# data[].attributes.body
Allies meet to draft Post-War plan, seeing that the War in Europe will come to an end and yet remaining concerned about the Pacific Front - Particularly interested in getting the USSR under Stalin to sign on for help in defeating the Japanese.

Stalin agreed, under the terms of his assistance with Japan for a sphere of influence in Manchuria, and a portion of Germany to occupy after the war. The major accomplishments of this meeting set the grounds for Post-WWII boundaries, including the beginnings of the divide between Western Free Europe and Communist Eastern Europe/Asia.

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August 1945 - USA Bomb Drop on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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August 1945 - USA Bomb Drop on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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Atomic Bomb Drop causes Japan to surrender shortly afterwards, ending the war in the Pacific. Sets a precedent for what atomic weaponry can do in terms of warfare and damage--this kicks off the global tension between superpowers and a shift of attention on Nuclear Arms Race as the US demonstrated their then-exclusive power.

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August 1945 - USA Bomb Drop on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

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Westminster College, Westminster Avenue, Fulton, MO

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March 5, 1946 - Winston Chruchill's Iron Curtain Speech

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March 5, 1946 - Winston Chruchill's Iron Curtain Speech

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Beginning of Cold War. Asked to come to America and speak by President Truman, coining the phrase 'Iron Curtain'. Trying to keep America from returning to isolationism, for fear of a lack of involvement spurring the USSR further into occupying more land. Highlighting USSR intrusions and end of alliance. Successfully keeps America engaged in Europe.

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March 12, 1947 - Truman Doctrine First Applied in the Greek Civil War

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March 12, 1947 - Truman Doctrine First Applied in the Greek Civil War

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Democracy vs. Communism - The Truman Doctrine was intended to stop communism from spreading as a containment policy, by allowing the US to give financial aid and employ other operations to halt any communist advances in foreign lands. Marks the first time the US had financial investments in the Old World, and set up a foundation to later establish the Marshall Plan.

The Turkish and Grecian Civil War was the first opportunity to use the Truman Doctrine, sending $40 million to the non-communist countries in need.

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June 1947 - Marshall Plan is Announced to Rebuild Europe

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June 1947 - Marshall Plan is Announced to Rebuild Europe

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$13 Billion in foreign aid spent to help get Western Countries back up and running, in food, fuel, machinery and loans. Political strategy was to isolate the USSR and encourage democracy by flooding war-torn countries with goods. In response, the USSR banned the Marshall Plan aid in Czechoslovakia and Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and East Germany.

Successful, keeps countries out of poverty and kick-starting economies, and generally acting as a PR boost for the US and Democratic Capitalist systems.

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Berlin Airlift Memorial, Am Luftbrückendenkmal, Frankfurt-Süd, Germany

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June 1948 - Berlin Blockade and Airlift Begins

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June 1948 - Berlin Blockade and Airlift Begins

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Informal boundaries set post-war hardened as tensions rose between the USSR and the US, splitting Germany in half, and subsequently divided Berlin. Under the communist regime, the Eastern Half of Berlin started losing people as they begin trying to escape west to better lives--prompting Stalin to blockade the Eastern half of the City.

In response, the US uses 'Soft-Power' strategies to airdrop supplies to starving citizens across the border for a solid year until the Soviets give up on the blockade, even dropping chocolate bars.

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NATO Headquarters, Avenue Leopold III, Brussels, Belgium

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Originally Consisting of France, Belgium, Italy, the UK, Portugal, Denmark, Norway, Iceland and Greenland, and the US, this is the defensive military alliance under contract to defend any member country that is attacked.

"Not" created specifically to guard against the spread of Communist influence and/or the USSR, but...it kinda is, in effect. Prime example of the US containment policy, polarizing Europe into two main groups with the formation of the Warsaw Pact.

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Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, Kazakhstan

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August 20, 1949 - Russia Tests its First Atomic Bomb

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August 20, 1949 - Russia Tests its First Atomic Bomb

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Code-named "First Lightning", the first Soviet A-Bomb was tested at the Semipalatinsk site in Kazakhstan, where mock homes and animals were left to measure the damage the weapon would cause--20 kilotons. The area was leveled and the animals were incinerated.

Marked the first real competitor to the US in the Nuclear Warfare field, increasing tensions and starting the Arms Race.

