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June 6, 1944

Invasion of the beaches at Normandy in northern France by troops from the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and other countries during World War 2.

Their were 4,414 Allied troops were killed, including 2,501 Americans.

https://www.history.com/articles/d-day

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September 1 , 1939

Germany invaded Poland to regain lost territory and ultimately rule their neighbor to the east.

Great Britain would respond with bombing raids over Germany three days later.

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/

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July 16th 1945

First atomic bomb

Seen 200 miles away when tested

Described as flash of fire, and black smoke.

https://www.afnwc.af.mil/About-Us/History/Trinity-Nuclear-Test/

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December 7, 1941

The Japanese surprise attacked the US naval base at Pearl Harbor

More then 2,400 Americans killed

https://www.history.com/articles/pearl-harbor

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Adolf Hilter was born April 20th 1889

Leader of Nazi party

Led the holocaust that killed over 10 million deaths

Caused ww2 hoping to reverse the terms of the Versailles Treaty

This war most likely wouldn't have happened if Hitler attended art school

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/how-did-adolf-hitler-happen

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Adolf Hitler (April 20, 1889 - April 30, 1945) was appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933 following a series of electoral victories by the Nazi Party. He ruled absolutely until his death by suicide in April 1945. Upon achieving power, Hitler smashed the nation's democratic institutions and transformed Germany into a war state intent on conquering Europe for the benefit of the so-called Aryan race. His invasion of Poland on September 1, 1939, triggered the European phase of World War II. During the course of the war, Nazi military forces rounded up and executed 11 million victims they deemed inferior or undesirable-"life unworthy of life"-among them Jews, Slavs, homosexuals, and Jehovah's Witnesses.

Hitler had supreme authority as führer (leader or guide), but could not have risen to power or committed such atrocities on his own. He had the active support of the powerful German officer class and of millions of everyday citizens who voted for the National Socialist German Workers' (Nazi) Party and hailed him as a national savior in gigantic stadium rallies.

How were Hitler and the Nazis possible? How did such odious characters take and hold power in a country that was a world pacesetter in literature, art, architecture, and science, a nation that had a democratic government and a free press in the 1920s?

Hitler rose to power through the Nazi Party, an organization he forged after returning as a wounded veteran from the annihilating trench warfare of World War I. He and other patriotic Germans were outraged and humiliated by the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which the Allies compelled the new German government, the Weimar Republic, to accept along with an obligation to pay $33 billion in war reparations. Germany also had to give up its prized overseas colonies and surrender valued parcels of home territory to France and Poland. The German army was radically downsized and the nation forbidden to have submarines or an air force. "We shall squeeze the German lemon until the pips squeak!" explained one British official.

Paying the crushing reparations destabilized the economy, producing ruinous, runaway inflation. By September 1923, four billion German marks had the equal value of one American dollar. Consumers needed a wheelbarrow to carry enough paper money to buy a loaf of bread.

Hitler, a mesmerizing public speaker, addressed political meetings in Munich calling for a new German order to replace what he saw as an incompetent and inefficient democratic regime. This New Order was distinguished by an authoritarian political system based on a leadership structure in which authority flowed downward from a supreme national leader.

In the new Germany, all citizens would unselfishly serve the state, or Volk; democracy would be abolished; and individual rights sacrificed for the good of the führer state. The ultimate aim of the Nazi Party was to seize power through Germany's parliamentary system, install Hitler as dictator, and create a community of racially pure Germans loyal to their führer, who would lead them in a campaign of racial cleansing and world conquest.

Hitler blamed the Weimar Republic's weakness on the influence of Germany's Jewish and communist minorities, who he claimed were trying to take over the country. "There are only two possibilities," he told a Munich audience in 1922. "Either victory of the Aryan, or annihilation of the Aryan and the victory of the Jew." The young Hitler saw history as a process of racial struggle, with the strongest race-the Aryan race-ultimately prevailing by force of arms. "Mankind has grown great in eternal war," Hitler wrote. "It would decay in eternal peace."

Jews represented everything the Nazis found repugnant: finance capitalism (controlled, the Nazis believed, by powerful Jewish financiers), international communism (Karl Marx was a German Jew, and the leadership of the German Communist Party was heavily Jewish), and modernist cultural movements like psychoanalysis and swing music.

Nazi Party foreign policy aimed to rid Europe of Jews and other "inferior" peoples, absorb pure-blooded Aryans into a greatly expanded Germany-a "Third Reich"-and wage unrelenting war on the Slavic "hordes" of Russia, considered by Hitler to be Untermenschen (subhuman).

Once conquered, the Soviet Union would be ruled by the German master race, which would exterminate or subdue millions of Slavs to create lebensraum (living space) for their own farms and communities. In a conquered and racially cleansed Russia, they would work on model farms and factories connected to the homeland by new highways, called autobahns.

Hitler was the ideologue as well as the chief organizer of the Nazi Party. By 1921, the party had a newspaper, an official flag, and a private army-the Sturmabteilung SA (storm troopers)-made up largely of unemployed and disenchanted WWI veterans. By 1923, the SA had grown to 15,000 men and had access to hidden stores of weapons. That year, Hitler and WWI hero General Erich Ludendorff attempted to overthrow the elected regional government of Bavaria in a coup known as the Beer Hall Putsch.

The regular army crushed the rebellion and Hitler spent a year in prison-in loose confinement. In Landsberg Prison, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of his political autobiography, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). The book brought together, in inflamed language, the racialist and expansionist ideas he had been propagating in his popular beer-hall harangues.

By 1932, the Nazis were the largest political party in the Reichstag. In January of the following year, with no other leader able to command sufficient support to govern, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of Germany. Shortly thereafter, a fire broke out in the Reichstag building in Berlin, and authorities arrested a young Dutch communist who confessed to starting it.

Hitler used this episode to convince President Hindenburg to declare an emergency decree suspending many civil liberties throughout Germany, including freedom of the press, freedom of expression, and the right to hold public assemblies. The police were authorized to detain citizens without cause, and the authority usually exercised by regional governments became subject to control by Hitler's national regime.

