness and sickness as a punishment from God. Individuals acknowledge that there is an illness present but may not be willing to treat the illness out of fear of angering God.

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The actual state of health in Jamaican culture is the absence of illness.  Health is also focused on maintaining a healthy appetite and feeling and appearing fit.  Men and women want to appear as though they are healthy, while men have an emphasis on being virile and women on being fertile.

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In Jamaican culture, illness can have several causes or imbalances.  The main causes and imbalances are cold, hot, gas, bile, blood imbalance, and germs.  The cure for illness is focused on balancing out the imbalance and fixing the symptoms rather than the illness.

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Jamaican culture also has a focus on folk cures as a treatment for illness.  Many of the treatments focus on the effect that the treatments instantly give as the cure.  There is a focus on finding the opposite effect of the illness to balance out the illness.

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Folk cures also build a sense of community within Jamaican culture.  Many of the folk cures come from talking and interacting with their elders.  Many individuals rely on advice from elder family members to help cure different illnesses.

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The focus of culturally competent nursing care and interventions is to “help the client maintain his or her own belief in the face of serious health challenges or crisis” (Andrews et al., 2020, p. 377).

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As a nurse, having respect for religious and spiritual practices is important. There are Jamaicans who are Seventh Day Adventist and their sabbath is on Saturday. A way to respect that could be minimizing activities for the patient on Saturday, if possible. Jamaicans who are Rastafari, follow a vegan diet (Ital diet). As a nurse, working to accommodate the patient’s diet will create a better nurse-patient relationship.

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(Mutabaruka et al., 2023).

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Jamaica’s official language is English, but Patois (or Patwa) is also spoken frequently. Patwa is a dialect shaped by African, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and English colonial heritage. Patwa is an expression of a people, who were once forced into a society with a different language, to express themselves in their own way, and to give meaning to it. Although Patwa is a form of broken English, it can be difficult to understand by American English speakers, which is why an interpreter may be necessary when providing care.

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Extended family, such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents are typically involved in the upbringing of children in a Jamaican family. A nurse should be sensitive to the family dynamics and include immediate and extended family members in patient care planning when possible.

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The Rastafari movement is a spiritual philosophy and a major part of the culture since the 1930s in response to social and economic inequalities encountered by Afro-Jamaicans.

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The Rastafari diet excludes meat, drinking alcohol, milk, coffee, salt, animal oil, cigarettes, heroin, or cocaine. Rastas are known to have good health because they are Jah (God) followers. They adopt a particular way of eating called ital eating only fresh organic homegrown foods. They consider everything else to be contaminated.

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The national meal of Jamaica is ackee and salt fish, which is typically consumed for breakfast and is a staple of the islanders' diet. After being cooked, the fruit is sautéed along with tomatoes, onions, sweet pepper, and salted cod fish, among other seasonings.

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The typical Jamaican has a life expectancy of 72-75 years depending on gender. Like in most cultures, the woman usually outlives the men. In the last few decades, the numbers have been on the rise and are predicted to keep going up as they adapt to the technology of today's times.

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A celebration known as carnival is held every March in Jamaica. A multi-town celebration featuring music, cuisine, dancing, and some of the most colorful costumes takes place in Montego Bay, Kingston, and Ocho Rios while thousands of people swarm the streets in celebration each year.

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Healthcare in Jamaica is free to all citizens and legal residents.

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Nearly one million Jamaicans have immigrated to the US, Canada, and the UK. This included teachers and nurses, which had a detrimental effect on Jamaica's education and health systems. An audit in 2015 identified shortages of manpower, equipment, medications, wheelchairs, stretchers, gloves, beds, and other essential supplies. 3.3% of the national budget is spent on health services. McAlister (2024)

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Gwaan- Going on

Wah yuh ah duh- What are you doing

Irie- Alright

Me deh- Literally

Ya mon- Yeah man

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Kumina is one of Rex Nettleford’s signature works on the NDTC. It was choreographed in 1971 and has been a perpetual audience favourite.

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A pioneer, a Rastafari, reggae musician who put Jamaica on the maps Bob Marley was once asked if there was a perfect woman. He replies: Who cares about perfect? Even the moon is not perfect, it is full of craters. The sea is incredibly beautiful but salty and dark in the depths. The sky is always infinite, but often cloudy. So everything that' beautiful isn't perfect. It's special! Therefore, every woman can be special to someone. Stop being "perfect", but try to be free and live, doing what you love, not wanting to impress others.

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Reggae is a well-known music genre that emerged in 1960 and is deeply ingrained in the religion and culture of Jamaicans.
Due in great part to the global success of musicians like Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, and Bunny Wailer, reggae gained popularity on a global scale. Next up was dancehall, which started in the 1970s and rose to prominence in Jamaica in the 1980s. A deejay who raps or as Jamaicans say "toasts" over a taped beat track is crucial to dancehall music that is still enjoyed today.

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Jamaican Religion is mainly Christianity. Other religions consist of Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism, Islam, and Rastafarianism. These religions co-exist peacefully. 

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Jamaican Religion is mainly Christianity. Other religions consist of Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism, Islam, and Rastafarianism. These religions co-exist peacefully. 

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Fun Fact: Jamaica holds the Guinness Book of World Records for most churches per square mile. 

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Fun Fact: Jamaica holds the Guinness Book of World Records for most churches per square mile. 

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Religion regardless which specific ideology appears to play a big role in how Jamaican woman challenge their role in a positive manner as females with topics such as parenting and social issues. 