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Oct. 1, 1949 - Mao Zedong Wins Chinese Civil War and Creates the People's Republic of China

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Oct. 1, 1949 - Mao Zedong Wins Chinese Civil War and Creates the People's Republic of China

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Communist Mao Zedong vs. Nationalist Chiang Kai Shek

After the Fall of Qing-ruled Imperial China in 1912, two factions formed in the country--The Kuomintang (KMT) and The Chinese Communist Party. Initially working together to unify China, the two factions split after the KMT violently purged all communists from the east, ending the alliance with the CCP. When Japan invaded Manchuria, the KMT lost focus on the internal conflict of the CCP--essentially uniting against Japan and instituting a ceasefire while outside threats were dealt with.

When WWII ended, both factions continued to clash, but the Chinese Communist Party now had support from the Soviet Union. Eventually pushing the KMT out of the mainland and into present-day Taiwan, the People's Republic of China was established, even while the forces in Taiwan continue to claim that they are the one true China.

The alliance of China and the Soviet Union sends the US into a panic as they fear losing Asia to communist control--and to keep tensions down, the US doesn't officially recognize Taiwan as the true China to this day.

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February, 1950 - McCarthyism and the Red Scare takes hold in the US

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February, 1950 - McCarthyism and the Red Scare takes hold in the US

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McCarthyism - American Political leaders tried to stamp out any Communist Party supporters by spurring the Red Scare. Led by Joseph McCarthy, a Republican Senator from Wisconsin.

In reality, this led to the strategic witch hunting of different groups or individuals that opposed McCarthy or were convenient scapegoats for those on the chopping block. The accused were often innocent, and even so ended up blacklisted and out of luck in life.

Contributed to Anti-Communist sentiment in the US and overall underlying fear/paranoia during the Cold War.

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Peace Gondola Northern Station, Jeoksipja-ro, Gunnae-myeon, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea

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One of the several foreign Proxy Wars that occurred during the overarching Cold War. Beginning in 1950 when Soviet-backed North Korea invaded South Korea, which was supported by the UN and US, after being divided post-WWII at the 38th Parallel. The US became involved when President Truman sent troops to prevent the spread of communism. After 3 years of open conflict and general burnout on both sides of the parallel, as well as stagnation in the front, negotiations were made and in 1953, an armistice was signed between the two sides--but no official peace treaty has been signed to this day, meaning that the Korean War has never really ended.

This conflict marked the first direct conflict of the Cold War between Soviet and US-backed forces. It also resulted in the establishment of China as a communist state by demonstrating aid to other sympathetic countries outside of its own borders. This conflict would later be used as a blueprint for the later Proxy Wars in Vietnam and Afghanistan.

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March 1, 1954 - H-Bomb Tested by USA on Bikini Atoll (Nuke Map)

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March 1, 1954 - H-Bomb Tested by USA on Bikini Atoll (Nuke Map)

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The US's advancement in the Arms Race against the Soviet Union-- The Hydrogen bomb. Resulting explosion is a thousand times bigger than the atomic bombs preceding. These bombs work by fusing atoms together to create a greater amount of energy, where A-bombs work by splitting atoms.

This test brought a change in the Cold War's strategies. Due to the new, more destructive nature of this technology, it caused the beginnings of the very real possibility of a 'futile war'--in which no winner would exist, as the world blew itself beyond repair. Suddenly, the strategy shifted from 'our guns are bigger than yours' to 'same gun? Who can hit the heart first?'

Regardless, the tensions in the Arms Race increased as the Soviet Union was pressured to develop their own version.

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The KGB--essentially the US's CIA and FBI rolled into one--functioned as the Security of State for the Soviet Union from 1954 to 1991. Heavily involved in espionage in the US, the primary goal during the nuclear war was to steal intelligence on the latest and greatest military secrets of the US.

The few agents that were actually caught and put on trial served to fuel the ongoing theme of McCarthyism and The Red Scare in the US, increasing paranoia and tensions.

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George Bush Center for Intelligence, McLean, VA

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March 1954 - CIA Helps Overthrow Unfriendly Governments in Iran and Guatemala

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March 1954 - CIA Helps Overthrow Unfriendly Governments in Iran and Guatemala

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In Guatemala, the democratically elected president of the country, Jacobo Arbenz, was introducing land reforms that granted landless peasants previously unused land from the UFC, the United Fruit Company, a US-based company. The company appealed to the US government to intervene, claiming communist influence. Fearing Guatemala falling into the hands of the Soviets, the CIA trained and backed Carlos Castillo Armas, a military leader to stage a coup.

