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Atoms are uniformly packed spheres of positive matter with negatively charged electrons.

Discovered the electron

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Showed that common substances always broke down into the same elements. Substances are just combinations of different elements in the same proportions.

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Shot small positively charged  alpha particles at gold foil. Some passed through but some bounced off the nucleus.

Concluded that atoms were comprised of mostly empty space with just a few electrons while most of the mass was concentrated in the nucleus.

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Said that electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energies and distances, able to jump from one level to another, but not in the space between.

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Determined that it was impossible to determine the precise speed and location of electrons as they moved around the atom.