Almost immediately, Hitler began dismantling Germany's democratic institutions and imprisoning or murdering his chief opponents. When Hindenburg died the following year, Hitler took the titles of führer, chancellor, and commander in chief of the army. He expanded the army tremendously, reintroduced conscription, and began developing a new air force-all violations of the Treaty of Versailles.

Hitler's military spending and ambitious public-works programs, including building a German autobahn, helped restore prosperity. His regime also suppressed the Communist Party and purged his own paramilitary storm troopers, whose violent street demonstrations alienated the German middle class.

This bloodletting-called the "Night of the Long Knives"-was hugely popular and welcomed by the middle class as a blow struck for law and order. In fact, many Germans went along with the full range of Hitler's policies, convinced that they would ultimately be advantageous for the country.

In 1938, Hitler began his long-promised expansion of national boundaries to incorporate ethnic Germans. He colluded with Austrian Nazis to orchestrate the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria to Germany. And in Hitler's most brazenly aggressive act yet, Czechoslovakia was forced to surrender the Sudetenland, a mountainous border region populated predominantly by ethnic Germans.

The Czechs looked to Great Britain and France for help, but hoping to avoid war-they had been bled white in World War I-these nations chose a policy of appeasement. At a conclave held at Munich in September 1938, representatives of Great Britain and France compelled Czech leaders to cede the Sudetenland in return for Hitler's pledge not to seek additional territory. The following year, the German army swallowed up the remainder of Czechoslovakia.

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, one of the signers of the Munich pact, had taken Hitler at his word. Returning to Britain with this agreement in hand, he proudly announced that he had achieved "peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time."

A year later, German troops stormed into Poland.

Learn More

After being released from prison, Hitler vowed to work within the parliamentary system to avoid a repeat of the Beer Hall Putsch setback. In the 1920s, however, the Nazi Party was still a fringe group of ultraextremists with little political power. It received only 2.6 percent of the vote in the Reichstag elections of 1928.

But the worldwide economic depression and the rising power of labor unions and communists convinced increasing numbers of Germans to turn to the Nazi Party. The Nazis fed on bank failures and unemployment-proof, Hitler said, of the ineffectiveness of democratic government. Hitler pledged to restore prosperity, create civil order (by crushing industrial strikes and street demonstrations by communists and socialists), eliminate the influence of Jewish financiers, and make the fatherland once again a world power.

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How Did Adolf Hitler Happen? | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

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Adolf Hitler was appointed chancellor of Germany in 1933 following a series of electoral victories by the Nazi Party. He ruled absolutely until his death by suicide in April 1945.

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May 20 to June 1, 1941

Nazi paratroopers invade the Greek island of Crete, marking history's first mostly Air born attack.

https://www.history.com/

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December of 1937

The Japanese military invaded Nanjing.

The Institute has 102 testimonies from survivors of the Nanjing Massacre.

https://sfi.usc.edu/collections/nanjing-massacre

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Made to go against the bombings of German cities

The first successful launch of a v-2 rocket.

When actually used over 5,000 people were killed

Over 10000 prisoners were killed when in Labor making the v-2 rocket

https://www.britannica.com/technology/V-2-rocket

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German in full:

Vergeltungswaffen-2 ("Vengeance Weapon 2")

This article was most recently revised and updated by

V-2 rocket, German ballistic missile of World War II, the forerunner of modern space rockets and long-range missiles.

Developed in Germany from 1936 through the efforts of scientists led by Wernher von Braun, it was first successfully launched on October 3, 1942, and was fired against Paris on September 6, 1944. Two days later the first of more than 1,100 V-2s was fired against Great Britain (the last on March 27, 1945). Belgium was also heavily bombarded. About 5,000 people died in V-2 attacks, and it is estimated that at least 10,000 prisoners from the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp died when used as forced labour in building V-2s at the underground Mittelwerk factory. After the war, both the United States and the Soviet Union captured large numbers of V-2s and used them in research that led to the development of their missile and space exploration programs.

The V-2 was 14 metres (47 feet) long, weighed 12,700-13,200 kg (28,000-29,000 pounds) at launching, and developed about 60,000 pounds of thrust, burning alcohol and liquid oxygen. The payload was about 725 kg (1,600 pounds) of high explosive, horizontal range was about 320 km (200 miles), and the peak altitude usually reached was roughly 80 km (50 miles). However, on June 20, 1944, a V-2 reached an altitude of 175 km (109 miles), making it the first rocket to reach space. See also rockets and missile systems: The V-2. For contemporary accounts of V-2 bombings of London as recorded in the Britannica Book of the Year, see BTW: London Classics: London in World War II.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Erik Gregersen.

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V-2 rocket, German ballistic missile of World War II, the forerunner of modern space rockets and long-range missiles. After the war, both the United States and the Soviet Union captured large numbers of V-2s and used them in research that led to the development of their missile and space programs.

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Began July 7th 1937

Started because Japan invaded china in 1931 which was know as the

Japanese soldiers planted a bomb and when it went off and he blamed it on the chinese soldiers.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Mukden-Incident

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Mukden Incident, (September 18, 1931), also called Manchurian Incident, seizure of the Manchurian city of Mukden (now Shenyang, Liaoning province, China) by Japanese troops in 1931, which was followed by the Japanese invasion of all of Manchuria (now Northeast China) and the establishment of the Japanese-dominated state of Manchukuo (Manzhouguo) in the area. Most observers believe the incident was contrived by the Japanese army, without authorization of the Japanese government, to justify the Japanese invasion and occupation that followed. It contributed to the international isolation of Japan and is seen as a crucial event on the path to the outbreak of World War II.

Throughout the early 20th century the Japanese had maintained special rights in Manchuria, and they had felt that the neutrality of the area was necessary for the defense of their colony in Korea. They were thus alarmed when their position in Manchuria was threatened by the increasingly successful unification of China in the late 1920s by the Chinese nationalist leader Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi), at the same time that Soviet pressures on Manchuria increased from the north. Responding to this pressure, officers of the Japanese Kwantung (Guandong) Army, which was stationed in Manchuria, initiated an incident in Mukden without the approval of the civil government of Japan.