The CIA launched propaganda campaigns, air bombings and a naval blockade to destabilize the Guatemalan government. In June of the same year, Armas invaded, causing Arbenz to surrender and step down, ending Guatemala's democratic revolution.

----------------------------------

In Iran, a similar thing went down--changes brought by the democratically elected Prime Minister, Mohammed Mosaddegh were made to nationalize Iran's oil industry, angering the British-owned company that had previously monopolized the market. Fearing another possible ally to the communist cause, MI6 and the CIA were involved in funding protests, propaganda and military opposition in Iran, attempting to pressure the Prime Minister into dropping. Eventually the previous Shah, Reza Palahvi, was re-instituted.

The results of this was the beginnings of anti-US sentiment in both areas, counting as yet another proxy conflict and further spurring the US's containment policy abroad, providing blueprints for later involvements around the globe.

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Palais présidentiel de Varsovie, Krakowskie Przedmieście, Warsaw, Poland

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Created in response to the formation of NATO. Original nations to sign on included Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Hungary, Albania, East Germany, Bulgaria and the Soviet Union--all bound to back each other up if any attack against the adjoining nations was made. The pact also created a central military command, provided by the Soviet Union--creating a power imbalance with the Soviet Union taking charge. The pact was used to put down uprisings in Hungary and Czechoslovakia.

This polarized Europe into two main factions, pitting the East against the West, solidifying the communist/capitalist divide.

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Scientific enthusiasm in the public to explore new lab-born elements being created at the time spurs comic-book elements like Kryptonite to be created in pop culture and influence new possibilities in the Cold War's technology.

Similar to the arms race, the Transfermium Wars began the elements race to discover new elements beyond element 100, with discrepancies over the naming and designation of the new elements, with different labs disagreeing or refusing to recognize claims of other labs on both sides of the Cold War.

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Budapest, Bródy Sándor u. 5-7, 1088 Hungary

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Nov. 1956 - Rebellion Put Down in Hungary

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Nov. 1956 - Rebellion Put Down in Hungary

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The first armed, open-conflict uprising against the USSR. After the replacement of the reform-friendly Prime Minister, Imre Nagy, students in Hungary created a list of demands, calling for mulitparty democracy and the return of Nagy. A protest of 200,000 crowded the Parliament building and more still went to the national radio station to broadcast their demands...only to be met with open fire as state security shot at the protesters, sparking skirmishes and a revolution.

Trying to settle the rebels, the government re-instituted Nagy but called in Soviet troops--further angering the civilians. Hungary's own military largely stayed neutral in the conflict. Drawing troops to Budapest, The Kremlin voted to crush the resistance with force after Hungary announced recession from the Warsaw Pact. Thousands arrested and hundreds executed, hundreds of thousands more fled the country, and returned to communist dictatorship rule.

Became a calling card and first demonstration of the Soviet's internal management policy towards rebelling states, creating a negative global image.

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The USSR successfully launches their first intercontinental ballistic missile--shattering the illusion of 'safety by separation', as the missiles could now reach anywhere in the world and no one was safe by proxy of distance.

This same missile technology would later enable the launch of Sputnik 1, and this new possiblity further fueled Thermonuclear War tensions.

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Oct. 4th, 1957 - Sputnik Launched into Orbit

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Oct. 4th, 1957 - Sputnik Launched into Orbit

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Kicking off the Space Race, the launch of Sputnik I was the first step towards putting the first man in space. Viewing the launch as a scientific and technological challenge, the US would set aside funding for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA as it is known today.

The launch would intensify already growing tensions on the technology of the Soviet Union's potential to have military applications as well as espionage paranoia. The satellite would be the first to take readings of the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere, giving way to a new field of data collection.

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<img src="https://y.yarn.co/ecd31fbb-8b48-4c03-bd4a-408e0bec3005_text.gif" alt="YARN | Ever hear of Sputnik? | The Iron Giant Trailer | Video clips by  quotes | ecd31fbb | 紗">

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90 miles off the coast of the US, 50's Cuba is an ally of the US, like Las Vegas mixed with Miami, lots of gambling and Dole plantations. The US is backing a guy that isn't Communist, a dictator. Fidel Castro, a Communist Dictator, takes power, overthrowing the Batista Regime.