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Religion regardless which specific ideology appears to play a big role in how Jamaican woman challenge their role in a positive manner as females with topics such as parenting and social issues. 

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Dancehall music coincides with religion for the people of Jamaica. One cannot separate the two. Dancehall music provides a way to express and be a voice for the people of Jamaica in any occasion at any time.

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Dancehall music coincides with religion for the people of Jamaica. One cannot separate the two. Dancehall music provides a way to express and be a voice for the people of Jamaica in any occasion at any time.

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Dancehall Queen (feat. Chevelle Franklyn)

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Dancehall Queen (feat. Chevelle Franklyn)

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The common language among majority of the people of Jamaica is Jamaican Creole (Patois/Patwa) and English due to English and Spanish settlers.

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The common language among majority of the people of Jamaica is Jamaican Creole (Patois/Patwa) and English due to English and Spanish settlers.

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Some authors consider Patois language in Jamaica be difficult to decipher and not worthy to be documented in a written manner. In literature, people who speak English in Jamaica is considered a respected language and people who speak Patois/Creole is considered a disrespected language. Authors in Jamaica are trying to change this among the Jamaican community and education. 

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Some authors consider Patois language in Jamaica be difficult to decipher and not worthy to be documented in a written manner. In literature, people who speak English in Jamaica is considered a respected language and people who speak Patois/Creole is considered a disrespected language. Authors in Jamaica are trying to change this among the Jamaican community and education. 

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Adeniyi, O., Washington, L., Glenn, C. J., Franklin, S. G., Scott, A., Aung, M., Niranjan, S. J., & Jolly, P. E. (2021, February 8). The use of complementary and alternative medicine among hypertensive and type 2 diabetic patients in western Jamaica: A mixed methods study. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7870151/

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Andrews, M. M., Boyle, J. S., & Collins, J. W. (2020). Transcultural Concepts in Nursing Care (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health.

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Brown, R.A., Hain, D., Chiang-Hanisko, L. (2022). Culture and self-care: Practices in Jamaican adults with diabetes mellitus residing in south Florida. Nephrology Nursing Journal 49(4), 359-365. https://doi.org/10.37526/1526-744X.2022.49.4.359

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Brown, R., Bateman, C.J., Gossell-Williams, M. (2022). Influence of Jamaican culture and religious beliefs on adherence to pharmacotherapy for non-communicable diseases: A pharmacovigilance perspective. Frontiers in Pharmacology 13, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.858947

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Buisseret, D. J., Bryan P., (2024, July 9) Jamaica - Music, cuisine, religion.  Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Jamaica/Cultural-life

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Canta, A. J., Abu El Adas, S., Washington, K. N., & McAllister, T. (2023). Variability, accuracy, and cross-linguistic transfer in bilingual children speaking Jamaican Creole and English. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 37(4–6), 436–453. https://doi-org.ju.idm.oclc.org/10.1080/02699206.2022.2074311

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Cropper, J., (2020, May 28) 6 fascinating Jamaican customs and traditions. (2020, May 28). Rough Guides. https://www.roughguides.com/article/6-fascinating-jamaican-traditions-and-customs/

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Green, D. S., & Chuang, S. S. (2023). Impacts of Religion on Established Adult Women’s Lives and Development: Black Jamaican Women’s Perspectives. Journal of Adult Development, 30(1), 90–105. https://doi-org.ju.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s10804-022-09430-7

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Gordon, N. (2023). Woman’s Tongue: The Poetics, Politics, and Production of Feminist Rhetorical Practices in Reggae Music. Women & Language, 46(1), 85–115. https://doi-org.ju.idm.oclc.org/10.34036/WL.2023.004

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McAlister, E.A., (2024, May 24). Rastafari. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rastafari

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Mitchell, M.F. (1983). Popular medical concepts in Jamaica and their impact on drug use. The western journal of medicine, 139(6), 841-847.

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Mutabaruka, Schwager, S., & Zips, W. (2023). Mutabaruka: Perspectives from The Cutting Edge and Steppin Razor. Ian Randle Publisher.

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Phillips, R. (2022). Christianity versus Black Nationalism: Jamaica’s National Identity. International Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Society, 12(2), 223–235. https://doi-org.ju.idm.oclc.org/10.18848/2154-8633/CGP/v12i02/223-235

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Thomas, C. E., Chambers, T. P., Main, L. C., & Gastin, P. B. (2019, December 18). Factors influencing the early development of world-class Caribbean track and Field athletes: A qualitative investigation. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6873121/

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Velma Pollard. (2019). Language and Jamaican Literature. Altre Modernità, 22. https://doi-org.ju.idm.oclc.org/10.13130/2035-7680/12462

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Stroke is the first leading cause of death in Jamaica and Diabetes Mellitus is the second (Pan American Health Organization, 2024). For patients to realize the benefits of health education, there needs to be a hearty engagement between the nurse and patient. Changing cultural practices can be difficult and upsetting for some patients. Interventions to improve self-care, including diet, can lead to improvements in self-efficacy, if the patient if receptive to the information and understands it.

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Wendy Webster, Gabrielle Wilson, De'sia Demmings, Ronicer Contee, & Bel Fernandez

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Wendy Webster, Gabrielle Wilson, De'sia Demmings, Ronicer Contee, & Bel Fernandez

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The word Rastafarian derives from "Ras Tafari Makonnen" the former emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie. Ras means Duke and Tarafi Makonnen was his birth name. The rasta flag resembles the Ethiopian flag because of the big influence Ras Haile Selassie had on the Rastafarian religious and culture.