On the night of September 18, 1931, Japanese troops used the pretext of an explosion along the Japanese-controlled South Manchurian Railway to occupy Mukden; the explosives did little damage to their railway, and trains continued to use the route. Nevertheless, in retaliation for this "Chinese attack," the Japanese army began artillery attacks on a nearby Chinese garrison the next day. On September 21, Japanese reinforcements arrived from Korea, and the army began to expand throughout northern Manchuria. In Tokyo neither the high command of the Japanese army nor Prime Minister Wakatsuki Reijirō proved able to restrain the Kwangtung Army in the field, and within three months Japanese troops had spread throughout Manchuria. Wakatsuki's cabinet fell in December, and its successor reacted to a growing tide of public opinion by sanctioning the invasion.

The Kwantung Army met little resistance in its conquests because Chiang Kai-shek, who was intent on establishing his control over the rest of China, ordered the commander of the Chinese forces in Manchuria, Zhang Xueliang, to pursue a policy of nonresistance and withdrawal. The League of Nations, Chiang announced, would determine the outcome of the case. The Lytton Commission appointed by the League to investigate the situation labeled Japan as the aggressor, but Japan withdrew from the League and continued to occupy Manchuria until 1945. Few countries recognized the new puppet state of Manchukuo.

Losses: China, perhaps some 500; Japan, 2.

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A summary of the Mukden Incident on September 18, 1931.

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May 7 , 1945

German armed forces surrendered unconditionally in the west on May 7 and in the east on May 9, 1945. Victory in Europe Day (V-E Day)

15,000-30,000 deaths .

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/

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The First African American military aviators in the in the U.S Army Air Forces .

Tuskegee Airmen earned eight Purple Hearts, fourteen Bronze Stars, three Distinguished Unit Citations, and 96

Distinguished Flying Crosses.

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/

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Microwaves were first used in radar devices

1967, domestic microwaves were introduced

it was accidentally found out that this energy could cook food

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/inventions-of-ww-ii

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Anne Frank German-born Jewish girl who kept a diary documenting her life in hiding amid Nazi persecution during the German occupation of the Netherlands.

Two years later she was discovered. In 1945 she died in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

https://www.annefrank.org/

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The machine was built in 1943 by Dutch physician Willem Kolff

only one treatment turned out successful with the first making of machines

These days over 90 percent of dialysis patients receive treatment at dialysis centers

https://www.dpcedcenter.org/news-events/news/a-brief-history-of-dialysis/

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Dialysis Patient Citizens Education Center

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Visit the Dialysis Patient Citizens Education Center to access comprehensive resources and support for dialysis patients and caregivers.

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They had segregated schools for the children and removed mostly latino and mexican american childrens from schools.

In the beginning of ww2 the schools became segregated even though California was once apart of Mexico's land.

The schools the mexican children required to go to taught english to the children regardless of if the child already needed it or not.

https://www.nps.gov/articles/000/lesson-2-education-inequalities-in-california-schools-during-world-war-ii.htm

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Sylvia Mendez, eight years old, the daughter of plaintiffs Gonzalo Méndez and Felicitas Méndez. Their California case Mendez v. Westminster overturned racial segregation in education in California and set precedent for the eventual Brown v. Board of Education case.
Duke University, 1944.

Background Reading:
To learn more, visit Entangled Inequalities: Setting the Precedent: Mendez, et al v Westminster.
For the first sixty years of United States history, what is now the state of California was part of Mexico. Mexico ceded the land to the United States after the Mexican-American War in 1848 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Yet, there were thousands of Mexicans living in that territory. They suddenly became "Mexican American" but were still considered foreigners by many Anglo Americans. After the war, Mexicans continued to immigrate to the Southwest looking for jobs or a better life. The US government often encouraged this migration. There was a lot of discrimination in California and other parts of the US against Latino families.

One of the places where Mexican Americans faced discrimination was in schools. By the early 1900s, there were separate schools for children of Mexican descent. They particularly targeted students who didn't speak a lot of English or were thought to be "too brown." In the 1940s, 80% of students of Mexican heritage in California went to separate schools. These schools were run down, often using books or furniture that white schools had discarded. More stark was the difference in the curriculum. Instead of focusing on academic subjects, Mexican schools taught English--whether they needed it or not--and work skills.

The Mendezes were one of the families that faced this discrimination. Unable to buy land, it was typical for Mexican families to lease their land or work as tenant farmers. Gonzalo Mendez leased land from the Munemitsu family, who were forcibly detained in Japanese Incarceration camps in 1943. His sister, Soledad "Sally" Vidaurri, look both families' children to enroll in the same local school the Munemitsu children had attended. The school allowed Aunt Sally's children to enter because they were lighter skinned with a French last name. School officials sent Sylvia Mendez and her brothers to Hoover School for Mexican students.

When Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez went to appeal the decision, the school rejected their claim. With the help of LULAC (the League of United Latin American Citizens) and other Civil Rights organizations, the Mendez family brought a federal lawsuit against the school district, which was appealed all the way to the US Court of Appeals.

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Lesson 2: Education Inequalities in California Schools during World War II (U.S. National Park Service)

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To learn more, visit Entangled Inequalities: Setting the Precedent: Mendez, et al v Westminster. For the first sixty years of United States history, what is now the state of California was part of Mexico. Mexico ceded the land to the United States after the Mexican-American War in 1848 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

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Born April 29th 1901 and died January 7th 18

Was the longest emperor in Japan's history.

In 1929 he took a trip to Europe making him the first King to travel to a different Country.

He planned the of bombing of China and he allowed the surrendering of Japans soldiers.

https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ahf/profile/emperor-hirohito/#:~:text=Hirohito%20presided%20over%20the%20invasion,have%20portrayed%20Hirohito%20as%20powerless.

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Hirohito (1901-1989), known posthumously as Emperor Shōwa, was emperor of Japan during World War II and is Japan's longest-serving monarch in history.
BACKGROUND
Hirohito was born in Tokyo during the Meiji Period to the son of the reigning emperor. His father ascended the throne in 1912. In 1921, Hirohito visited Europe; a first for a crown prince of Japan. He was married in 1924 and became emperor in 1926 (after serving as regent for his father).