Significant in the fact that the now-Communist nation was taken and is so close to Mainland USA that it poses a threat.

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May 1960 - U2 Spy Plane Shot Down Over the USSR

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May 1960 - U2 Spy Plane Shot Down Over the USSR

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Capt. Francis Gary Powers, A CIA pilot, is flying a brand new U-2 spy plane. No satellites, no machine guns, nothing to defend or attack. Meant for stratospheric travel, equipped with a camera. Up that high to avoid detection and being shot down.

Gary is shot down, not dead, parachuting out, survives, is captured and convicted of espionage. We presume he's dead until we learn otherwise. Eventually gets back home via a prisoner exchange.

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April 1961 - Failed Bay of Pigs Invasion

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April 1961 - Failed Bay of Pigs Invasion

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The CIA gathers up a bunch of Anti-Castro Cubans and try to establish a militia by giving them weapons, training and a base in the jungle. The hope is to overthrow Castro, and re-establish a non-Communist regime. The US drops them off, no additional US support, and they are slaughtered before they get off the sand.

Bad Press for globe, huge embarrassment for JFK, and general bad PR during the Cold War, incriminating the US as an active anti-communist power. Strengthened Castro's rule, and directly fed into the Cuban Missile Crisis.

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April 1961 - Failed Bay of Pigs Invasion

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Berlin Wall Memorial, Bernauer Straße, Berlin, Germany

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 August 17th, 1961 - Construction of the Berlin Wall

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 August 17th, 1961 - Construction of the Berlin Wall

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US is still parachuting candy bars. In 1961, the USSR builds a 'defensive wall' to keep the US out while all of the machine guns point inside--a prison wall to keep the skilled people inside. The new Mini-DMZ of Korean Peninsula, called the Death Strip.

Becomes the icon of Communist authoritarian rule, a physical Iron Curtain, trapping East Residents behind a divider for 30 years.

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August 17th, 1961 - Construction of the Berlin Wall

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The climax of the Arms Race, the closest the world had come to Nuclear Annihilation. After the Bay of Pigs, Castro runs to USSR to gain military aid. USSR agrees, and secretly installs Nukes in Cuba.

A US spy plane flies over the island nation, takes photos of the new sites but gets shot down. US flips out, starts demanding invasion. Kennedy tries a 'quarantine' (naval blockade), instead of going with the demands of his advisors.

Tension lasts 6 days. Kennedy and Soviet Diplomat Khrushchev work behind the scenes on an agreement--'remove nukes from Italy and Turkey, and we'll leave Cuba.'

Prelude to the de-escalation of the Arms Race about a decade later, as this incident spooked both sides by how close and easy it would be to push a button and end the world.

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July 1963 - Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Ratified

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July 1963 - Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Ratified

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Agreement signed between the UK, US, and USSR to ban nuclear testing in the atmosphere, underwater and in space. Urged into existence by rising concerns over the effects of nuclear fallout, the treaty helped limit environmental and health risks associated with atmospheric nuclear testing.

One of the rare points of cooperation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, easing tensions minutely after the Cuban Missile Crisis, and providing the foundation for future de-escalation work.

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July 1963 - Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Ratified

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August 1964 - Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution

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August 1964 - Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution

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US-backed dictators rule South Vietnam, trying to stop spread of communism, the cause leading into the Vietnam War. Word gets out that a US Destroyer, USS Maddox, off the coast of Vietnam was attacked. LBJ uses this to deploy active soldiers of combat, against the Presidential powers, without issuing an official statement of War.

All done on sonar--calls into question whether or not it happened--as the engineers 'heard' torpedoes in the water, but nothing was hit and none were killed.

This leads to later controversy on whether or not presidential powers should have been granted expansion, and is used as a point of argument in the later Anti-Vietnam protests of the late 60s and early 70s, marking a turning point in US foreign policy.

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August 1964 - Gulf of Tonkin Incident and Resolution

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April 1965 - US Marines Sent to Dominican Republic to fight Communism

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April 1965 - US Marines Sent to Dominican Republic to fight Communism

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Another example of the US containment policy being used in the Caribbean, this took place during a civil war being fought between loyalists, military-backed forces, and constitutionalists, those who supported former president Juan Bosch.

