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In early the 1820's, Latin American countries had been gaining there independence from Spain or Portugal. Britain and U.S worried that the power of Europe would attempt to regain colonial control.

James Monroe had originally supported the idea of a U.S-British pact against the future colonization in Latin America.

John Adams argued that joining forces with the British would hold the U.S from future opportunities and allies. He believed that Britain may try to colonize some places of its own empire.

According to Monroe’s message (drafted mostly by John Adams) in a conventional message to Congress on December 2, 1823. Stating that the U.S would not be involved in European conflicts or there colonies.

Fun Fact #1: as the states rose as a major world power, the Monroe Doctrine would be used to justify a long sequence of U.S. involvement in Latin America

Fun Fact #2: President Ronald Reagan comparably used the 1823 Act to justify U.S. intervention in El Salvador in the 1980s

History.com Editors. “Monroe Doctrine - Definition, Purpose & Significance | HISTORY.” HISTORY, 9 Nov. 2009, www.history.com/articles/monroe-doctrine.

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After the war of 1812 and yet again showing triumph over Britain, the U.S started to migrate West.

As they move forward new challenges awakened for the youthful country. There was lots of debate concerning slavery’s expansion in the new region, including the Northwest Territories and territories within the Louisiana Purchase. The debates over the operation Louisiana Purchase came into light when Missouri applied for personal sovereignty in 1819. This marked the beginning of an age where debates about slavery controlled the American politics. In that year, the Democratic-Republican Party had a hold over American politics. James Tallmadge offered a condition of Missouri’s statehood that more slaves could be shipped into the state and all children born after Missouri’s concession to the Union will be a free person.

Northerners supported this amendment, but not for the freedom of slaves. Northerners supported this amendment because they wanted to limit the political control of the south which was immensely bigger in comparison.

Slaves had began to out number the white folk and they used it to their advantage to rebel.

Fact #1: majority in the north were oppressive to African Americans.

Fact #2: The bill launched Henry Clay’s reputation as “the Great Compromiser"

American Battlefield Trust. “The Missouri Compromise.” American Battlefield Trust, 7 Jan. 2019, www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/missouri-compromise.

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Andrew Jackson's election marked a new direction in American politics. Jackson prided himself being known as, "Champion of the Common Man". He was the first president to come from the lower class, and first westerner elected president. He felt that the West had been undermined in the economic plans by the Southern Presidents.

First, Jacksonianism built itself to be the party of ordinary farmers and workers.

Second, it opposed the special privileges to economic elites.

Third, to offer affordable western land to common white Americans, Indians needed to be forced further westward.

it represented an infuriating blending of the best and worst qualities of American society.

Jacksonianism implies to the entire range of democratic refinements that proceeded alongside the Jacksonians' successes.

But like flipping a coin, (fun fact #1) it is more known as a political incitement connected to slavery, the conquering of Native Americans, and overall the celebration of white supremacy.

It represents oppression so much so that some historians have dismissed the phrase “Jacksonian Democracy” as a countering statement.

(Fun Fact #2) The Jacksonian movement represented not the insurgency of a specific class or region but a diverse, occasionally aggressive, national alliance.

By the 1840's the Whig party quickly grew to challenge the Democrats with a different policy and different ideals to run the country.

The party believes in active government support for economic improvement for the best route to sustained prosperity.

obviously this resulted in disputes about the market revolution throughout the nation.

US History. “Jacksonian Democracy and Modern America [Ushistory.org].” Ushistory.org, 2019, www.ushistory.org/us/23f.asp.

History.com Editors. “Jacksonian Democracy - Definition, Summary & Significance | HISTORY.” HISTORY, 4 Apr. 2012, www.history.com/articles/jacksonian-democracy.

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The Nullification Crisis began by debates about the Tariff of Abominations soon developed into debates over state and federal sovereignty and liberty and disunion. These debates transformed into a national crisis when South Carolina threatened secession, an explicit threat of disunion. United States narrowly avoided a civil war through compromise.

Beginning in 1816, America used tariffs to defend the American industry against foreign competition. Protective tariffs formed the structure of Henry Clay’s American System which served as the main economic policy of the United States until President Andrew Jackson’s election.

Representative Silas Wright, an ally of Jackson, first offered the Tariff of Abominations in 1828 as a ploy to help Old Hickory’s presidential campaign. The tariff raised duties to between 30-50% on certain raw materials, which protected the Mid-Atlantic and western states which produced these raw materials, but left southern states (its cotton and tobacco industry) unprotected.

In retaliation for the expensive tax, foreign markets blocked the sale of American cotton, the South’s chief export and the cornerstone of their economy which caused economic issues in the South.

Fun Fact #1: In 1828, Jackson’s soon to be Vice President and ally John C. Calhoun of South Carolina wrote an anonymously published a pamphlet titled “Exposition and Protest” which passionately criticized the tariff and laid the groundwork for nullification theory.

Fun Fact #2: Despite southern objections, the tariff passed and went largely forgotten in American consciousness until an exchange on the Senate floor between South Carolinian Senator Robert Hayne and Massachusetts Senator Daniel Webster in January 1830 which reopened the debate.

American Battlefield Trust. “Nullification Crisis.” American Battlefield Trust, 22 Jan. 2019, www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/nullification-crisis.