The emperor was regarded by many as a divine figure according to the traditions of Buddhist and Shinto sects in Japan. In this same tradition, the Japanese nation and race were divinely chosen and protected. The divinity of the emperor was a key component of the concept of the "imperial way," or kodo, an ideology comparable to manifest destiny in the United States. Kodo promoted subordination of individual citizens to the state and encouraged imperialist expansion. Hirohito's government advocated this philosophy throughout the period leading up to World War II and this ideology was pervasive throughout society including government and education.

Hirohito presided over the invasion of China, the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and eventually, the Japanese surrender to the Allies. Many historical sources have portrayed Hirohito as powerless. Often these sorces characterized the emperor as constrained by military advisers that were making all the decisions. Some sources have even portrayed him as pacifist. Hirohito was not tried for war crimes, as many members of the Japanese government were. Some leaders of the occupying Allied forces went to great lengths to corroborate his innocence because they believed that preserving the emperor's office would be useful for carrying out governmental change.
THE DEBATE OVER HIS ROLE
But a growing number of scholars, including Herbert P. Bix in his Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, have said that Hirohito wielded more power than he was given credit for by these types of sources. Scholars who back this alternative narrative attribute the public perception that he was powerless to a concerted effort in Japan to exonerate the emperor. This group of scholars believe that there was an advantage to portraying Hirohito as not responsible for the state's actions at the end of the war. There are clear historical instances, however, where Hirohito decisively exercised his power. In one instance, in 1936, he moved swiftly to put down a coup among Japanese military leaders. When Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe stepped down in 1941, Hirohito rejected Konoe's nomination for a replacement. This cleared the way for the elevation of the hawkish and dictatorial Hideki Tojo.

Bix and other authors fault Hirohito for some of the more egregious crimes committed by the Japanese military. The emperor's office signed off on uses of chemical weapons during the war in China. They posit that Hirohito also knew about the mistreatment of prisoners of war and about the murder of civilians in Nanking, but did not try to stop these war crimes or punish military leaders despite his ability to do so. These cases fit a larger pattern of blame being place upon Hirohito's inaction.

This inaction persisted even where action could have prevented war. The invasion of Manchuria started without orders from Tokyo, but Hirohito acquiesced after being assured that the military could succeed in expanding his empire. Before the war with the US, he underestimated American objections to his foreign policy of formally allying himself with Germany and Italy. He also indicated initial reluctance to go to war, but later confirmed the plan to attack Pearl Harbor despite the objections of some of his advisers. He increased his control over military affairs in the lead-up to Pearl Harbor and attended the Conference of Military Councillors (which was unusual). Additonally he asked for more details on the plans for attack. According to an aide, he showed visible joy at the news of the success of the surprise attacks.
THE SURRENDER DECISION
Hirohito first becomes relevant to the history of the Manhattan Project when he approved of the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7th, 1941. America's official declaration of war against the Axis accelerated the research effort towards creating an atomic weapon. Additionally, the attack on Pearl Harbor was later used as part of President Truman's rationale for using nuclear weapons against Japan. Some historians point to evidence that Emperor Hirohito had a chance to end the war earlier when it became clear that Japan could not win. Prince Fumimaro Konoe was the only senior statesman that implored Hirohito to start discussing terms of surrender when the emperor called a meeting of his advisors on February 14, 1945. However, Hirohito did not take Konoe's advice, maintaining hope through August that the Soviet Union could serve as an intermediary for a negotiated peace. Maintaining the emperor's office was also a key concern of many other Japanese officials, which caused them to reject demands for unconditional surrender, including the Potsdam Declaration.

Hirohito is generally considered to not have had a very "hands on" role in commanding Japan's military, despite his ability to order a surrender. This, along with the idea that the Japanese people would be too demoralized by the complete removal of their emperor, is why Hirohito was not tried for war crimes in the same manner as Prime Minister Hideki Tojo after surrender. Because of this, Hirohito's next significant connection to the history of the Manhattan Project came at the end of the war when surrender began to be discussed later on in 1945.

Hirohito learned of the nuclear attack on Hiroshima at 7:50 pm, local time, on August 6, 1945; approximately twelve hours after it had taken place. Two days later, the emperor admitted that the war could not continue. However, neither the emperor nor the Japanese Cabinet were willing to accept unconditional surrender at that time. On August 9th, the second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki and the Soviet Union began its invasion of Japanese occupied territory and the next day, the emperor's cabinet drafted an "Imperial Rescript ending the War." On August 12th, Hirohito declared his intention to accept the Potsdam Declaration to the imperial family.

However, this acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration was not yet officially recognized as the end of the war. Cabinet officials continued to debate conditions of surrender, including how best to preserve imperial power and status. Additionally, during this period after Hirohito's acceptance of the need to surrender but before its official declaration to the Allied forces, there was an unsuccessful attempted coup by a group who wanted to continue the war. Hirohito's decision was final, however, and his loss of faith in the war effort forced the hands of both politicians and military men who might have prolonged the fighting.

Hirohito announced his surrender to the Japanese people in an historic radio broadcast. This broadcast was the first time that a Japanese emperor had ever addressed the nation in such a manner. Delivered in formal and elaborate form of Japanese, the "Jewel Voice Broadcast" was notable both for what Hirohito did not say―he never used the word "surrender"―and for what he did say. Emperor Hirohito continued to justify Japan's aggression during the war, but also put forth a new national mission: "To strive for the common prosperity and happiness of all nations as well as the security and well-being of our subjects." This new mission was very different from the traditional imperial ideologies of Hakko Ichiu and Kodo, which the International Military Tribunal for the Far East in 1948 sites as, "a constitutional rallying-point, and an appeal to the patriotism of the Japanese people" to support imperialist and militarist policies.

The Jewel Voice Broadcast also addressed the existance of "a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to damage is indeed incalculable." However, historians continue to debate how much the bomb actually influenced Japan's decision to surrender. Herbert P. Bix, the author of the Pulitzer Prize winning book Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan , does not dispute the impact of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, but he emphasizes Japanese leaders' fears of a populist uprising. Others, including Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, have argued that the Soviet invasion was more influential in the decision to surrender than the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The Soviet invasion destroyed Hirohito's last hope of a negotiated peace, although, unbeknownst to him, the Soviets had been planning this invasion for months.
AFTER THE WAR AND LATER LIFE
In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hirohito renounced the divinity of the emperor and signed a new constitution drafted by the occupying US forces. This new constitution reduced the emperor's power to that of a figurehead. Hirohito visited Hiroshima in 1947 and continued to publicly mourn the deaths that took place during the atomic attacks throughout his life. He also expressed some contrition for his role in the war. In 1971, Emperor Hirohito expressed that there were parts of the war that he felt "personally sorry for."