Bosch was seen as a possible threat by the US for his leftist-ish ideals, and as such the US backed the loyalists, moving in to occupy the island until 1966, inciting criticism about the US's willingness to intervene in Western affairs to protect their interests. Joaquin Balaguer would become president and lead under a dictatorship disguised as a democracy--but far enough right to satisfy the US.

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american occupation of dominican republic

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July 1965 - US Announcement to Dispatch 200,000 troops to Vietnam

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July 1965 - US Announcement to Dispatch 200,000 troops to Vietnam

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Since the start of the Vietnam War, President LBJ announced the increase in troops to be sent over, as well as monthly draft calls that would increase from 17,000 to 35,000 per month.

This would solidify the US's stance against communism on the global stage, signify greater involvement in foreign containment policy as this proxy war raged on. The draft was also a major source of protests back home as being unfair, due to the fact that you could pay your way out of the draft.

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1966 - B-52s Bomb Northern Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder

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1966 - B-52s Bomb Northern Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder

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The US secretly bombs anything and everything that the Northern Vietnamese forces could use, trying to force their hand to come to negotiations. Mixed success, we destroy some key points and miss others.

---Introduction of Agent Orange, spraying herbicide to kill off the jungle, unintentionally causing a generational exposure of birth and growth defects in Vietnamese children and US troops.

This direct approach of burning turf caused deeper involvement in supporting the conflict from Communist China and the USSR, and the use of B-52s marked a new level of aerial warfare that the US was now using. This strategy, or as some would argue 'lack thereof', would cause a new outbreak of protest and criticism of the war.

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1966 - B-52s Bomb Northern Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder

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August 1968 - Red Army Crushes Czechoslovakian Revolt

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August 1968 - Red Army Crushes Czechoslovakian Revolt

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Prague Spring - Czechoslovakia revolution, puppet nation is fed up. Starts to try and distance themselves, by opening censorship to new publications and other voices, but is crushed by tank brigades and militarism sent by Moscow. Czechoslovakia remains a puppet government by force.

Unarmed civilians try to stop the tanks with makeshift barriers, including tractors and busses. Once again, crushed. All reforms null.

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July 20, 1969 - Apollo 11 Lands on the Moon

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July 20, 1969 - Apollo 11 Lands on the Moon

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Ends the Space Race, as the US is the first to land man on the moon, in spite of the USSR's many firsts in the competition--First Satellite, First Man in Space, Dog in Space, etc. The Space Race was yet another way the US managed to keep spending the USSR into economic collapse as they tried to keep up.

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July 20, 1969 - Apollo 11 Lands on the Moon

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1971 - Publication of the Pentagon Papers

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1971 - Publication of the Pentagon Papers

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Top-secret files regarding a study on decisions made in the Vietnam War, leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg, were published across multiple newspapers, revealing that successive departments of the government had led the public to believe the war was going well.

This revelation led to the discrediting of the US government, fueling anti-war protest and outrage, as well as shaping media rights during the Cold War--as the Supreme Court ruled in favor of defending newspapers The New York Times and The Washington Post, greatly altering the public perception of the war.

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Great Wall of China, Huairou District, China

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Feb. 1972 - President Nixon Visits China

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Feb. 1972 - President Nixon Visits China

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Prior to the 80s and 90s, China wasn't recognized by the US, nor was it the 'Factory of the World'--no trade relationship, or diplomatic ties.

Nixon starts changing that in 1972, visiting China and starting to establish diplomatic ties to Communist China, beginning the rise in economy and outsourcing trend that continues today.

In his book, Foreign Affairs, he details that he made this trip in order to bridge a potentially dangerous gap and include China in the 'big table' of International Great Nations, to avoid an angry power being isolated and shorted. He is trying to drive a friendly wedge between Russia and China, by stealing an ally to weaken the enemy.

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Feb. 1972 - President Nixon Visits China

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STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS - Part 1. Treaty between the US and USSR trying to limit the number and testing of Nuclear Weapons, trying to de-escalate the Arms Race, trying to put a limit of production cap on them.