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Indian Removal Act of  1830- Trail of Tears

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Indian Removal Act of  1830- Trail of Tears

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In the early 19th century, while the quickly expanding United States grew into the lower South, white settlers faced what they considered an obstacle. This area was home to the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chicasaw and Seminole nations. The white settlers viewed them as a hassle and for the Natives to be removed. Eager for land to grow cotton, the settlers forced the federal government to acquire Indian territory.

Andrew Jackson, bound from Tennessee, was a forceful proponent of Indian removal. From 1814 to 1824, Jackson was instrumental in negotiating nine out of eleven treaties which divested the southern tribes of their eastern lands in exchange for lands in the west. The tribes agreed to the treaties for strategic reasons. They wanted to appease the government in the hopes of retaining some of their land, and they wanted to protect themselves from white harassment.

The United States gained control over three-quarters of Alabama and Florida, as well as parts of Georgia, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kentucky and North Carolina.

Some chose to stay in Mississippi under the terms of the Removal Act.

Only the War Department made some attempts to protect those who stayed, it was no match for the land-hungry whites who squatted on Choctaw territory or cheated them out of their holdings

Thousands of lives were lost in the war, which cost the Jackson administration approximately 40 to 60 million dollars -- ten times the amount it had allotted for Indian removal. The few who remained had to defend themselves in the Third Seminole War (1855-1858), when the U.S. military attempted to drive them out. Finally, the United States paid the remaining Seminoles to move west.

The Chickasaws had seen removal as inevitable, and had not resisted.

They signed a treaty in 1832 which stated that the federal government would provide them with suitable western land and would protect them until they moved.

The Cherokee were tricked with an illegitimate treaty.

By 1837, the Jackson administration had removed 46,000 Native American people from their land east of the Mississippi

Fact #1: the Supreme Court handed down a decision which stated that Indians could live on lands within the United States, but could not own those lands. This was because their "right of occupancy" was subordinate to the United States' "right of discovery." In response to the great threat this posed, the Creeks, Cherokee, and Chicasaw instituted policies of restricting land sales to the government. They wanted to protect what remained of their land before it was too late.

Fact #2: The Choctaws were the first to sign a removal treaty

PBS. “Indian Removal.” Pbs.org, PBS, 2018, www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2959.html.

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The Industrial Revolution began by the end of the 18th century when Samuel Slater brought new manufacturing technologies from Britain to the United States and founded the first U.S. cotton mill in Beverly, Massachusetts. At the time, many of the mills and factories was powered by water instead of by hand. The technological innovation that would come to mark the United States in the nineteenth century began to show itself with Robert Fulton’s establishment of steamboat service on the Hudson River, Samuel F. B. Morse’s invention of the telegraph, and Elias Howe’s invention of the sewing machine, all before the Civil War. After the Civil War, the industrialization increased at an intense pace.

As the country expanded, new resources would be discovered and would quicken the making of materials.

In result, the first ever railroad would be created.

Fact #1: between 1860 and 1900, fourteen million immigrants came to the country

Fact #2: Andrew Carnegie established the first steel mills in the U.S. for mass producing steel, becoming a ruler of the steel industry in the process. He acquired business interests in the mines that produced the raw material for steel, the mills and ovens that created the final product and the railroads and shipping lines that transported the goods, and such, controlling every piece of the steel-making process.

Library of Congress. “The Industrial Revolution in the United States | Classroom Materials at the Library of Congress | Library of Congress.” Library of Congress, 2020, www.loc.gov/classroom-materials/industrial-revolution-in-the-united-states/.

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The North and South of America are far from the same, with large distinctions.

North - Known for high immigration and recognized for its strong industrial powers.

The soil and climate of the North favored smaller farmsteads rather than large plantations, which slaves were unneeded for.

Fact #1: By 1860, one quarter of all Northerners lived in urban areas

South - Southern United States is noted for its vast farmland, aristocratic-like social structure, and the use of chattel slavery to yield high agricultural profits.

The fertile soil and warm climate of the South made it ideal for large-scale farms to grow crops like tobacco and cotton. Because agriculture was so profitable, few Southerners saw a need for industrial development. Virginians owned the most slaves out of any state, with a total of 490,865 slaves

Fact #2: there were almost as many blacks, both enslaved and free, in the South as there were whites

American Battlefield Trust. “The North and the South.” American Battlefield Trust, American Battlefield Trust, 19 Dec. 2008, www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/north-and-south.

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The phrase “Manifest Destiny,” which emerged as the best-known expression of this mindset, first appeared in an editorial published in the July/August 1845 article of The Democratic Review.

In the article, the author criticized the opposition that still lingered against the annexation of Texas, urging national unity on behalf of “the fulfillment of our manifest destiny to overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions.”

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War in 1848, added an additional 525,000 square miles of U.S. territory, including all or parts of what is now California, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah and Wyoming.

U.S. expansion also fueled the growing debate over slavery, by spread the question of whether new states being admitted to the Union would allow slavery or not, eventully causing the civil war.

History.com Editors. “Manifest Destiny - Definition, Facts & Significance | HISTORY.” HISTORY, History, 5 Apr. 2010, www.history.com/articles/manifest-destiny.