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Health to me means taking care of my physical, mental, emotional and spiritual self so that I can function better in my daily life and have a better environment.

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Having read competency standard 12.1, I learnt that it is important for me to be aware of my own cultural background and biases so that I can provide more respectful and quality healthcare to diverse ethnicities. This knowledge is useful to me because now I can be more confident providing care to different individuals knowing that there's a standard. Because I did not know about this before, I will now need to use this skill in my nursing practice by avoiding stereotyping, asking patients questions about cultural beliefs and practices, listening, and making my patients feel comfortable.

Murdoch University. (n.d.). Login.microsoftonline.com. Retrieved October 11, 2023, from https://moodleprod.murdoch.edu.au/pluginfile.php/3573073/mod_resource/content/1/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-ref

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The Impact Social Determinants can have on Migrant/Refugees in Australia  

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The Impact Social Determinants can have on Migrant/Refugees in Australia  

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Social determinants such as 'early childhood development', 'income and social protection', and working life conditions are among the determinants that have an impact on refugees/migrants in Australia.

1. Early childhood development
Due to poor living conditions and violence, children are forced to flee their country alone or accompanied by family or strangers and come to Australia for survival. This experience causes negative physical and psychological effects of trauma, education disruption, and issues with identity and belonging for children.

2. Income and social protection
When refugees arrive in Australia they have limited resources and are vulnerable due to having no income which puts them at risk of poverty. But in Australia, there are many social support programs that help alleviate poverty for refugees by providing food, clothes and living expenses.

3. Working life conditions
A safe and supportive working environment is positive for your health, whereas a bad working environment that involves discrimination, racism, and exploitation can have negative effects on your mental such as stress, anxiety, and depression. These are the things refugees experience in Australia because they are different and don't fit in as much which makes them more susceptible to getting picked on.

Refugee settlement challenges & impact on children. (n.d.). Www.roads-To-Refuge.com.au. https://www.roads-to-refuge.com.au/settlement/settlement-challenges.html#:~:text=IMPACT%20ON%20CHILDREN%20AND%20YOUNG%20PEOPLE&text=Sometimes%20children%20are%20forced%20to

Thousands of people seeking asylum living in poverty. (2022, October 17). Www.refugeecouncil.org.au. https://www.refugeecouncil.org.au/thousands-of-people-seeking-asylum-living-in-poverty/

‌Convery, S., & reporter, S. C. I. (2023, March 19). Half of migrant workers in Australia feel unsafe at work, survey finds. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/mar/20/half-of-migrant-workers-in-australia-feel-unsafe-at-work-survey-finds#:~:text=Half%20of%20all%20migrant%20workers

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Principal Health Issues that Refugees face: Afghanistan 

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Principal Health Issues that Refugees face: Afghanistan 

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Three common health concerns listed in the Australian Refugee Health Practice Guide that are likely to be present in people arriving from Afghanistan are mental health challenges, tuberculosis, and anaemia.

1. Mental health challenges
Refugees from Afghanistan may face problems with mental health because of trauma from violence, conflict, and forced displacement. Examples of health issues are PTSD, depression, anxiety, and other trauma-related issues. One treatment available to refugees from Afghanistan facing mental health challenges is counselling because it gives refugees a chance to speak about their trauma, to promote resilience and growth.

2. tuberculosis is a disease caused by germs that are spread from person to person through airborne transmission that affects all ages of people. Treatment an Afghanistan person can take in Australia to prevent further issues is antibacterial medicine which is taken for 6 to 12 months.

3. Anaemia is a common problem for Afghanistan refugees in Australia, it is when you don't produce enough red blood cells or haemoglobin. Treatment may vary depending on the stage of the health problem, stage 1 for example involves taking vitamin B12 supplements.

Tomasi, A.-M., Slewa-Younan, S., Narchal, R., & Rioseco, P. (2022). Understanding the mental health and help-seeking behaviours of refugees. Aifs.gov.au.

Member only area | APS. (n.d.). Psychology.org.au. Retrieved October 11, 2023, from https://psychology.org.au/getmedia/66518b6a-b200-4c73-98cc-d990109ebb0d/03-acp-vol-30-1-2019-puvimanasinghe-et-al.pdf

CDC. (2020, April 29). Fact Sheets | General | Tuberculosis: General Information | TB | CDC. Www.cdc.gov. https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/tb.htm#:~:text=Tuberculosis%20(TB)%20is%20a%20disease

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Health Direct. (2018, August 10). Anaemia. Healthdirect.gov.au; Healthdirect Australia. https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/anaemia

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Anon, (n.d.). Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds. [online] Available at: https://refugeehealthguide.org.au/.

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Sierra Leone is a country located in West Africa. Bordering Guinea to the north, and Liberia to the southeast. The country's diverse geography includes beautiful rainforests, savannas and mountains. The country's capital and largest city is Freetown, located on the western coast.

Sierra Leone. (2021). Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/sierra-leone

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Cassava leaf stew is the national dish of Sierra Leone and is considered a main dish for Sierra Leone. This dish can be a home meal or served for special occasions and is really beloved by Africans from different countries. It contains fish, meat, palm oil, cassava leaf and many more nutritious ingredients.

Cuisine, D. at I. (2023, August 26). Cassava leaf stew with rice from Sierra Leone. International Cuisine. https://www.internationalcuisine.com/cassava-leaf-stew/

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2014-2016 marked a global disease that started in Sierra Leone, which had a profound impact on public health. The disease spreaded throughout Africa, Europe, and the United States. But the largest impact was in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia the core of the outbreak.

CDC. (2019, March 8). 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html

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The language of Sierra Leone is a unique creole known as Krio and is the most widely spoken language across Sierra Leone besides Mende and Temme. it is a really easy language to learn because it's broken English and only has a few hard Krio words. The language of Sierra Leone originated during the 18th and 20th centuries, Its roots can be traced back to the settlement of freed African-American and Afro-Caribbean slaves in Sierra Leone.

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-languages-are-spoken-in-sierra-leone.html

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Music and Arts are a big part of Sierra Leone's culture. Dances are mostly ceremonial and incorporate symbolism to deliver a message. Musical instruments used include the kelei (slit-log drum), sangbei (single-skin drum) and a segbure (rattle). These instruments are played during the dances or by themselves during ceremonials.

Music & Arts | Sierra Leone’s Culture | Sierra Leone Tourism. (2021, September 4). Tourismsierraleone.com. https://tourismsierraleone.com/explore/music-arts/

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www.youtube.com. (n.d.). A Super Quick History of Sierra Leone. [online] Available at: https://youtu.be/VGx4dBvAInY?si=JVOW0lBn4uIRi0u3 [Accessed 11 Oct. 2023].

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