This one limited launch sites and launch modules, where SALT II limited number of warheads each launch could carry and/or store, as well as which technologies could be used. An attempt at detente that is later withdrawn.

Marks the de-escalation of the Nuclear Arms Race between the USSR and US.

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Sept. 1973 - US-Supported Coup Overthrows Chilean Government

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Sept. 1973 - US-Supported Coup Overthrows Chilean Government

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US-backed General Augusto Pinochet overthrew President Salvador Allende, Chile's democratically elected socialist head. The US had once again worked behind the scenes on destabilizing the standing government under Allende through economic pressure and covert force. Pinochet, after taking power would establish a dictatorship characterized by economic reform, little political freedom and general violation of human rights.

Contributed to the rise of Authoritarianism in Central and Latin America due to American interventions like Cuba and the Dominican Republic, with the thousands of government-related deaths and disappearances calling the US into question about their intervention policies.

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Oct. 1973 - Egypt and Syria attack Israel; Egypt requests Soviet Aid

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Oct. 1973 - Egypt and Syria attack Israel; Egypt requests Soviet Aid

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AKA the Yom Kippur War - Egypt and Syria join forces and attack Israel during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur, trying to reclaim territory lost in the 6-Day War of 1967. Egypt focused on crossing the Suez Canal, while Syria attacked the Golan Heights. As things continued into the month, Egypt called for military aid from the USSR, inviting Cold War tensions into the conflict. The US then sent Israel weapons and intelligence, escalating the rivalry between 'puppet armies'. This proxy war ended in yet another unofficial cease-fire.

This demonstrated both global superpower's willingness to supply foreign groups to protect their interests. Egypt would eventually lead away from the Soviets and leave the Soviet Union. This conflict also led to global tension as Arabian states put oil embargoes on the US, contributing to the economic slide of the 1970s.

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April 17th, 1975 - S. Vietnam Falls to Communist N. Vietnam

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April 17th, 1975 - S. Vietnam Falls to Communist N. Vietnam

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After the US withdrew from South Vietnam, offering not much beyond limited support and supplies, the Northern Vietnam forces quickly closed in and captured Saigon, slaughtering anyone previously in league with the US.

This eventual defeat marked a dark blow to the US foreign policy and demonstrated the limit of intervention, as well as strengthening communist influence in Asia.

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Feb. 1976 - Soviet and Cuban Forces help to install Communist Govt. in Angola

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Feb. 1976 - Soviet and Cuban Forces help to install Communist Govt. in Angola

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Soviet and Cuban forces stepped into the Angolan Civil War, backing the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola, or MPLA--up against the Western-backed National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Liberation Front of Angola (FNLA). Cuba had sent combat troops to support while the Soviets provided further military aid and advisors.

Yet another Proxy War of the Cold War, in which both factions were backing outside groups. The outcome of this conflict allowed Soviet influence in Africa to expand, and the US to become involved in South Africa's military and covert ops.

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Smithsonian National Zoological Park, Connecticut Avenue Northwest, Washington, DC

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Jan. 1979 - US and China Officially Establish Diplomatic and Trade Relations/Panda Diplomacy

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Jan. 1979 - US and China Officially Establish Diplomatic and Trade Relations/Panda Diplomacy

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In the beginning of 1979, the US and China finalize a trade link and diplomatic friendliness, leading to outsourcing and the rise of the Chinese industry as well as global recognition as a sovereign power.

We rent pandas, brand trademark of China.

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War between China and Vietnam, two communist nations.

Cambodia's new communist leader Pol Pot starts murdering everyone--PRIME example of post-WWII genocide, eliminating everyone 'tainted' by the West, including everything from Western musical talent to the Western style dental fillings in one's mouth.

Communist Vietnam invades to stop Pol Pot, and China gets involved in things after Vietnam intervenes. China expects to roll the Vietnamese, and instead the War is fought to a draw.

Deepens the growing seam between the USSR--by fighting a Soviet-aligned nation--and China, as well as highlighting the limit of China's military power.

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Tehran Province, Tehran, District 6, Taleqani Street, Former U.S. Embassy, Iran

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Nov. 1979 - Shah of Iran Overthrown; Iran Hostage Crisis Begins.

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Nov. 1979 - Shah of Iran Overthrown; Iran Hostage Crisis Begins.