After the war, Hirohito became more open than any emperor had been before. He regularly appeared in public and made details of his life publicly available. He visited the United States in 1975, meeting with President Ford and placing a wreath at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Hirohito pursued a life-long interest of his by conducting research in marine biology. The emperor died in 1989 at the Imperial Palace and was succeeded by his son Akihito. In Japan, the emperor takes the name of his era once he dies. The name for his era was chosen early on in his reign and now Hirohito is posthumously referred to as "Shōwa."

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Hirohito (1901-1989), known posthumously as Emperor Shōwa, was emperor of Japan during World War II and is Japan's longest-serving monarch in history. BACKGROUNDHirohito was born in Tokyo during the Meiji Period to the son of the reigning emperor. His father ascended the throne in 1912. In 1921, Hirohito visited Europe; a...

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On may 8th 1945 the war came to an end.

September 2, 1945 documents were signed aboard the USS Missouri

As the news of Germany’s surrender reached the rest of the world, crowds gathered to celebrate in the streets

https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/topics/end-world-war-ii-1945#:~:text=On%20May%208%2C%201945%2C%20World,in%20Europe%20(V%2DE%20Day).

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On May 8, 1945, World War II in Europe came to an end. As the news of Germany's surrender reached the rest of the world, joyous crowds gathered to celebrate in the streets, clutching newspapers that declared Victory in Europe (V-E Day). Later that year, US President Harry S. Truman announced Japan's surrender and the end of World War II. The news spread quickly and celebrations erupted across the United States. On September 2, 1945, formal surrender documents were signed aboard the USS Missouri, designating the day as the official Victory over Japan Day (V-J Day).

V-J Day was especially momentous-the gruesome and exhausting war was officially over-but the day was also bittersweet for the many Americans whose loved ones would not be returning home. "More than 400,000 Americans gave their lives to secure our nation's freedom, and in the midst of exultation, there was recognition that the true meaning of the day was best represented by those who were not present to celebrate," said Robert Citino, PhD, Executive Director of the Institute for the Study of War and Democracy at The National WWII Museum.

Seventy-six years later, The National WWII Museum will pay tribute to the historic anniversaries, as well as the myriad servicemembers and Home Front workers who helped preserve freedom and democracy.

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The End of World War II 1945 | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans

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On May 8, 1945, World War II in Europe came to an end. As the news of Germany's surrender reached the rest of the world, joyous crowds gathered to celebrate in the streets, clutching newspapers that declared Victory in Europe (V-E Day). Later that year, US President Harry S.

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July throughout October of 1940.

Battle of Britain was the first major military campaign fought by air forces without any allies.

The battle established the importance of air superiority in modern warfare

https://edencamp.co.uk/blog/the-10-most-influential-battles-of-world-war-ii/

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World War II, one of the most significant conflicts in human history, was marked by numerous battles that shaped the course of the war and the future of the world. This blog explores 10 major battles of WW2, detailing their impact, key events in WW2, and lasting legacies.

Overview: The Battle of Britain was the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces, taking place between July and October 1940. The German Luftwaffe sought to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a prelude to a potential invasion of Britain.

Significance: The successful defence by the RAF prevented a German invasion of Britain, which would have had catastrophic consequences for the Allied forces. It also provided a significant morale boost to both the British public and the Allied cause.

Legacy: The Battle of Britain established the importance of air superiority in modern warfare, demonstrating that control of the skies was crucial to military success. The battle also underscored the effectiveness of radar technology and the value of home-field advantage.

Overview: The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the deadliest events in WW2, fought between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from July 1942 to February 1943. It was marked by brutal urban warfare and significant casualties on both sides.

Significance: Stalingrad marked the turning point on the Eastern Front in favour of the Allies. The encirclement and eventual surrender of the German 6th Army dealt a severe blow to Hitler's plans for dominance in the East.

Legacy: The battle highlighted the resilience and determination of the Soviet military and exposed the strategic blunders of Hitler, who refused to allow his forces to retreat. Stalingrad became a symbol of Soviet endurance and strength.

Overview: The Battle of Midway, fought in June 1942, was a crucial naval battle between the United States and Japan in the Pacific Theatre. The U.S. Navy, using intelligence to anticipate Japanese movements, launched a successful counterattack.

Significance: The victory at Midway turned the tide of the war in the Pacific, crippling the Japanese Navy by sinking four aircraft carriers. This battle significantly weakened Japan's naval capabilities and shifted the balance of power.

Legacy: The Battle of Midway demonstrated the effectiveness of intelligence and the strategic importance of aircraft carriers in naval warfare. It underscored the shift from battleship dominance to carrier-based power projection.

Overview: On June 6, 1944, Allied forces launched Operation Overlord, the invasion of Nazi-occupied France, known as D-Day. This massive amphibious assault involved land, sea, and air operations to establish a foothold in Normandy.

Significance: D-Day established a Western Front against Germany, which was crucial for the eventual liberation of Western Europe. It marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany as Allied forces advanced towards Berlin.

Legacy: The operation exemplified international cooperation, involving troops from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and other Allied nations. D-Day remains a symbol of bravery, strategic planning, and the collaborative effort to defeat tyranny.

Overview: The Battle of El Alamein, fought in October-November 1942 in Egypt, saw the Allies, led by British General Bernard Montgomery, clash with Axis forces under General Erwin Rommel.

Significance: This decisive victory prevented Axis control of the Suez Canal and access to Middle Eastern oil fields, which were vital for maintaining the war effort.

Legacy: El Alamein marked the turning point in the North African campaign, leading to the eventual retreat of Axis forces from the region. It showcased the importance of logistics, intelligence, and morale in achieving victory.

