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The bubonic plague devastated Europe, killing approximately one-third of the population. This pandemic led to significant social, economic, and religious changes, including labor shortages that improved peasant conditions and challenged the feudal system.

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A major crisis in the Catholic Church where multiple popes claimed authority simultaneously. This split severely damaged the Church's reputation and authority, contributing to calls for reform.

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Cosimo de' Medici establishes the Medici family as the de facto rulers of Florence. Under their patronage, Florence becomes the cradle of the Renaissance, supporting artists like Botticelli and Michelangelo.

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The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople, ending the Byzantine Empire and marking a significant shift in European-Middle Eastern relations. This event also spurred the migration of Greek scholars to Italy, contributing to the Renaissance.

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Johannes Gutenberg's movable-type printing press produces the first printed Bible, revolutionizing communication and knowledge distribution in Europe. This innovation played a crucial role in the spread of Renaissance ideas and later the Protestant Reformation.

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Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to the Wittenberg Castle Church door, challenging Catholic Church practices and launching the Protestant Reformation. This event fundamentally changed Western Christianity and European society.

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A devastating series of religious and political conflicts involving most of Europe. The Peace of Westphalia that ended the war established the principle of state sovereignty and reshaped the European political landscape.

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Following the Glorious Revolution, this document established constitutional monarchy in England, limiting royal power and strengthening Parliament's authority. It became a model for future democratic governments.

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The reign of Louis XV saw France's decline as a European power, financial difficulties, and growing social tensions that would later contribute to the French Revolution.

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The storming of the Bastille marks the start of the French Revolution, leading to the end of absolute monarchy in France and spreading revolutionary ideas across Europe.

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Following Napoleon's defeat, European powers meet to restore balance and establish a new political order. The resulting conservative settlement shaped European politics for decades.

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A series of republican revolts across Europe challenged monarchical power and promoted nationalist and liberal ideals, though most were ultimately suppressed.

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Otto von Bismarck completes the unification of Germany following victory in the Franco-Prussian War, creating a powerful new nation-state in central Europe.

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The 'Great War' transforms Europe, destroying four empires and killing millions. New military technologies and total war tactics create unprecedented devastation.

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The most destructive conflict in human history, featuring the Holocaust, massive civilian casualties, and ending with the dawn of the atomic age.

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Symbolizing the end of the Cold War and communist control in Eastern Europe, the fall of the Berlin Wall leads to German reunification and a new era in European history.