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The Tupi tribe were nomadic people and did not have a structured government. They had no social classes, no power structure, and no systems of taxes. Tribes members were united by common ancestors. There were no temples, monuments, or holy scrolls. The closest "leaders" the Tupi people had were religious leaders called Shamans. They could communicate with forest demons and ghosts by going into trances. They also had vast medical knowledge and were the village "doctors".

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The Tupi tribe of Brazil was the largest group of indigenous people with over 1 million members. The basic unit of members were extended family such as parents, married children, and their families. Each family shared one large thatched house, and it could fit up to 30 families in a tribe. The Tupi people had no social classes, power structure, or system of taxes. They were a very patriarchal tribe, with the men working as warriors, and the women carrying out domestic duties such as farming. The women however, were still very highly respected and had a great deal of socio-political power.  Their religions were poly-theistic and they worshiped through sacrifice. Another characteristic of the natives was cannibalism, they often ate their victims from other tribes. The Tupi people were also known to have their own language.

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When the Europeans first arrived, the Tupi people focused more on defending their homeland than fighting each other. After the year 1500 the Tupi population drastically declined due to the spread of disease from the Europeans. A vast majority of them were also taken back to Europe as slaves. The Portuguese tried to convert the Tupi people to Christianity and Catholicism, and tried to steer them away from cannibalism.  Many Portuguese settlers learned the Tupi language and brought it back to Europe.

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The Tupi people were a hunting-gathering farming society. They used slash-and-burn agriculture and depended on their crops. Their biggest crops were planted cassava, yams, maize, cotton, gourds, tobacco, pepper, beans, squash, pineapple, and sweet potato. Since it was hard to yield crops in the rain forest, the Tupi people depended on slash-and-burn agriculture. It consisted of the men hacking away at tree trunks and burning the base of the trees. They had no domesticated animals to help them out, so all of the work was done manually.

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The Portuguese tried to engage in trade with the Tupi people, rather than using large military campaigns to conquer them. They exploited many of the natural resources such as brazilwood, a tree that produces red dye. Sugar became the next most important crop to the Europeans. Even though enslaving Native Americans was made illegal by the Pope, the Tupi people were still enslaved and used to harvest the crops. There were not nearly enough of them to work, however, because so many died due to the new diseases brought by the Europeans.

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After the Portuguese arrived, they initially tried to engage in trade, but eventually overpowered the Tupi people and turned them into slaves. The Tupi became the lowest tier of the "social class" because they were now slaves. Since the Portuguese were led by monarch, Manuel l at this time, they converted Brazil to have a monarchical system. The Portuguese practiced Christianity and Catholicism, so they converted the Tupi people to follow these beliefs. Brazil eventually became Portugal's largest, richest, and most populous colonial possession, and was elevated to kingdom status.

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Indigenous tribes population before the Portuguese arrived

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Indigenous tribes population before the Portuguese arrived

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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Tupian". Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jul. 1998, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tupian. Accessed 5 October 2023.

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Zimmerman, Dr. Rachel. “An Introduction to Colonial Brazil (Article).” Khan Academy, Khan Academy, 24 May 2020, www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-americas/new-spain/colonial-brazil/a/an-introduction-to-colonial-brazil.

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Smallpox that was carried over from Portugal

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Smallpox that was carried over from Portugal

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ISAAA. “Sweet Leaves, Human Flesh.” Sweet Leaves, Human Flesh, 6 Jan. 2006, www.isaaa.org/kc/inforesources/publications/featurearticles/Sweet_Leaves,_Human_Flesh.htm#:~:text=The%20Tupi%2DGuarani%20were%20rootcrop,structure%2C%20or%20system%20of%20taxes.

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New York Times. “A Brief History of Brazil.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 1 Jan. 2006, archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/centralandsouthamerica/brazil/riodejaneiro/fdrs_feat_129_9.html?n=Top%252FFeatures%252FTravel%252FDestinations%252FCentral%2Band%2BSouth%2BAmerica%252FBrazil%252FRio%2Bde%2BJaneiro#:~:text=Brazil%20was%20officially%20%22discovered%22%20in,other%20Portuguese%20adventurers%20preceded%20him.