Overview: The Battle of Kursk, fought in July and August 1943, was the largest tank battle in history, involving massive armoured engagements between German and Soviet forces.

Significance: The Soviet victory at Kursk cemented Soviet dominance on the Eastern Front, blunting Germany's last major offensive in the East and depleting its armoured forces.

Legacy: Kursk showed the diminishing offensive capabilities of the German military and highlighted the effectiveness of Soviet defence in depth and counteroffensive strategies.

Overview: The Battle of the Bulge, also referred to as the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive on the Western Front, launched in December 1944 in the Ardennes region. The surprise attack aimed to split Allied forces and capture the crucial port of Antwerp.

Significance: Although initially successful, the offensive was ultimately repelled by the Allies, depleting German resources and hastening the Allied advance into Germany.

Legacy: The battle demonstrated the resilience and tactical prowess of Allied forces under pressure. It also exposed the strategic overreach of Hitler's command, as the failed offensive exhausted German reserves, forcing them to retreat for the remainder of the war.

Overview: The Battle of Guadalcanal, fought from August 1942 to February 1943, was a significant campaign in the Pacific Theatre, marked by intense jungle warfare and naval battles.

Significance: It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against Japan, leading to strategic dominance in the Pacific and paving the way for further Allied advances.

Legacy: Guadalcanal highlighted the importance of naval and air support in island-hopping strategies, underscoring the need for coordination between different branches of the military.

Overview: The Battle of Berlin, fought in April-May 1945, was the final major offensive of the European Theatre. Soviet forces encircled and assaulted the German capital, leading to the fall of Berlin.

Significance: The battle led to the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8, 1945, effectively ending World War II in Europe.

Legacy: The fall of Berlin marked the division of Germany and set the stage for the Cold War. It also underscored the devastation wrought by the war and the importance of rebuilding and reconciliation.

Overview: The Battle of Okinawa, fought from April to June 1945, was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theatre. Allied forces sought to capture the island as a base for the planned invasion of Japan.

Significance: The fierce resistance of Japanese forces and high casualties on both sides influenced the decision to use atomic bombs to end the war.

Legacy: Okinawa highlighted the brutality of the Pacific War and the determination of Japanese defenders. It also demonstrated the challenges of amphibious assaults and foreshadowed the potential cost of a mainland invasion of Japan.
Explore the History of WWII at Eden Camp
The battles of World War II were pivotal in shaping the course of the conflict and the post-war world. At Eden Camp, we strive to preserve and present this history in an engaging and educational way. Set in the original huts of a WWII prisoner of war camp, our museum offers an immersive experience of wartime Britain through realistic displays and authentic sounds. Explore World War II's most important battles in a location full of history. With newly refurbished exhibits like the Blitz Experience and Heritage Exhibition Hall, visitors can explore the vast array of social and military history. Join us at Eden Camp to honour the legacy of those who lived through this tumultuous time and discover why our museum is more than just a place-it's a journey back in time. Plan your visit today and be part of keeping history alive.

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The 10 Most Influential Battles of World War II - Eden Camp Modern History Museum

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Read this blog that explores 10 major battles of WW2, detailing their impact, key events in WW2, and lasting legacies.

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El-Alamein, Al Alameen City, El Alamein, Egypt

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El-Alamein, Al Alameen City, El Alamein, Egypt

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El-Alamein, Al Alameen City, El Alamein, Egypt

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The Battle of El Alamein was fought throughout October till November 1942 and the war took place in egypt.

The war was led by British General Bernard Montgomery.

This war was marked the turning point in the North African campaign

They fought over the Britans fear of losing access to oil in the Middle East.

https://edencamp.co.uk/blog/the-10-most-influential-battles-of-world-war-ii/

https://www.britannica.com/event/North-Africa-campaigns

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World War II, one of the most significant conflicts in human history, was marked by numerous battles that shaped the course of the war and the future of the world. This blog explores 10 major battles of WW2, detailing their impact, key events in WW2, and lasting legacies.

Overview: The Battle of Britain was the first major military campaign fought entirely by air forces, taking place between July and October 1940. The German Luftwaffe sought to gain air superiority over the Royal Air Force (RAF) as a prelude to a potential invasion of Britain.

Significance: The successful defence by the RAF prevented a German invasion of Britain, which would have had catastrophic consequences for the Allied forces. It also provided a significant morale boost to both the British public and the Allied cause.

Legacy: The Battle of Britain established the importance of air superiority in modern warfare, demonstrating that control of the skies was crucial to military success. The battle also underscored the effectiveness of radar technology and the value of home-field advantage.

Overview: The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the deadliest events in WW2, fought between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from July 1942 to February 1943. It was marked by brutal urban warfare and significant casualties on both sides.

Significance: Stalingrad marked the turning point on the Eastern Front in favour of the Allies. The encirclement and eventual surrender of the German 6th Army dealt a severe blow to Hitler's plans for dominance in the East.

Legacy: The battle highlighted the resilience and determination of the Soviet military and exposed the strategic blunders of Hitler, who refused to allow his forces to retreat. Stalingrad became a symbol of Soviet endurance and strength.

Overview: The Battle of Midway, fought in June 1942, was a crucial naval battle between the United States and Japan in the Pacific Theatre. The U.S. Navy, using intelligence to anticipate Japanese movements, launched a successful counterattack.

Significance: The victory at Midway turned the tide of the war in the Pacific, crippling the Japanese Navy by sinking four aircraft carriers. This battle significantly weakened Japan's naval capabilities and shifted the balance of power.

Legacy: The Battle of Midway demonstrated the effectiveness of intelligence and the strategic importance of aircraft carriers in naval warfare. It underscored the shift from battleship dominance to carrier-based power projection.

Overview: On June 6, 1944, Allied forces launched Operation Overlord, the invasion of Nazi-occupied France, known as D-Day. This massive amphibious assault involved land, sea, and air operations to establish a foothold in Normandy.

Significance: D-Day established a Western Front against Germany, which was crucial for the eventual liberation of Western Europe. It marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany as Allied forces advanced towards Berlin.

Legacy: The operation exemplified international cooperation, involving troops from the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and other Allied nations. D-Day remains a symbol of bravery, strategic planning, and the collaborative effort to defeat tyranny.