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Most of the Cold War up til this point, Iran was an ally of the US. The Shah of Iran, Reza Pahlevi, was overthown once--the CIA organized to put the Shah back in power (see March 1954). In 1979, the Iranian Revolution occurs. Islamic Fundamentalists, or insanely conservative religious Shia men revolt and overthrow the Shah, replacing it with a Theocracy. The Shah flees to the US for cancer treatment.

Then, the Shia storm the US Embassy compound and take 66 Americans hostage in exchange for the Shah, for 444 days. Jimmy Carter in Presidency, looking weak, until he sends out the Black Ops mission into the desert. Helicopter crashes into plane on mission, wrecking the mission and Jimmy Carter's career.

Ronald Reagan is sworn in, not hours afterwards the Americans are released. Shah died of cancer--no point to hostage deal.

Conflict severely damages US-Iran relations for generations to come, fueling anti-American policies, weakening US credibility and allowing the USSR to take a stronger hold of the Middle East.

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Dec. 1979 - Soviet Forces invade Afghanistan

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Dec. 1979 - Soviet Forces invade Afghanistan

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Soviet forces invade to support Afghanistan's failing communist government against anti-communist insurgencies, assassinating Afghan leader Hafizullah Amin, and placing Babrak Karmal in power.

This conflict led to increased American support of Afghan resistance groups, and simultaneously drained Soviet resources, once again trying to run the USSR bankrupt. As such, it marks the beginnings of the decline of the USSR.

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Dec. 1979 - Soviet Forces invade Afghanistan

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Feb 22, 1980 - US Hockey Defeats USSR  at Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, NY

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Feb 22, 1980 - US Hockey Defeats USSR  at Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, NY

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The 'Miracle on Ice', or the US Hockey Team's victory at the 1980 Winter Olympics 4-3 spurred the Cold War tensions onward as it was seen as a symbolic victory, reflecting the Cold War. It served as a rallying event for US morale and a challenge to Soviet-perceived superiority.

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US Hockey Defeats USSR  at Winter Olympics 1980

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Luzhniki Stadium, ulitsa Luzhniki, Moscow, Russia

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June-Aug. 1980 - US Boycotts Summer Olympics in Moscow

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June-Aug. 1980 - US Boycotts Summer Olympics in Moscow

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In response to the Soviet's invasion of Afghanistan, the US boycotted the Summer Olympics of Moscow 1980, getting 60 nations to refuse to compete and participate in the boycott. It was a symbolic and diplomatic protest against the USSR, marking a significant point in the Cold War as global participation occurred in the standoff.

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June-Aug. 1980 - US Boycotts Summer Olympics in Moscow

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Reagan proposes the Strategic Defense Initiative, very sci-fi idea--nicknamed Star Wars for the movie franchise.

New defensive strategy for dealing with nuclear attacks. Up til now, strategy has been hit back with the best offense.

The idea was to track and triangulate the trajectory of incoming missiles and shoot them down before detonation, with surface to air defense, fighter jets, lasers and satellite technology. Insanely expensive--30 billion dollars spent on R&D over the course of 10 years. Criticized for the cost in the public, but is somewhat successful--can shoot down most ICBM missiles.

Not perfect by any means--other global examples include Israel's 'Iron Dome', the US has 'Aegeus' for traditional missiles, used in the Middle East and other deployments.

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Oct 1983 - US Troops Invade and Overthrow Regime in Grenada

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Oct 1983 - US Troops Invade and Overthrow Regime in Grenada

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Under Operation Urgent Fury, a military invasion of Grenada, the US invaded and installed a new Western-friendly government after the execution of Prime Minister Maurice Bishop, their previous friendly leader, pushing the Cuban and Soviet forces off the island. This would mark one of the later and last US military interventions of the Cold War in the 20th century.

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July-Aug, 1984 - Eastern Bloc Boycotts LA Summer Olympics

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July-Aug, 1984 - Eastern Bloc Boycotts LA Summer Olympics

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In retaliation to the US Boycott of the Moscow Summer Olympics in 1980, the USSR and 14 Eastern Bloc countries boycott the Summer Olympics in LA, citing anti-Soviet sentiment and security concerns as an official reason. Reflected Cold War tensions and interestingly led to the creation of the Friendship Games, an alternate even hosted the same summer within the boycotting nations.

