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When: 700-800 BCE

Who/What: Greek city-states divided geographically with a direct democracy run by the Assembly, where all male adults had a vote, and the Council of Five Hundred, composed of 500 randomly selected people serving one-year terms, who made up the agenda and was greatly influenced by Aristotle.

How: Although some thought this type of government was ruled by dangerous and unstable people, it encapsulated everyone and gave equal justice and liberty to all.

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When: 509-27 BCE

Who/What: The patricians, aristocrats, and plebeians, commoners, struggled for power in this "republic" democracy. Officials were elected but women, enslaves, and foreigners could not participate. Writings from Marcus Tullius Cicero influenced this government greatly.

How: The government had a 300-person Senate composed of mainly patricians at first and then plebeians got involved. Senate elected two consuls, the heads of state. The representative government is still used today but with more consideration to the welfare of the people.

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When: 900-1500 AD

Who/What: Loosely organized system in which lords divided their land among others. Those in higher social classes protected others in exchange for loyalty, military service, and crops. Lords' manors were the economic units and contained all land holdings in towns.

How: The head Lords served like a monarch and provided protection to lesser lords and Serfs, who were at the bottom of the chain. Serfs had harsh lives and were closely monitored by their lords and not allowed to leave the land. While this was a good system in thought, it was not carried out appropriately with everyone's best interest in mind.

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When: 300-800 AD

Who/What: The teachings of Roman Catholicism stemmed from stories in the Bible such as those of Jesus and Moses who served as models for society. Catholicism survived through many years of harsh persecution and the church eventually became the official church of the Roman Empire.

How: As more and more people converted to Catholicism, the church grew in power and eventually the pope and bishops worked with the monarch and lords to politically and religiously influence people. This system lasted a while but faded out as protestantism began to surge and a more structured system was needed.

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When: 1400 AD-Present

Who/What: As the power of lords began to weaken, that of monarchs began to rise because people wanted a central authority. Monarchs established stronger identities within nation governments and were strict on taxes. Shifted warfare from between nobles to between other nations.

How: Monarchs were strong individuals who led an entire nation under one rule and protected the people but this perspective was only national and not regional so it was not specific and did not provide appropriate representation for the groups of people in different areas.

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When: arose in the 1400 's AD

Who/What: Several legitimate monarchies fought over control of foreign lands.

How: These monarchies believed that they deserved the land due to religious beliefs or newly formed laws. European colonialization further developed modern government and also stated monopolies. Colonialism also brought about colonial trade which is the cause for merchantalism.

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When: arose in the 1700's AD

Who/What: Economic theory based around money being the main source of wealth to increase the power of a monarchy or nation.

How: Merchantalism helped industralize nations by developing mining of precious metals, , farming, and travel and trade across oceans. Although this greatly revolutionized economies, it also brought about a power struggle between not only nations but also individual merchants and created hostile relationships.

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When: 1300-1600 AD

Who/What: Specific figures attributed to success during this time include Niccolo Machiavelli, who outlined rulers powers, John Lock, known for natural rights of man, Thomas Hobbes, noted for his social contract, and Adam Smith and David Ricardo, critics of economies. Other key individuals include Volatire, Montesquieu, and Blackstone.

How: Individuals with new discoveries or advancements based on new ideas in modern government, societal standards, arts, sciences, economics, or other areas helped advance the standard of intellect and rights for citizens during that time and for future generations. These helped shape the American Constituation and Declaration of Independence and for the idea of popular soverignty amoung the people. This time did bring about some tension with individuals challenging others ideas but for the most part it was extremely beneficial.

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The United Kingdom and Spain both have very similar established governments in that they both have a constitutional monarchy with a hereditary monarch at the head of state. Their constitutions were created long ago and have become a tradition that helped establish their legitimacy at in the beginning stages of development. The United Kingdom was established in 1707 and Spain was established in 1469. The only substantial difference in their monarchs is that the Spanish monarchy states in its constitution that the monarchy has the right to call for a referendum at any time whereas in the UK that power is not i ntheir hands. Also, the UK's constitutions is not formally written down unlike Spain's.