Overview: The Battle of El Alamein, fought in October-November 1942 in Egypt, saw the Allies, led by British General Bernard Montgomery, clash with Axis forces under General Erwin Rommel.

Significance: This decisive victory prevented Axis control of the Suez Canal and access to Middle Eastern oil fields, which were vital for maintaining the war effort.

Legacy: El Alamein marked the turning point in the North African campaign, leading to the eventual retreat of Axis forces from the region. It showcased the importance of logistics, intelligence, and morale in achieving victory.

Overview: The Battle of Kursk, fought in July and August 1943, was the largest tank battle in history, involving massive armoured engagements between German and Soviet forces.

Significance: The Soviet victory at Kursk cemented Soviet dominance on the Eastern Front, blunting Germany's last major offensive in the East and depleting its armoured forces.

Legacy: Kursk showed the diminishing offensive capabilities of the German military and highlighted the effectiveness of Soviet defence in depth and counteroffensive strategies.

Overview: The Battle of the Bulge, also referred to as the Ardennes Offensive, was the last major German offensive on the Western Front, launched in December 1944 in the Ardennes region. The surprise attack aimed to split Allied forces and capture the crucial port of Antwerp.

Significance: Although initially successful, the offensive was ultimately repelled by the Allies, depleting German resources and hastening the Allied advance into Germany.

Legacy: The battle demonstrated the resilience and tactical prowess of Allied forces under pressure. It also exposed the strategic overreach of Hitler's command, as the failed offensive exhausted German reserves, forcing them to retreat for the remainder of the war.

Overview: The Battle of Guadalcanal, fought from August 1942 to February 1943, was a significant campaign in the Pacific Theatre, marked by intense jungle warfare and naval battles.

Significance: It was the first major offensive by Allied forces against Japan, leading to strategic dominance in the Pacific and paving the way for further Allied advances.

Legacy: Guadalcanal highlighted the importance of naval and air support in island-hopping strategies, underscoring the need for coordination between different branches of the military.

Overview: The Battle of Berlin, fought in April-May 1945, was the final major offensive of the European Theatre. Soviet forces encircled and assaulted the German capital, leading to the fall of Berlin.

Significance: The battle led to the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany on May 8, 1945, effectively ending World War II in Europe.

Legacy: The fall of Berlin marked the division of Germany and set the stage for the Cold War. It also underscored the devastation wrought by the war and the importance of rebuilding and reconciliation.

Overview: The Battle of Okinawa, fought from April to June 1945, was the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific Theatre. Allied forces sought to capture the island as a base for the planned invasion of Japan.

Significance: The fierce resistance of Japanese forces and high casualties on both sides influenced the decision to use atomic bombs to end the war.

Legacy: Okinawa highlighted the brutality of the Pacific War and the determination of Japanese defenders. It also demonstrated the challenges of amphibious assaults and foreshadowed the potential cost of a mainland invasion of Japan.
Explore the History of WWII at Eden Camp
The battles of World War II were pivotal in shaping the course of the conflict and the post-war world. At Eden Camp, we strive to preserve and present this history in an engaging and educational way. Set in the original huts of a WWII prisoner of war camp, our museum offers an immersive experience of wartime Britain through realistic displays and authentic sounds. Explore World War II's most important battles in a location full of history. With newly refurbished exhibits like the Blitz Experience and Heritage Exhibition Hall, visitors can explore the vast array of social and military history. Join us at Eden Camp to honour the legacy of those who lived through this tumultuous time and discover why our museum is more than just a place-it's a journey back in time. Plan your visit today and be part of keeping history alive.

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The 10 Most Influential Battles of World War II - Eden Camp Modern History Museum

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Read this blog that explores 10 major battles of WW2, detailing their impact, key events in WW2, and lasting legacies.

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Born in Hyde Park, New York in 1882 on January 30th

Franklin Roosevelt attended a prestigious preparatory school in Massachusetts.

As the United States president, himself and his allies decided to invade North Africa in November 1942 and Sicily and Italy in 1943.

The D-Day landings on the Normandy beaches in France, in June 6, 1944,

Were followed by the allied invasion of Germany

https://www.nps.gov/people/franklin-d-roosevelt.htm

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Franklin D. Roosevelt (U.S. National Park Service)

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The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK

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The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK

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The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK

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74 years ago on June 21st, 1948 a computer named "The baby" started running its first program.

The Baby became the first computer in the world to run a program electronically stored in its memory.

Dr James sumner lectured that, The Manchester Baby was very limited in what it could do, but it was the first ever real demonstration of electronic stored programmed computer

https://www.manchester.ac.uk/about/news/how-a-70-year-old-baby-changed-the-face-of-modern-computing/

https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/persons/james.sumner

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How a 70-year-old ‘Baby’ changed the face of modern computing

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Seventy years ago today (Thursday 21st, June) a landmark development in the history of computing took place at The University of Manchester. At 11am on 21 June, 1948 the Small Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), nicked named ‘The Baby’, started running its first program. It took 52 minutes, running through 3.5 million calculations before it go…

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He was born November 30th, 1874

Winston died Janurary 24th, 1964

Winston Churchill was a British politician

Churchill kept resistance to Nazi gaining to much power alive and created the foundation for an alliance

Winston shaped Allied strategy in the war

https://www.britannica.com/question/What-did-Winston-Churchill-do-during-World-War-II#:~:text=As%20prime%20minister%20(1940%E2%80%9345,threat%20of%20the%20Soviet%20Union.

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What did Winston Churchill do during World War II? | Britannica

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What did Winston Churchill do during World War II? As prime minister (1940–45) during most of World War II, Winston Churchill rallied the British peo

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The first jeeps were made in Toledo Ohio, In 1949

The jeeps were used because they were able to hold at least 3 soldiers at once and capable of traversing thick mud and steep land.