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July-Aug, 1984 USSR Boycotts LA Summer Olympics

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1985 - Gorbachev Begins "glasnost" and "perestroika" in efforts to Reform the USSR

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1985 - Gorbachev Begins "glasnost" and "perestroika" in efforts to Reform the USSR

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The economy of the USSR is really struggling in the 70s and 80s. The US ramped up the military spending in the 80's, and to keep up, the spending picked up in the Soviet Union--US is trying to drown the USSR in debt.

Gorbachev tries to fix the economy with two things--"glasnost" and "perestroika".

Glasnost - more freedom. A little bit more freedom in the press and communist practices and enforcement.

Perestroika - Restructuring in the economy, trying a taste of capitalism. Some private businesses introduced.

Does not work, but leads to new revolution. USSR on the downhill fall towards collapse.

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Jan 1989 - Soviet Troops Withdraw from Afghanistan

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Jan 1989 - Soviet Troops Withdraw from Afghanistan

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Part of the Geneva Accords of 1988, the Soviets finished their withdrawal from Afghanistan in February later that year. This withdrawal exposed that the USSR had reached its limit, and would secure a proxy war victory for the US--the last of the 20th century.

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Jan 1989 - Soviet Troops Withdraw from Afghanistan

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1989 - Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania Oust Communist Governments

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1989 - Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania Oust Communist Governments

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Fueled by years of economic struggle, growing demands for democracy and the weakening of the USSR, Poland, Hungary and co. overthrow and replace communist governments through pressured re-elections, protests and Romania's military uprising.

These revolutions marked the end of Soviet influence and control over Eastern Europe, opening the path for democratic-based governments, slowly causing the Iron Curtain to dissolve.

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Tiananmen Square, 王府井 Dongcheng, Beijing, China

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Thousands of young Chinese college students gather and protest in the Square for more freedoms after Gorbachev's Glasnost and Perestroika and the death of Huyao Yang (?), trying to push for more rights.

The Chinese government rolls in a bunch of tanks in and kills hundreds, violently putting down the rebellion. Exact casualties are unknown and unreleased.

Becomes an international symbol of oppression and brutality under a communist regime.

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Soviet Union has gone bankrupt, despite efforts to maintain the economy. Puppet governments start to rebel, the East German government decides to release the ban of travel to West Berlin--thousands leave the East and start mobbing the wall, tearing it down to the tune of rock music and parties within 24 hours.

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Russian Federation Government House, Krasnopresnenskaya Naberezhnaya, Moscow, Russia

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May 1990 - Boris Yeltsin Elected President of Russia

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May 1990 - Boris Yeltsin Elected President of Russia

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The Soviet Union is a union of communist republics--the largest is Russia, but each republic has its own president, and this is what Boris Yeltsin fills--the first democratically elected president. At the last minute, the communist leaders of the time try to stage a coup de ta, but are rebuffed by thousands of angry Russian citizens, including Yeltsin.

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Brandenburg Gate, Pariser Platz, Berlin, Germany

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Formality of being officially reunited. This union made people a bit tense again as "uh-oh", Germany is a little scary when its whole. Western economics picked it back up entirely, now becoming a powerhouse in Europe's industry.

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Aug. 1991 - USSR Dissolved - 15 Republics Gain Independence, Including Russia.

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Aug. 1991 - USSR Dissolved - 15 Republics Gain Independence, Including Russia.

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Reasons why the USSR crumbled:

Chernobyl - Soviet Leadership tried to hide it, blamed the rest on the West. Wake up call to the corruption of the USSR leadership the citizens were under, leading to the sudden absence of trust in the government.

Lack of Money - people were poor.

Communist Puppets - Declaring independence and running.

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Gorbachev tried to suck up to the West to save the USSR's economy--reducing military presence and dropping out of the Arms Race.

The Cold War eased with the end of the USSR. However, US is Indirect Rivals again--Cold War Renewed with Ukraine v. Russia.

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Aug. 1991 - USSR Dissolved - 15 Republics Gain Independence, Including Russia.

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Identify and Analyze three aspects of US/Soviet “rivalry, mistrust, and… hostility” that was “carried on by methods short of sustained overt military action” during the Cold War?

The Cold War was characterized as indirectly hostile through both the US and USSR's involvement in Proxy Wars, Athletic Competitions and the Space Race.