The jeep was light enough for soldiers to lift free from mud if the truck got stuck.

https://www.historyhit.com/inventions-and-innovations-of-world-war-two/

https://www.autoweek.com/car-life/a1849926/how-has-jeep-gotten-here-check-out-their-miraculous-75-year-story/

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10 Critical Inventions and Innovations of World War Two

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As theatres of conflict erupted across the globe during World War Two, nations raced to devise superior vehicles, weapons, materials and…

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Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming

Was used to fight bacterial infections that the

They mass produced it because it was a wide spread of the bacterial infection.

https://www.ibms.org/resources/news/penicillin-the-war-time-miracle-drug-that-saved-millions/

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Penicillin: The War-Time Miracle Drug That Saved Millions

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Fought in the Ardennes region of Belgium

Fought from December 1944 to January 1945

The Allies won the Battle of the Bulge

German forces lost over 100,000 soldiers

https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-the-Bulge

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Battle of the Bulge, also called Battle of the Ardennes, (December 16, 1944-January 16, 1945), the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II-an unsuccessful attempt to push the Allies back from German home territory. The name Battle of the Bulge was appropriated from Winston Churchill 's optimistic description in May 1940 of the resistance that he mistakenly supposed was being offered to the Germans' breakthrough in that area just before the Anglo-French collapse; the Germans were in fact overwhelmingly successful. The "bulge" refers to the wedge that the Germans drove into the Allied lines.

After their invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the Allies moved across northern France into Belgium during the summer but lost momentum in the autumn. Apart from an abortive thrust to Arnhem, Netherlands, the efforts of the Allied armies in western Europe during September and October 1944 amounted to little more than a process of nibbling. Meanwhile, the German defense was being continuously strengthened with such reserves as could be relocated from elsewhere and with the freshly raised forces of the Volkssturm ("home guard"). German numbers were also bolstered by those troops who had managed to withdraw from France. A general offensive launched in mid-November by all six Allied armies on the Western Front brought disappointingly small results at heavy cost; continued efforts merely exhausted the attacking troops.

In mid-December Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, the supreme commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force, had at his disposal 48 divisions distributed along a 600-mile (nearly 1,000-km) front between the North Sea and Switzerland. For the site of their counteroffensive, the Germans chose the hilly and wooded country of the Ardennes. Because it was generally regarded as difficult country, a large-scale offensive there was likely to be unexpected. At the same time, the thick woods provided concealment for the massing of forces, whereas the high ground offered a drier surface for the maneuvers of tanks. An awkward feature from an offensive point of view, however, was the fact that the high ground was intersected with deep valleys where the through roads became bottlenecks where a tank advance was liable to be blocked. The aims of the German counteroffensive were far-reaching: to break through to Antwerp, Belgium, by an indirect move, to cut off the British army group from American forces as well as from its supplies, and then to crush the isolated British. Overall command of the offensive was given to Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt.

The Fifth Panzer Army, led by Hasso, Freiherr (baron) von Manteuffel, was to break through the U.S. front in the Ardennes, swerve westward, and then wheel northward across the Meuse, past Namur to Antwerp. As it advanced, it was to build up a defensive flank barricade to shut off interference from the U.S. armies farther south. The Sixth Panzer Army, under SS commander Sepp Dietrich, was to thrust northwestward on an oblique line past Liège to Antwerp, creating a strategic barrier astride the rear of the British and of the more northerly American armies. To those two panzer armies the Germans gave the bulk of the tanks that they could scrape together. To minimize the danger from a speedy intervention of Anglo-American air power, which was vastly greater than their own, the Germans launched their stroke when the meteorological forecast promised them a natural cloak; indeed, for the first three days, mist and rain kept the Allied air forces on the ground.

Aided by its surprise, the German counteroffensive, which started before dawn on December 16, 1944, made menacing progress in the opening days, creating alarm and confusion on the Allied side. The Fifth Panzer Army bypassed Bastogne (which was held throughout the offensive by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division under the tenacious leadership of Gen. Anthony McAuliffe) and by December 24 had advanced to within 4 miles (6 km) of the Meuse River. Time and opportunities were lost, however, through gasoline shortages resulting from wintry weather and from growing Allied air attacks, and the German drive faltered. This frustration of the German advance was largely due to the way in which outflanked U.S. detachments held Bastogne and several other important bottlenecks in the Ardennes as well as to the speed with which British Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery, who had taken charge of the situation on the northern flank, swung his reserves southward to forestall the Germans at the crossings of the Meuse.

Gen. George S. Patton's Third Army relieved Bastogne on the 26th, and on January 3, 1945, the U.S. First Army began a counteroffensive. Between January 8 and January 16 the Allied armies concentrated their strength and were attempting to pinch off the great German wedge driven into their front, but the Germans carried out a skillful withdrawal that took them out of the potential trap. Judged on its own account, the Battle of the Bulge had been a profitable operation for Germany, for, even though it fell short of its objectives, it upset the Allies' preparations and inflicted much damage at a cost that was not excessive for the effect. Viewed in relation to the whole situation, however, the counteroffensive had been a fatal operation. While the Allies suffered some 75,000 casualties, Germany lost 120,000 men and stores of matériel that it could ill afford to replace. Germany had thus forfeited the chance of maintaining any prolonged resistance to a resumed Allied offensive. It brought home to the German troops their incapacity to turn the scales and thereby undermined such hopes as they had retained.

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Battle of the Bulge | Summary, Commanders, & Significance

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Battle of the Bulge (December 16, 1944-January 16, 1945), the last major German offensive on the Western Front during World War II. The 'bulge' refers to the wedge that the Germans drove into the Allied lines during their ultimately unsuccessful attempt to push the Allies back from German home territory.

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President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066

This was supposed to stop spies on the West Coast of the US

Canada soon did something similarly, and removed 21,000 of its residents of Japanese descent from its west coast

https://www.history.com/articles

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March 1933 That was when the first Nazi Camp was created

They soon then created more than 44,000 incarceration sites during the time of the Third Reich.

They did it for a range of purpose and inducing forced labor , and also detention of people thought to be enemies of the state.

https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/

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July 17, 1942–February 2, 1943

Hitler launched a major offensive into southern Russia, seeking to destroy what was left of the Soviet Army and ultimately capture the Caucasus oilfields.

Then , Stalingrad was heavily bombed by the Luftwaffe, and the ruins became the scene for months of bitter street fighting.

https://www.iwm.org.uk/